锂离子电池PEO-LATP/LAGP陶瓷复合电解质膜的制备与性能表征

设计并制备了PEO-LATP/LAGP陶瓷复合电解质. 使用NASICON结构的Li_1.4Al_0.4Ti_1.6(PO₄)₃ (LATP)或 Li_1.5Al_0.5Ge_1.5(PO₄)₃ (LAGP)作为陶瓷基体, 以PEO为粘结剂, 得到了均匀、厚度仅为20 μm的复合电解质膜. 通过电化学性能表征发现当w(LATP/LAGP):w(PEO)=7:3时, 复合电解质膜具有最高的室温电导率, 达到0.186 mS/cm (PEO-LATP)与0.111 mS/cm (PEO-LAGP). 通过充放电循环实验表明, Li/复合电解质/LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2电池的首次放电容量达170 mAh/g. 使用PEO-LATP复合电解质的电池在循环时有较大的容量衰减, 而使用PEO-LAGP复合电解质则循环性能有明显的改善, 在10次循环后仍保持在150 mAh/g.     

The Interaction in Electrolyte Additives Accelerates Ion Transport to Achieve High-Energy Non-Aqueous Lithium Metal Batteries

Electrolyte engineering is a feasible strategy to realize high energy density lithium metal batteries. However, stabilizing both lithium metal anodes and nickel-rich layered cathodes is extremely challenging. To break through this bottleneck, a dual-additives electrolyte containing fluoroethylene carbonate (10 vol.%) and 1-methoxy-2-propylamine (1 vol.%) in conventional LiPF₆-containing carbonate-based electrolyte is reported. The two additives can polymerize and thus generate dense and uniform LiF and Li₃N-containing interphases on both electrodes’ surfaces. Such robust ionic conductive interphases not only prevent lithium dendrite formation in lithium metal anode but also suppress stress-corrosion cracking and phase transformation in nickel-rich layered cathode. The advanced electrolyte enables Li||LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂ stably cycle for 80 cycles at 60 mA g⁻¹ with a specific discharge capacity retention of 91.2% under harsh conditions.     

An Ultra-Stable Electrode-Solid Electrolyte Composite for High-Performance All-Solid-State Li-Ion Batteries

The low ionic and electronic conductivity between current solid electrolytes and high-capacity anodes limits the long-term cycling performance of all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASSLIBs). Herein, this work reports the fabrication of an ultra-stable electrode-solid electrolyte composite for high-performance ASSLIBs enabled by the homogeneous coverage of ultrathin Mg(BH₄)₂ layers on the surface of each MgH₂ nanoparticle that are uniformly distributed on graphene. The initial discharge process of Mg(BH₄)₂ layers results in uniform coverage of MgH₂ nanoparticle with both LiBH₄ as the solid electrolyte and Li₂B₆ with even higher Li ion conductivity than LiBH₄. Consequently, the Li ion conductivity of graphene-supported MgH₂ nanoparticles covered with ultrathin Mg(BH₄)₂ layers is two orders of magnitude higher than that without Mg(BH₄)₂ layers. Moreover, the thus-formed inactive Li₂B₆ with strong adsorption capability toward LiBH₄, acts as a stabilizing framework, which, coupled with the structural support role of graphene, alleviates the volume change of MgH₂ nanoparticles and facilitates the intimate contact between LiBH₄ and individual MgH₂ nanoparticles, leading to the formation of uniform stable interfaces with high ionic and electronic conductivity on each MgH₂ nanoparticles. Hence, an ultrahigh specific capacity of 800 mAh g⁻¹ is achieved for MgH₂ at 2 A g⁻¹ after 350 cycles.     

锂离子电池Si/C/石墨复合负极材料的电化学性能

采用热裂解方法, 热解分散于聚偏二氟乙烯溶液中的硅和石墨, 得到了具有稳定电化学循环性能的Si/C/石墨复合负极材料。透射电子显微镜观察发现, 复合材料形貌为无定型碳包裹硅颗粒的核壳结构。通过系统研究不同Si粒径和石墨含量对电极电化学性能的影响, 发现Si颗粒粒径越小复合材料电化学循环稳定性能越优越, 适当的降低石墨含量有利于电极材料剩余比容量的提高。当Si粒径为50 nm, Si与石墨质量比1:1时, 电极材料具有1741.6 mAh/g的首次放电比容量和72.5%的首次库仑效率, 60次循环后, 可逆比容量保持在820 mAh/g。热解有机物形成碳包覆的结构能有效地改善硅基类负极材料的电化学循环性能。     

锂离子电池陶瓷复合全固态电解质的制备和性能研究

以负载Al₂O₃的无纺布为支撑膜, 浸涂PEO-LAGP-SN-LiTFSI的乙腈共混液干燥后制得新型复合固态电解质膜(CLASP)。该膜的热稳定性好, 即使在170℃的高温下依然不发生形变。当浸涂共混液中PEO: LAGP: SN: LiTFSI为3: 1: 1: 1, 固含量为10wt%时, 室温电导率可以达到3.66×10^-5 S/cm, 100℃时电导率可达2.52×10^-4 S/cm. CLASP膜的电化学窗口宽, 以该膜代替液态电解质装配的全固态LiFePO₄/CLASP/Li电池, 在55℃循环时表现出良好的循环稳定性, 高的库伦效率, 有望成为电化学性能优越的全固态电解质。     

High-Safety and High-Energy-Density Lithium Metal Batteries in a Novel Ionic-Liquid Electrolyte

Rechargeable lithium metal batteries are next generation energy storage devices with high energy density, but face challenges in achieving high energy density, high safety, and long cycle life. Here, lithium metal batteries in a novel nonflammable ionic-liquid (IL) electrolyte composed of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMIm) cations and high-concentration bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI) anions, with sodium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (NaTFSI) as a key additive are reported. The Na ion participates in the formation of hybrid passivation interphases and contributes to dendrite-free Li deposition and reversible cathode electrochemistry. The electrolyte of low viscosity allows practically useful cathode mass loading up to ≈16 mg cm⁻². Li anodes paired with lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂) and lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂, NCM 811) cathodes exhibit 99.6–99.9% Coulombic efficiencies, high discharge voltages up to 4.4 V, high specific capacity and energy density up to ≈199 mAh g⁻¹ and ≈765 Wh kg⁻¹ respectively, with impressive cycling performances over up to 1200 cycles. Highly stable passivation interphases formed on both electrodes in the novel IL electrolyte are the key to highly reversible lithium metal batteries, especially for Li–NMC 811 full batteries.     

High Performance Low-Temperature Lithium Metal Batteries Enabled by Tailored Electrolyte Solvation Structure

The electrochemical performances of lithium metal batteries are determined by the kinetics of interfacial de-solvation and ion transport, especially at low-temperature environments. Here, a novel electrolyte that easily de-solvated and conducive to interfacial film formation is designed for low-temperature lithium metal batteries. A fluorinated carboxylic ester, diethyl fluoromalonate (DEFM), and a fluorinated carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) are used as solvents, while high concentrated lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) is served as the solute. Through tailoring the electrolyte formulation, the lithium ions in the high concentrated fluorinated carboxylic ester electrolyte are mainly combined with anions, which weakens the bonding strength of lithium ions and solvent molecules in the solvation structure, beneficial to the de-solvation process at low temperature. The fluorinated carboxylic ester (FCE) electrolyte enables the LiFePO₄ (LFP) | Li half-cell achieves a high capacity of 91.9 mAh g⁻¹ at −30 °C, with high F content in the interface. With optimized de-solvation kinetics, the LFP | Li full cell remains over 100 mAh g⁻¹ at 0 °C after cycling 100 cycles. Building new solvents with outstanding low-temperature properties and weaker solvation to match with Li metal anode, this work brings new possibilities of realizing high energy density and low temperature energy storage batteries.     

Lithium Foam for Deep Cycling Lithium Metal Batteries

Li metal anode has been recognized as the most promising anode for its high theoretical capacity and low reduction potential. But its large-scale commercialization is hampered because of the infinite volume expansion, severe side reactions, and uncontrollable dendrite formation. Herein, the self-supporting porous lithium foam anode is obtained by a melt foaming method. The adjustable interpenetrating pore structure and dense Li₃N protective layer coating on the inner surface enable the lithium foam anode with great tolerance to electrode volume variation, parasitic reaction, and dendritic growth during cycling. Full cell using high areal capacity (4.0 mAh cm⁻²) LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1 (NCM811) cathode with the N/P ratio of 2 and E/C ratio of 3 g Ah⁻¹ can stably operate for 200 times with 80% capacity retention. The corresponding pouch cell has <3% pressure fluctuation per cycle and almost zero pressure accumulation.     

锂离子电池电解质锂盐双乙二酸硼酸锂的制备与性能

综述了近年来锂离子电池的新型锂盐--双乙二酸硼酸锂(LiBOB)研究成果.介绍了双乙二酸硼酸锂的合成方法、组成与结构、化学和电化学性能及其与结构的关系,重点综述了对LiBOB电解液导电性的研究,对负极材料、正极材料稳定性的研究,以及与其他锂盐在锂离子电池中混合使用时的性能的研究等.总结了LiBOB的优缺点,指出了其进一步研究的方向.     

Interfacial Interaction of Multifunctional GQDs Reinforcing Polymer Electrolytes For All-Solid-State Li Battery

Solid-state polymer electrolytes are highly anticipated for next generation lithium ion batteries with enhanced safety and energy density. However, a major disadvantage of polymer electrolytes is their low ionic conductivity at room temperature. In order to enhance the ionic conductivity, here, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are employed to improve the poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) based electrolyte. Owing to the increased amorphous areas of PEO and mobility of Li⁺, GQDs modified composite polymer electrolytes achieved high ionic conductivity and favorable lithium ion transference numbers. Significantly, the abundant hydroxyl groups and amino groups originated from GQDs can serve as Lewis base sites and interact with lithium ions, thus promoting the dissociation of lithium salts and providing more ion pathways. Moreover, lithium dendrite is suppressed, associated with high transference number, enhanced mechanical properties and steady interface stability. It is further observed that all solid-state lithium batteries assembled with GQDs modified composite polymer electrolytes display excellent rate performance and cycling stability.     

固态锂电池用MOF/聚氧化乙烯复合聚合物电解质(英文)

固态聚合物电解质具有柔韧性好和易于加工的优势,可制备各种形状的固态锂电池,杜绝漏液问题。但固态聚合物电解质存在离子电导率低以及对锂金属负极不稳定等问题。本研究以纳米金属–有机框架材料UiO-66为聚合物电解质的填料,用于改善电解质的性能。UiO-66与聚氧化乙烯(poly(ethylene oxide), PEO)链上醚基的氧原子的配位作用以及与锂盐中阴离子的相互作用,可显著提高聚合物电解质的离子电导率(25℃,3.0×10^–5 S/cm;60℃,5.8×10^–4 S/cm),并将锂离子迁移数提高至0.36,电化学窗口拓宽至4.9V。此外,制备的PEO基固态电解质对金属锂具有良好的稳定性,对称电池在60℃、0.15mA·cm^–2电流密度下可稳定循环1000h,锂电池的电化学性能得到显著改善。     

The Synergetic Effect of Lithium Bisoxalatodifluorophosphate and Fluoroethylene Carbonate on Dendrite Suppression for Fast Charging Lithium Metal Batteries

Fluorinated solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) derived from fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) is particularly favored for dendrite suppression in lithium metal batteries because of the high Young's modulus (≈64.9 Gpa) and low electronic conductivity (10^?31 S cm^?1) of LiF. However, the transportation ability of Li⁺ in this fluorinated SEI under high current densities is limited by the low ionic conductivity of LiF (≈10^?12 S cm^?1). Herein, by rational design, 0.1 m lithium bisoxalatodifluorophosphate (LiDFBOP) is adopted to modify fluorinated SEI in FEC based electrolyte for fast charging lithium metal batteries. Benefiting from the synergetic effect of LiDFBOP and FEC, a fluorinated SEI rich in LiF and Li_xPO_yF_z species can be yielded, which can further improve the stability and ionic conductivity of SEI for fast Li⁺ transportation. Meanwhile, the average coulombic efficiency for Li plating/stripping is improved from 92.0% to 96.7%, thus promoting stable cycling of Li||Li symmetrical batteries with dendrite free morphologies, even at high current densities (3.0 mA cm^?2) and high plating/stripping capacities (3.0 mAh cm^?2). More attractively, in practical Li||LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2O₂ batteries, the cycling life at 1C and rate capacities at 6C are also significantly improved. Therefore, the synergetic effect of LiDFBOP and FEC provides great potential for achieving advanced lithium metal batteries with fast charging ability.     

锂离子电池高容量硅负极嵌锂过程中的表面成膜研究

采用交流阻抗法、EDS与XPS成分分析对锂离子电池高容量硅负极在首次嵌锂过程中的表面成膜行为进行了研究, 并对膜组分进行了详细测试与分析. 交流阻抗分析发现硅负极的表面成膜现象出现在较低的嵌锂电位下, 膜厚随着嵌锂过程的进行而增加, 其组分以LiF和Li₂CO₃为主. 通过Ar离子流对硅负极表面的深度刻蚀的XPS分析发现, 其表面的膜层为非均质层, 暴露于电解液中一侧的膜层组分中碳酸盐含量较高, 而随着深度的增加, LiF的相对含量增加, 靠近电极一侧的膜层可能存在着少量硅的氧化物及其与电解液的反应产物. 少量Si由于不可逆反应形成的化合物也存在于SEI膜的膜层中.     

Advanced Composite Solid Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries: Filler Dimensional Design and Ion Path Optimization

Composite solid electrolytes are considered to be the crucial components of all-solid-state lithium batteries, which are viewed as the next-generation energy storage devices for high energy density and long working life. Numerous studies have shown that fillers in composite solid electrolytes can effectively improve the ion-transport behavior, the essence of which lies in the optimization of the ion-transport path in the electrolyte. The performance is closely related to the structure of the fillers and the interaction between fillers and other electrolyte components including polymer matrices and lithium salts. In this review, the dimensional design of fillers in advanced composite solid electrolytes involving 0D–2D nanofillers, and 3D continuous frameworks are focused on. The ion-transport mechanism and the interaction between fillers and other electrolyte components are highlighted. In addition, sandwich-structured composite solid electrolytes with fillers are also discussed. Strategies for the design of composite solid electrolytes with high room temperature ionic conductivity are summarized, aiming to assist target-oriented research for high-performance composite solid electrolytes.     

Enabling Rapid Charging Lithium Metal Batteries via Surface Acoustic Wave-Driven Electrolyte Flow

Both powerful and unstable, practical lithium metal batteries have remained a difficult challenge for over 50 years. With severe ion depletion gradients in the electrolyte during charging, they rapidly develop porosity, dendrites, and dead Li that cause poor performance and, all too often, spectacular failure. Remarkably, incorporating a small, 100 MHz surface acoustic wave device (SAW) solves this problem. Providing acoustic streaming electrolyte flow during charging, the device enables dense Li plating and avoids porosity and dendrites. SAW-integrated Li cells can operate up to 6 mA cm⁻² in a commercial carbonate-based electrolyte; omitting the SAW leads to short circuiting at 2 mA cm⁻². The Li deposition is morphologically dendrite-free and close to theoretical density when cycling with the SAW. With a 245 µm thick Li anode in a full Li||LFP (LiFePO₄) cell, introducing the SAW increases the uncycled Li from 145 to 225 µm, decreasing Li consumption from 41% to only 8%. A closed-form model is provided to explain the phenomena and serve as a design tool for integrating this chemistry-agnostic approach into batteries whatever the chemistry within.     

电子导电剂对石榴石基固态锂电池循环性能的影响

基于石榴石固体电解质的固态锂电池面临着固体电解质和固体电极之间较大的界面阻抗问题, 导致循环性能不佳。为了解决此问题, 本课题组制备并研究了LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂基正极、Li_6.4La₃Zr_1.4Ta_0.6O₁₂陶瓷固体电解质和金属锂负极构成的固态锂电池。在构筑LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂基正极时采用三种不同的导电碳, 研究表明, 与科琴黑和超导炭黑相比, 使用气相生长碳纤维(Vapor Grown Carbon Fiber, VGCF)时, 固态电池有更优异的循环性能。这是因为充电到高电压时, VGCF比另外两种导电剂引起的副反应更少, 从而减少能增加电池内阻的碳酸盐类副产物的形成。这些结果说明电子导电剂的稳定性对固态锂电池的循环性能有重要影响。     

用于锂离子电池的全固态聚合物电解质

用全氟醚作为增塑剂对PEO改性,并与双三氟甲烷磺酰亚胺锂复合,制备了全固态聚合物电解质。采用SEM、交流阻抗、稳态电流法及恒电流恒电压充放电等对固态聚合物电解质的性能进行了测试表征,结果表明:m(PFPE)∶m(PEO)=0.6的固态聚合物电解质膜的电导率30℃时为2.6×10-3 S·cm-1,同条件下电解质溶液电导为8.2×10-3 S·cm-1,二者处于同一个数量级;随PFPE的量增加,锂离子的迁移数增大;与液态电解质电池相比,固态聚合物电解质制成的电池具有更好的循环容量保持特性,固态聚合物电解质电池500次循环的容量保持率在88.1%,液态电解质电池循环容量保持率在64.5%左右;固态聚合电解质有很优异的耐高温安全性,在130℃和150℃下经1~2h热箱试验,用固态聚合物电解质制作的锂离子电池没出现明显体积变化,而相同条件下的液态电解质锂离子电池已发生爆裂或起火。