7055铝合金高速加工表面完整性对疲劳寿命的影响

为优化高强度铝合金高速铣削工艺参数,提高构件的疲劳寿命,通过高速铣削及疲劳试验,研究了7055铝合金高速铣削工艺参数对表面完整性的影响以及表面完整性对疲劳寿命的影响。结果表明:铣削表面残余应力均呈现为压应力;每齿进给量对表面粗糙度的影响大于铣削速度的影响,铣削速度和每齿进给量对表面显微硬度的影响不显著;7055铝合金试样的疲劳寿命随表面粗糙度增大而降低,随表面残余压应力增大而提高;在试验参数范围内最佳的铣削参数为铣削速度1 100 m/min、每齿进给量0.06 mm/z,试件的表面粗糙度为Ra0.327μm,表面显微硬度为187.44 HV0.025,表面残余应力为-177.7 MPa,疲劳寿命为1.275×105次。     

铣削减材工艺对激光熔覆增材Fe45合金表面质量的影响研究

针对激光熔覆增材再制造Fe45合金表面质量差,不能满足精密机械零部件的功能和装配要求,对激光熔覆层进行铣削减材加工。文章研究了铣削减材工艺对铣削力、表面粗糙度以及微观形貌的影响规律,采用正交试验方法进行了铣削减材试验。通过方差和极差分析方法,评价了主轴转速S、进给速度F、切削深度a_p对熔覆成型件铣削力和表面粗糙度的影响规律;从微观角度分析了铣削减材工艺对表面形貌和切屑的影响。结果表明,铣削减材工艺参数对成型表面质量影响较大,其中对铣削力影响最大的是铣削深度,对表面粗糙度影响最显著的是进给速度;Fe45激光增材成型件经过铣削加工后,表面粗糙度Ra由13.68μm最低可降至1.7μm,降低了87.6%。由实验可知,铣削减材工艺能够大幅提高激光熔覆增材再制造Fe45合金表面质量,对激光熔覆涂层机械加工具有指导意义。     

高速铣削SKD61模具钢表面完整性与疲劳寿命

为探究高速铣削加工中表面完整性对零件疲劳寿命的影响规律,使用圆环面铣刀对SKD61模具钢进行了高速铣削试验,并测定铣削后样件的表面完整性与疲劳寿命,根据表面完整性的量化指标,采用人工神经网络方法构建疲劳寿命预测模型。研究表明:铣削加工产生的表面残余压应力能显著延长零件的疲劳寿命。在一定范围内,零件的疲劳寿命分别随表面粗糙度和表面硬度的变化而剧烈变化。将表面完整性和人工神经网络相结合构建的零件疲劳寿命预测模型,其预测值与实测值的误差为2.3%~15.8%。     

超声滚压处理提高30CrNiMo8钢疲劳性能可行性的研究

为了提高机车牵引电机轴的疲劳性能,对30CrNiMo8电机轴用钢进行了超声滚压强化处理。采用金相组织和表面形貌观察、表层硬度和残余应力以及疲劳极限测试等实验手段研究了精车加工试样分别经磨削和超声滚压处理后的表层组织、表面粗糙度、硬度和残余应力以及疲劳性能的变化规律。结果表明,超声滚压后试样表层产生了约300μm厚的变形层,距表面越近塑性变形程度越大,并在最表面产生了2～3μm厚的白亮层。与磨削处理相比,经超声滚压处理后试样的表面粗糙度Ra由精车的1. 886μm减小到1. 303μm,与磨削的1. 404μm相当;而表面硬度由350 HV增加到446HV,且随着距表面的距离增加而逐渐减小,其硬化层厚度约为300μm;而表层残余压应力由-249MPa大幅度提高到-838 MPa。超声滚压试样的疲劳极限比磨削试样的提高了约为33. 5%。此外,根据表面的粗糙度值,可以用超声滚压替代磨削这一工序。     

304不锈钢的超高周疲劳性能

采用超声疲劳试验技术对304不锈钢超高周疲劳性能进行了研究,并用扫描电镜对疲劳断口进行了分析.结果表明:304不锈钢在105～1010周次范围内的S-N曲线呈阶梯型下降趋势;在106～108周次出现平台,平台对应应力幅约为200 MPa;在平台应力以下,108周次以上超高周范围304不锈钢仍然发生疲劳断裂,不存在传统意义的疲劳强度;高周和超高周断裂试样的裂纹主要从试样表面萌生.     

碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料加工表面粗糙度对疲劳性能的影响

采用磨削和铣削(顺铣、逆铣)加工工艺获得不同表面粗糙度Sa的碳纤维增强树脂基(CFRP)复合材料试样并进行拉-拉疲劳试验,基于刚度退化模型分析了加工表面粗糙度对疲劳性能的影响.结果表明:磨削、顺铣和逆铣试样的Sa分别为1.2,3.2,5.9μm;磨削试样0°纤维铺层表面纤维缺失,存在空隙,铣削试样在45°纤维铺层表面存...     

晶粒细化对K4169高温合金切削加工性能的影响

对比研究了高温合金样件晶粒度对其加工性能的影响。主要对晶粒细化情况和细化晶粒后高温合金加工性能的变化情况分别进行实验研究,重点通过铣削力测试和加工后表面粗糙度测试实验,分析晶粒大小不同的高温合金试样加工性能变化,以此说明晶粒细化的实际意义。实验结果显示,晶粒细化可使铣削力降低50%多,表面粗糙度Ra可从最初的3·135μm减小到0·83μm。因此得出通过细化晶粒组织可以有效提高高温合金的加工性能。最后对实验结果进行了分析,并对主铣削力与晶粒大小的关系进行了曲线拟合,得出主铣削力与晶粒大小关系近似服从三次多项式。     

铣削参数对镍基高温合金FGH4113A加工表面完整性的影响

通过铣削试验分别研究了主轴转速(300,500,650,800,1 200 r·min^-1)、铣削进给量(0.030,0.045,0.060,0.075,0.090 mm·r^-1)和单道次铣削深度(0.20,0.35,0.50,0.65,0.80 mm)对FGH4113A镍基高温合金加工表面完整性的影响。结果表明：随着铣削进给量或单道次铣削深度的增大,加工表面的缺陷增多,表面粗糙度和硬度增大,表面残余应力逐渐由压应力转变成拉应力;随着主轴转速的增大,加工表面缺陷减少,表面粗糙度和硬度降低,残余压应力减小。在铣削速度超过800 r·min^-1、单道次铣削深度小于0.35 mm、进给量控制在0.045 mm·r^-1以下条件下,加工表面质量较好,表面粗糙度R_a在0.40μm左右,残余应力为压应力,且无明显硬化层。     

激光选区熔化成形Al-Si合金高周疲劳性能的研究进展

激光选区熔化(SLM)成形是近年来发展最快的增材制造技术之一,在航空航天、汽车和医学等领域应用广泛.但铝合金粉末具有流动性差、激光反射率高以及热导率高等特点,导致SLM成形件表面粗糙,易形成缺陷,从而影响其疲劳性能.结合国内外对SLM成形Al-Si合金高周疲劳性能的研究现状,综述了成形方向、成形参数、热处理和表面处理对成形件高周疲劳性能的影响及高周疲劳断裂机理,总结了改善疲劳性能的方法,展望了未来SLM成形Al-Si合金疲劳性能的研究重点.     

预滚压对含缺陷轮轨材料滚动接触疲劳性能的影响

对含缺陷的未预滚压和预滚压车轮钢试样分别进行滚动接触疲劳试验,观察表面缺陷的形貌变化过程,分析预滚压和缺陷尺寸对轮轨材料滚动接触疲劳性能的影响。通过有限元方法分析缺陷附近材料的应力状态,通过多轴疲劳模型分析缺陷尺寸对滚动接触疲劳裂纹萌生规律的影响。试验结果表明:由于表层材料的塑性变形,未滚压车轮试样的缺陷尺寸随滚动周次的增加而减小;超过一定周次后,由于塑性变形不再累积,缺陷尺寸基本保持不变;预滚压处理通过减小表层材料的塑性变形,可抑制缺陷尺寸的减小,从而降低车轮试样的疲劳寿命;缺陷尺寸的增加会进一步降低预滚压试样的疲劳寿命;在油润滑条件下,预滚压和表面缺陷对车轮材料摩擦磨损性能没有显著影响。仿真结果表明,当缺陷尺寸从200μm增加至400μm,最大剪应力幅值从缺陷底部转移至缺陷中部,疲劳裂纹萌生位置也随之改变。     

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON SURFACE INTEGRITY OF END MILLING NICKEL-BASED ALLOY— INCONEL 718

Inconel 718 is a typical difficult-to-machine material, and its high speed end milling process has wide applications in manufacturing parts from aerospace and power industry. Surface integrity of these parts greatly influences the final characteristics. This paper presents an experimental investigation to evaluate surface integrity behaviors in high speed end milling of Inconel 718 with finishing cutting parameters in terms of surface topography, surface roughness Ra, residual stresses, subsurface microstructure, and microhardness. The results show that abraded marks can be observed on the machined surfaces, and high cutting speed is advisable to get better surface topography and roughness quality. Due to high cutting temperature, residual stress is mainly high tensile stress. After increasing the cutting speed beyond 80m/min, the cutting forces hardly increased and the chips take away more cutting heat, which leads to that the residual stress barely increases. Microstructures in subsurface layers have only slight deformations after high speed milling, and there was also no obvious difference when the cutting speed increased beyond 80m/min against the microhardness in subsurface increases together with the cutting speed.     

阀芯零件激光再制造工艺方法及试验研究

为了实现损伤阀芯零件的高质量修复,提出了一种基于几何重构与路径位姿规划的阀芯再制造工艺方法。引入再制造边界预制原则对阀芯损伤部位进行预处理设计并制定其实施步骤,基于NURBS理论实现了再制造边界曲面及待修复阀芯模型的高精度重构;采用等距截平面法生成再制造工艺路径,根据直线逼近和误差控制原理计算了各插补点坐标,并将光斑面积与插补点姿态相结合确定激光喷头动态位姿;运用ABB机器人系统进行路径与位姿校验并导出代码进行了阀芯再制造实践。结果表明：所提方法中规划路径及位姿能够有效跟随阀芯再制造边界曲面进行熔覆,形成了无气孔、无裂纹的致密涂层,涂层晶粒尺寸和平均硬度分别为14～54μm和573.6HV_0.5±51.8HV_0.5,耐冲蚀腐蚀性能提高了30.8%,满足阀芯再制造要求。     

Electron beam melting of gamma titanium aluminide and investigating the effect of EBM layer orientation on milling performance

Electron beam melting (EBM) is one of the growing processes of additive manufacturing technology (AMT) to fabricate 3D parts from various difficult-to-process materials such as titanium alloys. A major limitation of the EBM process is the poor surface finish of the produced parts which ultimately demands a subsequent subtractive method (secondary finishing operation) to improve the surface finish for shaping the part to be fit for-end use applications where high surface finish is commonly required. With respect to the EBM layer build direction, the fabricated part has different orientations with varying surface characteristics. Therefore, in order to perform secondary finishing operation (e.g., milling) there are different choices of EBM part orientation to select the direction of tool feed. In this research, 3D parts of titanium alloy (gamma titanium aluminide; γ-TiAl) are additively manufactured through EBM process. The effect of EBM layer/part orientation on the milling performance is further investigated in terms of surface finish improvement and edge chipping evaluation. It has been observed that the EBM layer/part orientation with respect to milling tool feed direction (TFD) plays a vital role in milling performance. Thus, a care must be taken to select the appropriate tool feed direction and layer/part orientation in order to achieve maximum surface finish with minimum edge chipping. The results revealed the vertical milling can be adopted as a secondary finishing operation to be performed on EBM produced parts of γ-TiAl and it allows to significantly improve the poor surface finish generated by EBM (R_a 31 μm). Furthermore, among the available part orientation choices, the part orientation in which the milling tool is fed across the EBM layer build direction is the best orientation resulting into high surface finish (R_a 0.12 μm) with relatively smooth edges (minimum chipping-off).     

Grey–Taguchi method to optimize the milling parameters of aluminum alloy

The grey–Taguchi method was adopted in this study to optimize the milling parameters of A6061P-T651 aluminum alloy with multiple performance characteristics. A grey relational grade obtained from the grey relational analysis is used as the performance characteristic in the Taguchi method. Then, the optimal milling parameters are determined using the parameter design proposed by the Taguchi method. Experimental results indicate that the optimal process parameters in milling A6061P-T651 aluminum alloy can be determined effectively; the flank wear is decreased from 0.177 mm to 0.067 mm and the surface roughness is decreased from 0.44 μm to 0.24 μm, leading to a multiple performance characteristics improvement in milling qualities through the grey–Taguchi method.     

Experimental study of surface integrity and fatigue life in the face milling of inconel 718

The Inconel 718 alloy is widely used in the aerospace and power industries. The machining-induced surface integrity and fatigue life of this material are important factors for consideration due to high reliability and safety requirements. In this work, the milling of Inconel 718 was conducted at different cutting speeds and feed rates. Surface integrity and fatigue life were measured directly. The effects of cutting speed and feed rate on surface integrity and their further influences on fatigue life were analyzed. Within the chosen parameter range, the cutting speed barely affected the surface roughness, whereas the feed rate increased the surface roughness through the ideal residual height. The surface hardness increased as the cutting speed and feed rate increased. Tensile residual stress was observed on the machined surface, which showed improvement with the increasing feed rate. The cutting speed was not an influencing factor on fatigue life, but the feed rate affected fatigue life through the surface roughness. The high surface roughness resulting from the high feed rate could result in a high stress concentration factor and lead to a low fatigue life.     

铝合金超声波喷丸成形制件表面完整性研究

采用试验方法对AA2024-T351进行数控超声波喷丸成形,研究了超声波喷丸成形制件的显微硬度、残余应力场、表面形貌、表面粗糙度及半高宽等随超声波喷丸过程参数变化的规律,定性地探讨了AA2024-T351超声波喷丸后表面完整性的改善状况。结果表明:超声波喷丸后,制件的显微硬度得到了明显提高（最大增幅为20%）,同时在材料表面产生了一定厚度的硬化层（深度约为300μm）;制件内部引入数值较高、分布呈现梯度形式的残余压应力场,残余压应力场的临界深度在500~650μm之间,在距表面200μm处产生了最大残余压应力;制件表面形成一道道犁沟,表面喷丸区域的粗糙度Ra有一定程度的增大;制件表面层的半高宽值变大,深度在125μm左右,半高宽的增大表明材料冷作硬化程度加大、晶体内部位错密度有一定程度的增大。显微硬度的提高、残余压应力场的引入及表面层组织的细化有助于喷丸成形制件疲劳寿命、抗磨损和抗腐蚀性能的提高。     

微米尺度铜键合丝疲劳性能研究

目前,铜键合丝广泛用于集成电路、电子封装等领域,但是铜丝在制造和键合的过程中受到的局部应力和摆动,会不可避免地产生疲劳问题。通过一套以自激振动为原理组装的微结构疲劳试验装置,对不同直径的微米级铜键合丝进行对称弯曲疲劳性能测试。试验结果表明:该试验装置能够成功地对微米级铜丝进行对称弯曲疲劳性能试验;无论是屈服强度、抗拉强度还是弹性模量,直径20μm的铜丝均高于直径30μm、40μm的铜丝,表现出明显的尺寸效应;所有铜丝的疲劳寿命集中在4.5×104~1×107;在相同应力条件下,铜丝的疲劳寿命随着铜丝直径的增加而减小;直径20μm、30μm、40μm的铜丝对应的疲劳强度(N=106)分别为147 MPa、97 MPa、70 MPa。从扫描电子显微镜的断口分析结果可以看出拉伸断口为凿峰状,断口周围表面出现许多相间的条状拉拔痕迹;疲劳断口为平齐正断,两条裂纹起源于试样表面,瞬断区为窄条状。     

应力集中和表面完整性对平尾大轴抗疲劳性能的影响

某型飞机平尾轴在进行台架试验时发生断裂,失效分析表明,该轴的断裂性质为疲劳断裂,裂纹起源于大轴筒体内腔变截面过渡圆弧根部的加工刀痕谷底。通过对大轴进行扫描电镜观察分析,发现使用过的旧大轴内表面存在10～16 μm厚的“疏松”层,疏松层内有较多的疲劳微裂纹和孔洞,该“疏松”层是大轴服役中氧化腐蚀和疲劳损伤所形成的。“疏松”层的存在破坏了大轴的表面完整性,降低了大轴材料的抗疲劳性能。有限元建模分析表明,变截面台阶造成的结构应力集中和粗糙加工刀痕形成的附加应力集中是造成大轴疲劳断裂的力学因素,两种应力集中因素的联合作用降低了大轴的疲劳寿命,导致大轴在变截面过渡圆弧根部的加工刀痕谷底萌生疲劳裂纹。综合分析表明,大轴内表面“疏松”层的存在以及变截面台阶造成的结构应力集中和粗糙加工刀痕形成的附加应力集中是大轴发生疲劳断裂的主要原因。     

Effect of Running-In (Load and Speed) on Surface Characteristics of Honed Gears

The initial running-in cycles alter the surface integrity characteristics and influence gear performance. This article shows how the surface characteristics of honed spur gears evolved due to the combined effect of running-in load (0.9 or 1.7?GPa) and speed (0.5 or 8.3 m/s) in Forschungsstelle fur Zahnräder und Getriebebau tests. Running-in affected the surface layers to a depth of 5 µm. High running-in load promoted plastic deformation of asperities, created microstructural changes associated with surface cracks, and relaxed residual stresses. It also enhanced the amount of phosphorous from extreme pressure (EP) additives at the surface. The surface contact fatigue failure—that is, micropitting—was promoted by running-in speed rather than load.     

变密度微织构球头铣刀切削性能多目标优化

为深入研究微织构排列形式对微织构理刀具的抗磨减摩机理的影响,分别从理论、仿真及试验等方面对最优的微织构排布形式进行研究。首先,建立微织构在刀具前刀面的数学模型及仿真模型。其次,通过试验验证仿真结果的准确性。仿真及试验研究均发现,变密度微织构球头铣刀的铣削性能优于均匀分布密度的微织构球头铣刀。最后,运用模糊评价法优选最优的铣削性能的微织构球头铣刀,优化结果表明,两排织构间距先为200 μm,再为150 μm,最后为175 μm的微织构球头铣刀的铣削性能最好。该项研究使刀具具有良好的抗磨减磨性,提高加工效率及被加工工件的表面质量。