Cr2O3/TiO2催化剂上铵盐选择性催化还原脱硝研究

因低温NH₃-SCR脱硝面临耐硫性能差、硫酸氢铵中毒等难以克服的问题,构建了采用无机铵盐选择性催化还原脱硝的方法。采用浸渍法制备了Cr₂O₃/TiO₂催化剂,选用草酸铵、硫酸氢铵、磷酸氢二铵、磷酸二氢铵作为还原剂,对氮氧化物进行选择性催化还原反应,并测定了4种铵盐作还原剂的脱硝活性。利用XRD、XPS和原位漫反射红外光谱等表征探究了4种铵盐对催化剂物化性质的影响,并研究了4种铵盐在Cr₂O₃/TiO₂催化剂上的反应与再生过程。结果表明,4种铵盐中的NH⁺₄都可以在Cr₂O₃/TiO₂催化剂上与NO发生反应,除硫酸氢铵因HSO^-₄易与TiO₂结合为Ti(SO₄)₂而不可再生外,其它铵盐皆可再生。     

V2O5-MoO3/TiO2 催化剂的NOx选择性催化还原及SO2氧化活性

采用浸渍法以TiO₂为载体制备V₂O₅-MoO₃/TiO₂ 选择性催化还原催化剂,研究V₂O₅和MoO₃负载量对于催化剂选择性催化还原反应及SO₂氧化活性的影响,并考察氧含量、氨氮物质的量比和反应空速对3%V₂O₅-6%MoO₃/TiO₂催化剂选择性催化还原脱硝活性的影响。结果表明,随着催化剂中V₂O₅负载质量分数增加,V₂O₅-MoO₃/TiO₂ 催化剂的选择性催化还原活性和SO₂氧化活性均呈上升趋势。MoO₃的负载对催化剂的SO₂氧化活性有明显抑制作用。MoO₃负载质量分数超过9%,制备的催化剂既保持较高的低温选择性催化还原活性,又使选择性催化还原反应中的SO₂转化率小于1%。     

SCR脱硝中催化剂表面NH4HSO4生成及分解的原位红外研究

采用工业用V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂催化剂,基于傅里叶原位红外光谱(in situ FT-IR)技术考察了SCR脱硝过程中催化剂表面NH₄HSO₄的生成与分解特性。结果表明:在V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂催化剂表面ABS的生成可由催化剂V═O基团上Lewis酸上配位吸附活化态的NH₃在O₂环境中与SO₂反应生成,也可由SO₂与催化剂表面反应生成的吸附态金属硫酸盐中间物VOSO₄与气态NH₃直接反应生成;NO能通过与NH₄HSO₄中的NH₄⁺直接反应来降低NH₄HSO₄降解的温度窗口,促进其在催化剂表面的分解行为,NO的脱除与NH₄HSO₄的生成是相互抑制关系;NH₄HSO₄本身的负载量影响其分解与挥发行为。     

工业V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂的碱土中毒研究

以某燃煤电厂应用的V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂蜂窝型SCR脱硝催化剂为研究对象,在实验室条件下模拟该催化剂Ca、Mg及二者复合中毒,研究了不同浓度的Ca和Mg对催化剂活性的影响,并用XRD、H₂-TPR及NH₃吸附FT-IR对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,Ca和Mg对工业SCR脱硝催化剂均具有毒性作用,其中Mg毒性相对较强,复合中毒在一定程度上弱化单组分对催化剂活性的影响;催化剂组分分散度和结晶度不受Ca和Mg的影响,但CaO和MgO的掺入抑制V₂O₅的还原能力;CaO和MgO对催化剂表面的酸性位均存在影响,尤其是B酸位,二者复合中毒对酸性位的影响小于单一组分。     

溶胶-凝胶原位合成宽活性温度V2O5/TiO2脱硝催化剂

利用溶胶-凝胶技术原位合成一系列不同V₂O₅担载量的V₂O₅/TiO₂催化剂,通过BET、XRD、NH₃-TPD及紫外-可见光等手段对催化剂进行表征。结果表明：制备的催化剂均具有介孔结构,V₂O₅在TiO₂表面高度分散,且存在3种典型的酸性位。通过选择性催化还原反应对V₂O₅/TiO₂催化剂进行活性评价,结果显示随着V₂O₅含量的增加,NO转化率大于75%的温度窗口向低温方向偏移,含10% （质量分数）V₂O₅的催化剂的NO转化率为80%的温度窗口最宽为200～450℃,240℃时20 h连续实验表现出稳定的抗硫抗水性能。结合紫外-可见光谱分析,揭示了钒掺杂所形成的单聚和低聚钒酸盐为催化剂的活性组分。     

NH3-SCR工艺中硫酸铵盐的生成与分解机理研究进展

以氨为还原剂的选择性催化还原（NH₃-SCR）脱硝法具有脱硝效率高、选择性好和技术完善等优点,是目前应用最广泛的燃煤电厂等行业的烟气脱硝技术。然而,烟气中的SO₂流经SCR催化剂时,在V₂O₅的催化作用下部分氧化为SO₃,随后与NH₃和水蒸气反应生成硫酸氢铵和硫酸铵。当烟气温度低于硫酸铵盐的凝结温度时,会沉积在催化剂、空预器及其附属设备上,引发诸多严重的问题。本文首先介绍了硫酸铵盐的形成机理,随后从反应物浓度和反应温度等角度概括了影响硫酸铵盐生成的因素,分析了硫酸铵盐的沉积及其所带来的危害。然后介绍了硫酸铵盐的分解机理,重点分析了催化剂与硫酸氢铵之间的相互作用,指出了这种相互作用对硫酸氢铵分解的影响,由此提出了控制硫酸铵盐生成的措施。最后指出,系统研究NH₃-SCR工艺中硫酸铵盐的生成与分解机理将为催化剂的失活与再生、低温SCR催化剂的开发和燃煤机组等相关设备的设计和运行优化等提供理论依据。     

燃煤烟气中SO3与NH4HSO4生成特性及其控制方法研究进展

在燃煤烟气中选择性催化还原（SCR）技术由于脱硝效率高、选择性好被广泛应用,然而SCR催化剂的催化作用会使烟气中的SO₂氧化成SO₃,SO₃会与NH₃等反应生成硫酸氢铵（ABS）和硫酸铵（AS）,当烟气温度低于硫酸铵盐的凝结温度时,其会沉积在催化剂、空预器及其附属设备上,引发诸多严重的问题,对电厂的运行和环境造成了不利影响。本文综述了燃煤烟气中SO₃与硫酸氢铵的生成特性及其控制方法最新进展,分析了SO₃在锅炉和SCR系统中的形成机理、迁徙转化特性,阐述了控制SO₃与硫酸氢铵生成的方法,介绍了不同活性组分对催化剂表面SO₃和硫酸氢铵生成的影响。最后提出了开发新型催化剂是燃煤烟气中SO₃与硫酸氢铵生成控制的重点研究方向。     

低温氨-选择性催化还原氮氧化催化剂的研究进展

氮氧化物(NOx)的排放对人类健康和植物生长造成了严重危害,对其进行净化治理刻不容缓。火电厂烟气是NOx的主要来源,氨-选择性催化还原(NH₃-SCR)技术可对其排放进行有效控制。V₂O₅-WO₃(MoO₃)/TiO₂脱硝催化剂的工作温度偏高,不能满足低温宽工作温度窗口等工况的需要,因此,开发具有宽工作温度窗口的低温脱硝催化剂成为研究热点,其中,钒基、锰基金属氧化物催化剂和金属离子交换分子筛催化剂的研究最为广泛。探讨催化剂脱硝性能的关键影响因素、抗水抗硫性能以及反应机理,有助于为高效、实用的低温脱硝催化剂的设计和开发提供科学依据。从钒基金属氧化物催化剂、锰基金属氧化物催化剂、金属离子交换的分子筛催化剂、低温脱硝催化剂的抗水抗硫性能以及低温NH₃-SCR反应机理等方面对近年来国内外低温脱硝催化剂的研究进展进行综述。今后需要解决N₂选择性不够理想、抗水抗硫性能差、低温工作温度窗口较窄和反应机理不统一等问题。     

不锈钢板负载V2O5-WO3-TiO2催化剂制备及其催化还原脱硝性能

以溶胶-凝胶法制备的TiO₂粉末为载体,偏钒酸铵和水合钨酸铵溶液为浸渍液,采用分步浸渍法制备了V₂O₅-WO₃-TiO₂催化剂,以聚乙烯醇-硅溶胶为黏合剂,采用涂覆法将催化剂粘合于经硫酸和钛酸丁酯溶胶处理过的不锈钢板板材表面,获得不锈钢板负载的V₂O₅-WO₃-TiO₂催化剂。采用XRD、FT-IR和SEM等表征手段对催化剂进行表征,结果表明,V₂O₅-WO₃-TiO₂催化剂可均匀负载于不锈钢板表面。采用氨选择性催化还原氮氧化物法研究了催化剂的脱硝性能,结果表明,在空速8 000 L·（kg·h）^-1和反应温度360 ℃的条件下,NOx脱除率超过92%,且制备的催化剂具有良好的稳定性和耐硫性。     

负载型钒钛脱硝催化剂酸化处理与性能

以商业TiO₂为载体,采用浸渍法制备了V₂O₅-WO₃-TiO₂/SO₄^2-催化剂,考察了硫酸酸化载体TiO₂的顺序及硫酸酸化量对氨气选择性催化还原NO活性的影响,采用XRD、BET、FT-IR、TG-DTA、TPD等手段对催化剂进行了表征。BET表征结果表明,随着酸化处理的用酸量增大,催化剂表面积降低;但FT-IR、TG结果表明,增大酸化处理用硫酸量提高了硫酸根与钨之间的电子交互作用。程序升温的活性测试结果表明,硫酸酸化处理对催化剂活性具有促进作用,结合NH₃-TPD表征证实了具有酸化处理程序制备的催化剂可以增强表面酸性位,从而使催化剂具有高活性。     

V2O5/（TiO2-SiO2）脱硝催化剂新型制备工艺及性能研究

将偏钒酸铵和羟丙基甲基纤维素搅拌混溶制备滴胶液,以自制的7孔圆柱蜂窝钛硅复合氧化物为载体,采用滴胶涂覆法制备了V₂O₅/（TiO₂-SiO₂）脱硝催化剂。通过X射线衍射（XRD）、程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）、比表面积分析（BET）和催化剂评价等方法对制备的脱硝催化剂进行分析表征。考察了五氧化二钒在钛硅复合氧化物载体上的分布、五氧化二钒涂覆量等对催化剂性能的影响,并就反应温度、反应空速、氨与一氧化氮物质的量比等条件对脱硝催化剂活性的影响进行了研究。实验结果表明,使用五氧化二钒涂覆量为1.2%（质量分数）的V₂O₅/（TiO₂-SiO₂）脱硝催化剂,在反应温度为320 ℃、空速为10 000 h^-1、氨与一氧化氮物质的量比为1.2条件下进行脱硝活性实验,一氧化氮转化率达到93.0%。经与工业脱硝催化剂对比实验表明,制备的V₂O₅/（TiO₂-SiO₂）脱硝催化剂性能优良,并且降低了钒的使用量,节约了生产成本,减少了环境污染。     

WO_3负载量对V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2催化剂脱硝性能的影响

采用V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2作为脱硝催化剂,考察活性组分V_2O_5和助剂WO_3负载量对催化剂脱硝活性和抗硫抗水性能的影响。结果表明,3%V_2O_5/x WO_3-TiO_2催化剂(x=3%、4%、5%、6%、7%、8%、9%、10%)上NOx转化率随着WO_3负载量增加而升高,催化剂反应温度窗口不断拓宽。单独通水蒸汽及同时通SO2和水蒸汽对催化剂的毒害作用均较强,表明H2O和NH3的竞争吸附是催化剂抗硫抗水性能较差的重要原因。SO_2与H_2O和NH_3反应生成亚硫酸铵盐和硫酸铵盐,导致催化剂孔隙堵塞,催化活性降低。     

Catalytic performance of a novel ceramic-supported vanadium oxide catalyst for NO reduction with NH3

A novel TiO₂/Al₂O₃/cordierite honeycomb-supported V₂O₅–MoO₃–WO₃ monolithic catalyst was studied for the selective reduction of NO with NH₃. The effects of reaction temperature, space velocity, NH₃/NO ratio and oxygen content on SCR activity were evaluated. Two other V₂O₅–MoO₃–WO₃ monolithic catalysts supported on Al₂O₃/cordierite honeycomb or TiO₂/cordierite honeycomb support, two types of pellet catalysts supported on TiO₂/Al₂O₃ or Al₂O₃, as well as three types of pellet catalysts V₂O₅–MoO₃–WO₃–Al₂O₃ and V₂O₅–MoO₃–WO₃–TiO₂ were tested for comparison. The experiment results show that this catalyst has a higher catalytic activity for SCR with comparison to others. The results of characterization show, the preparation method of this catalyst can give rise to a higher BET surface area and pore volume, which is strongly related with the highly active performance of this catalyst. At the same time, the function of the combined carrier of TiO₂/Al₂O₃ cannot be excluded.     

SO2 resistant antimony promoted V2O5/TiO2 catalyst for NH3-SCR of NOx at low temperatures

To get the low temperature sulfur resistant V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysts quantum chemical calculation study was carried out. After selecting suitable promoters (Se, Sb, Cu, S, B, Bi, Pb and P), respective metal promoted V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysts were prepared by impregnation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Brunner Emmett Teller surface area (BET-SA). Se, Sb, Cu, S promoted V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysts showed high catalytic activity for NH₃ selective catalytic reduction (NH₃-SCR) of NO_x carried at temperatures between 150 and 400 °C. The conversion efficiency followed in the order of Se > Sb > S > V₂O₅/TiO₂ > Cu but Se was excluded because of its high vapor pressure. An optimal 2 wt% ‘Sb’ loading was found over V₂O₅/TiO₂ for maximum NO_x conversion, which also showed high resistance to SO₂ in presence of water when compared to other metal promoters. In situ electrical conductivity measurement was carried out for Sb(2%)/V₂O₅/TiO₂ and compared with commercial W(10%)V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalyst. High electrical conductivity difference (ΔG) for Sb(2%)/V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalyst with temperature was observed. SO₂ deactivation experiments were carried out for Sb(2%)/V₂O₅/TiO₂ and W(10%)/V₂O₅/TiO₂ at a temperature of 230 °C for 90 h, resulted Sb(2%)/V₂O₅/TiO₂ was efficient catalyst. BET-SA, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur (CHNS) elemental analysis of spent catalysts well proved the presence of high ammonium sulfate salts over W(10%)/V₂O₅/TiO₂ than Sb(2%)/V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalyst.     

V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2催化剂的制备及其烟气脱硝性能

以活性成分负载量、负载顺序和焙烧温度等关键制备参数因素进行正交实验设计制备了V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2催化剂,对其进行XRD和TPR表征,并在自行设计搭建的SCR烟气脱硝实验平台上评价其(300~390)℃的SCR脱硝性能。结果表明,活性成分钒和钨绝大多数以非晶态形式存在于载体表面,且具有良好的分散性;主要活性成分V_2O_5负载量越高,脱硝率越高;400℃焙烧温度可以形成催化反应所需的晶相,且维持催化剂较高的比表面积;催化剂低温活性和高温活性是由表面富集和各种成分之间相互作用共同产生的结果,活性组分与载体之间的相互作用对315℃低温脱硝活性影响明显,以先钒后钨负载顺序为宜,表面富集对390℃高温脱硝活性起主要作用,以钒钨同时负载或先钒后钨负载顺序较好;随着m(WO_3)∶m(V_2O_5)的增加,在7.5∶1处催化剂的脱硝率升至最高,随后迅速下降,WO_3负载质量分数以6%为宜。在优化条件V_2O_5负载质量分数0.8%、WO_3负载质量分数6%、先钒后钨负载和400℃焙烧温度下制备了催化剂并进行脱硝性能验证,315℃低温脱硝活性达到69.56%。     

Ammonia activation over catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx and the selective catalytic oxidation of NH3. An FT-IR study

The adsorption and transformation of ammonia over V₂O₅, V₂O₅/TiO₂, V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂ and CuO/TiO₂ systems has been investigated by FT-IR spectroscopy. In all cases ammonia is first coordinated over Lewis acid sites and later undergoes hydrogen abstraction giving rise either to NH₂ amide species or to its dimeric form N₂H₄, hydrazine. Other species, tentatively identified as imide NH, nitroxyl HNO, nitrogen anions N₂⁻ and azide anions N₃⁻ are further observed over CuO/TiO₂. The comparison of the infrared spectra of the species arising from both NH₃ and N₂H₄ adsorbed over CuO/TiO₂ strongly suggest that N₂H₄ is an intermediate in NH₃ oxidation over this active selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and selective catalytic oxidation (SCO) catalysts. This implies that ammonia is activated in the form of NH₂ species for both SCR and SCO, and it can later dimerize. Ammonia protonation to ammonium ion is detected over V₂O₅-based systems, but not over CuO/TiO₂, in spite of the high SCR and SCO activity of this catalyst. Consequently Brönsted acidity is not necessary for the SCR activity.     

Chemical deactivation of V2O5/WO3–TiO2 SCR catalysts by additives and impurities from fuels, lubrication oils and urea solution: Part II. Characterization study of the effect of alkali and alkaline earth metals

A characterization study on a practice-oriented V₂O₅/WO₃–TiO₂ SCR catalyst deactivated by Ca and K, respectively, was carried out using NH₃-TPD, DRIFT spectroscopy, and XPS as well as theoretical DFT calculations. It was found from NH₃-TPD experiments that strongly basic elements like K or Ca drastically affect the acidity of the catalysts. Detailed DRIFT spectroscopy experiments revealed that these poisoning agents mostly interact with the Brønsted acid sites of the V₂O₅ active phase, thus affecting the NH₃ adsorption. Moreover, these experiments also indicated that the V⁵⁺ = O sites are much less reactive on the poisoned catalysts. XPS investigations of the O 1s binding energies showed that the oxygen atoms of the V⁵⁺ = O sites are affected by the presence of the poisoning agents. Based on these results and on DFT calculations with model clusters of the vanadia surface, the poisoning mechanism is explained by the stabilization of the non atomic holes of the (0 1 0) V₂O₅ phase as a result of the deactivation element. Consequently, V–OH Brønsted acid sites and V⁵⁺ = O sites are inhibited, which are both of crucial importance in the SCR process. The deactivation model also gives an explanation to the very low concentrations of potassium needed to deactivate the SCR catalyst, since one metal atom sitting on such a non-atomic hole site deactivates up to four active vanadium centers.     

Investigation of the ammonia adsorption on monolithic SCR catalysts by transient response analysis

The adsorption of ammonia on three different monolithic SCR catalysts was investigated experimentally. Two of the examined monoliths were coated cordierite honeycombs, containing either V₂O₅–WO₃/TiO₂ or V₂O₅/TiO₂ as active components. The third sample was a commercially available extruded monolithic honeycomb consisting of V₂O₅–WO₃/TiO₂, and was tested for comparison. Different transient response methods and a modified temperature programmed desorption (TPD) method were used to investigate the ammonia adsorption in the presence of water (5%) and oxygen (10%). Under typical SCR conditions (stoichiometric ratio NH₃:NO<1), the ammonia coverage of the WO₃-free catalyst sample was significantly lower. Ammonia is more strongly adsorbed on the WO₃-containing catalyst. The extruded catalyst adsorbed substantially larger amounts of ammonia especially at low temperatures, leading to a slow response under transient conditions.