Zn-BTC/MoS2复合二维膜构筑及有机溶剂纳滤性能研究

尽管最近兴起的二维膜材料相较于传统的聚合物基膜材料呈现出明显提升的分离性能。但是二维膜中分子传质需要经过层层堆积的二维通道,传输路径较长,限制了二维膜渗透通量的进一步提升。提出用一维金属有机框架纳米线来调控二维膜实现通量提升,同时不降低分离能力。该策略的实现是通过Zn-BTC纳米线插层MoS₂层级膜,制备了Zn-BTC/MoS₂复合膜。该复合膜的有机溶剂通量比MoS₂二维膜提高了2~6倍,丙酮渗透通量高达3562 L·m^-2·h^-1·bar^-1。同时该复合膜保持了与MoS₂膜同等优异的筛分能力,对于尺寸大于0.42 nm的染料分子,可以实现100%截留。     

超亲水SiO2修饰膜的构建及其油水乳液分离性能

采用硅溶胶和多巴胺作为修饰剂,通过一步反应在微孔聚丙烯膜(MPPM)表面构建了SiO₂修饰层。利用FTIR、ESEM和EDX对膜进行了表征,发现膜表面SiO₂颗粒分布非常均匀。水/油接触角及纯水通量实验结果表明,修饰膜具有超亲水性及水下超疏油性,透水能力强,水通量大[在0.1 MPa时,水通量高达(5100±500)L·m^-2·h^-1]。油水乳液分离结果表明,修饰膜能有效分离油水乳液,在0.05 MPa时,油水乳液水通量达2830 L·m^-2·h^-1,油截留率达99.8%以上,即使过膜压力增大到0.15 MPa,油截留率也能保持在99%以上,且膜表面的油污可用水清洗除去,展现出很好的应用前景。     

聚丙烯微孔膜的表面矿化修饰及其亲水性能

为了改善聚丙烯微孔膜(MPPM)的表面亲水性,通过组合多巴胺氧化聚合和交替浸渍矿化修饰技术,在MPPM表面构建了均匀的CaCO₃矿物层,实现了利用CaCO₃矿物对膜表面进行亲水化修饰的目的。采用FTIR、XPS、ESEM、EDX和水接触角对矿化膜表面进行了相应的表征。考察了溶液浓度、浸渍循环次数及聚多巴胺涂覆率等对CaCO₃矿化率的影响。结果证实,CaCO₃矿物均匀地负载在MPPM表面,膜的亲水性因CaCO₃固有的润湿性而明显改善。纯水通量测试结果表明,矿化膜具有强的水渗透能力,纯水通量大(高达6450 L·m^-2·h^-1),渗透阻力小,施加0.01 MPa的外压,水即可透过膜。油水乳液分离研究发现,矿化膜能有效地分离一定范围的油水乳液,水通量大(> 1800 L·m^-2·h^-1),且膜容易用水清洗,展现出理想的油水乳液分离应用前景。     

改性污泥炭/TiO2/PVP/PVDF超滤膜的制备及其性能测试

采用铁离子改性污泥炭(Fe₃O₄/SAC磁质炭)、二氧化钛(TiO₂)和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为添加剂进行聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)膜的改性，并对共混膜的各项性能进行测试和表征。结果表明，当TiO₂和Fe₃O₄/SAC磁质炭质量分数分别为0.15%、0.2%时，膜的综合性能最佳。此时，接触角为48.5°,纯水通量为124 3.43 L/(m²·h),牛血清蛋白截留率为95.21%。     

ZrO2-TiO2复合纳滤膜在模拟放射性废水中的应用

核工业、核研究及医疗等过程会产生大量的放射性废水,会对环境和生物体造成严重伤害,必须经过合适的处理后才能排放。采用高性能陶瓷纳滤膜处理模拟放射性废水,考察了跨膜压差、pH和离子浓度等操作参数对Co²⁺和Sr²⁺截留性能的影响,并对操作参数进行了优化。所用陶瓷纳滤膜材料为ZrO₂-TiO₂复合材料,截留分子量为500,纯水渗透率为270 L·m^-2·h^-1·MPa^-1。研究表明,陶瓷纳滤膜对Co²⁺和Sr²⁺两种离子的截留率随着跨膜压差的升高而增大,膜的渗透通量随着跨膜压差的增大呈线性增加。pH变化时,截留率在一定pH范围内先降低后升高,在等电点（pH=7）附近达到最小值;pH=3的情况下,两种离子的截留率均达到最高,Co²⁺和Sr²⁺的截留率均在99%以上,而纳滤膜渗透通量保持稳定。离子截留率和渗透通量均随进料浓度的增大而减小,在2000 min的连续循环操作过程中,陶瓷纳滤膜材料的渗透通量及其对Co²⁺和Sr²⁺的截留率均维持在较高水平。陶瓷纳滤膜在放射性废水处理方面展现出了良好的应用前景。     

新型准对称无机膜的正渗透去除Cd2+的效能

正向渗透(forward osmosis, FO)是一种以溶液渗透压差为驱动力的新型膜技术。课题组在先前研究中使用微界面溶胶凝胶法制备了一种全新的准对称结构无机薄膜(QSTFI膜), 与传统的有机聚合FO膜相比具有更大的优势。本文考察了QSTFI膜分离去除水中重金属Cd²⁺的效能, 讨论了Cd²⁺浓度、提取液浓度以及膜表面带电性对Cd²⁺去除的影响机制。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征了QSTFI膜的微观形貌, 使用能量色散光谱(EDS)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)表征了膜的化学组成, 并使用原子力显微镜(AFM)表征膜表面带电特性。结果表明, QSTFI膜表面带负电荷, 能够与液相主体中的Cd²⁺通过静电引力形成双电层结构, 双电层的Debye厚度越大越有利于膜对Cd²⁺的截留。FO实验测试中原液Cd²⁺浓度为10 mg·L^-1的条件下, QSTFI膜对Cd²⁺截留率超过99%, 水通量最大值可达到69 L·m^-2·h^-1(提取液为2.0 mol·L^-1 NaCl)。本研究为拓展FO技术在含重金属废水处理的潜在应用前景提供了理论依据和指导。     

UiO-66-NH2与季铵盐协同改性正渗透膜及其对染料废水分离性能

为了提高正渗透(FO)膜对染料的分离与抗污染性能，采用共混相转化法将聚对氯甲基苯乙烯(PCMS)引入聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)多孔支撑底膜中，经UiO-66-NH₂与PCMS上的氯甲基的亲核取代反应，使UiO-66-NH₂均匀地固定在膜表面，进一步通过改进的界面聚合工艺即在其水相溶液中添加苯基三甲基氯化铵(TMPAC)，制备同时具有高渗透性能和抗污染性的FO复合膜。对支撑底膜和FO膜的结构和性能进行分析表征，并通过FO装置测试FO膜渗透分离和抗污染性能。结果表明，UiO-66-NH₂的引入有效提升了FO膜的亲水性、荷电性及渗透性能，界面聚合工艺中季铵盐的加入极大提升了FO膜的分离和抗污染性能。改性后的FO膜(M2-T)纯水通量可达到22.4 L·m^-2·h^-1，对染料废水中罗丹明6G和橙黄G的截留率可达97.82%和99.84%，经过6 h的罗丹明6G运行后，归一化通量衰减率仅为10.18%，纯水通量恢复率仍有95.66%。     

聚多巴胺-氧化石墨烯-碳纳米管层状复合脱盐膜的制备及性能稳定性研究

二维纳米材料氧化石墨烯(GO)可通过层层堆叠成膜、构建层间毛细孔道,用于脱盐应用。然而,GO膜在运行过程中的渗透性能及其稳定性都有待提升。以亲水的碳纳米管(CNTs)为改性物,在聚多巴胺(PDA)修饰的基膜上交替喷涂多层GO(MLGO)和CNTs,制备出了多元层状复合脱盐膜。当MLGO-CNTs的单位面积质量为72 mg/m²时,复合膜在5 bar操作压力下对1 g/L Na₂SO₄溶液的盐截留率最高达到92.8%,水通量最高可达到4.8 L/(m²·h·bar),较PDA-MLGO膜提高了71.4%。在400 h的连续错流过滤实验中,复合膜的水通量稳定性高于PDA-MLGO膜。CNTs的管内空间和MLGO-CNTs组装间隙为复合膜引入了有效的渗透通道。     

Ag2CO3@PVDF/氧化石墨烯超滤膜及其分离性能

以聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）为聚合物,氧化石墨烯（GO）为添加剂,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP-K30）为致孔剂,N,N-二甲基乙酰胺（DMAc）为溶剂配制铸膜液,借助相转化法制备了PVDF/GO膜（PGM）,并通过原位共沉反应在PGM表面沉积Ag₂CO₃得到Ag₂CO₃@PVDF/GO复合膜（AgC-PGM）;使用扫描电镜（SEM）、傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）、水接触角、纯水通量、BSA截留率和三维荧光光谱（3D-EEM）考察了膜材料的形貌、亲水性、水通量和分离性。结果表明,当添加GO为0.4%（质量）,AgNO₃（5.0 mmol·L^-1）与Na₂CO₃（2.5 mmol·L^-1）共沉反应3次得到AgC-PGM;与PVDF膜（132.8 L·m^-2·h^-1）相比,AgC-PGM呈现出较高的亲水性和纯水通量（237.4 L·m^-2·h^-1）,其纯水通量提高了78.8%,对BSA截留率稳定在75%以上;在过滤校区湖水时,AgC-PGM不仅凸显去除蛋白质污染的能力,且出水COD和UV₂₅₄达到自然水体一级标准。     

N2优先渗透ZIF-8复合膜的制备及其CO2捕集

为了获得经济节能的烟道气CO₂回收方法,制备了一种新型的N₂优先渗透ZIF-8复合膜。以柔性聚砜(PSf)多孔膜为支撑层,采用Zn²⁺与壳聚糖的交联溶液对聚砜支撑层表面改性,使Zn²⁺固定在PSf膜表面;然后与2-甲基咪唑(Hmim)配位得到ZIF-8晶种层;最后通过界面聚合法二次生长制得ZIF-8复合膜。采用FTIR、XRD及SEM对ZIF-8复合膜的形貌结构进行表征,结果显示成功制备了致密的ZIF-8复合膜。在进料气为纯气条件下,探究了二次生长时间、Zn²⁺溶液的浓度、测试时间及测试压力对ZIF-8复合膜N₂/CO₂分离性能的影响,阐明其N₂优先渗透机理;并进一步考察了混合气分离性能。结果表明：在25℃和0.1 MPa下,最优ZIF-8复合膜的N₂渗透性为523 GPU,N₂/CO₂选择性为19;同条件下混合气的N₂渗透性和N₂/CO₂选择性分别为517 GPU和18。所制备的ZIF-8复合膜可以使N₂优先渗透,实现烟道气中高浓度N₂渗透,低浓度CO₂截留在膜的上游侧。原因主要是ZIF-8复合膜含有较多的CO₂强吸附位点,使CO₂被吸附在膜内不易从膜的下游侧脱附,渗透性小,而N₂优先渗透,这为N₂优先渗透膜的制备提供了一种新思路。     

镶嵌单层MoS2的生物质基硼氮共掺杂碳纳米片合成与储钠性能

基于可再生生物质在二维层状晶体表面的自组装及其与四硫代钼酸铵的化学配位作用,发展了一种镶嵌单层MoS₂纳米片的超薄硼氮共掺杂碳纳米片的制备策略。此结构中,二维纳米碳结构利于提供更大的电化学活性表面积、连续的电子传导通路并大幅缩短电子传输路径,同时实现单层MoS₂纳米结构的均匀分散;均匀镶嵌其内的单层MoS₂纳米结构则显著提升了钠离子存储容量,并加速其在充放电过程中氧化还原反应动力学速率。应用于钠离子负极材料时,此类二维复合结构表现出了优异的储钠比容量、倍率性能和循环稳定性。     

Lanthanide/actinide ion-exchange and structural investigations of the layered phosphatoantimonic acid, H3Sb3P2O14·ZH2O

The ion-exchange behaviour of the lamellar phosphatoantimonate phases, A₃Sb₃P₂O₁₄·ZH₂O (A = H, K; Z = 5, 6) in acidic media has been explored for several trivalent lanthanides (La³⁺, Eu³⁺ and Pr³⁺) and the actinide ²⁴¹Am³⁺. The protonated phase displayed high levels of uptake for each of these cations in mildly acidic media (<2 M HNO₃) and was also shown to be tolerant of moderate levels of potassium cations. The La³⁺ ↔ 3H₃O⁺ exchange has been further studied using thermogravimetric, variable temperature X-ray diffraction, FT-IR and ³¹P MAS NMR. Difficulties in drawing conclusions regarding the siting of La³⁺ at one or both of the unique ion-exchange sites of the {Sb₃P₂O₁₄}_∞ framework were experienced due to complications arising from the presence of intercalated water. This study has demonstrated that the exchange of La³⁺ leads to a proportion of the ion-exchange sites about some of the PO₄ tetrahedra being left vacant upon exchange. The utility of the phosphatoantimonate framework for removal of radiogenic lanthanide and americium from acidic media has been demonstrated.     

On the mechanism of model diesel soot-O2 reaction catalysed by Pt-containing La-doped CeO2: A TAP study with isotopic O2

Pt supported on CeO₂ and 10 wt.% La³⁺-doped CeO₂ catalysts have been prepared, characterised and tested for soot oxidation by O₂ in TGA. The reaction mechanism has been studied in a TAP reactor with labelled O₂. Isotopic oxygen exchange between molecular O₂ and ‘O’ on the support/catalyst was observed and soot oxidation is being carried out by lattice oxygen. TAP studies further show that Pt improves O₂ adsorption and, therefore, 5 wt.% Pt-containing catalysts are more active for soot oxidation than the counterpart supports. In addition, CeO₂ doping by La³⁺ leads to an improved support, since La³⁺ stabilises the structure of CeO₂ when calcined at high temperature (1000 °C) and minimises sintering. In addition, La³⁺ improves the Ce⁴⁺/Ce³⁺ reduction as deduced from H₂-TPR experiments and favours oxygen mobility into the lattice. A synergetic effect of Pt and La³⁺ is observed, Pt-containing La³⁺-doped CeO₂ being the most active catalyst for soot oxidation by O₂ among the samples studied.     

A DNA sensor based on upconversion nanoparticles and two-dimensional dichalcogenide materials

We demonstrate the fabrication of a new DNA sensor that is based on the optical interactions occurring between oligonucleotide-coated NaYF₄: Yb³⁺; Er³⁺ upconversion nanoparticles and the two-dimensional dichalcogenide materials, MoS₂ and WS₂. Monodisperse upconversion nanoparticles were functionalized with single-stranded DNA endowing the nanoparticles with the ability to interact with the surface of the two-dimensional materials via van der Waals interactions leading to subsequent quenching of the upconversion fluorescence. By contrast, in the presence of a complementary oligonucleotide target and the formation of double-stranded DNA, the upconversion nanoparticles could not interact with MoS₂ and WS₂, thus retaining their inherent fluorescence properties. Utilizing this sensor we were able to detect target oligonucleotides with high sensitivity and specificity whilst reaching a concentration detection limit as low as 5 mol·L^–1, within minutes.     

利用纳滤膜分离精制饱和卤水的研究

针对饱和卤水直接制碱过程需要去除硫酸根、钙离子、镁离子（SO₄^2-、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺）等杂质离子的问题,探索了利用纳滤膜分离精制饱和卤水新工艺。通过考察NF270、DL2540、ESNA1 3种类型纳滤膜的透过通量和离子截留率,确定了选用DL2540为实验用膜;分析了DL2540纳滤膜对离子的截留性能和对盐田饱和卤水的分离性能及其对饱和卤水精制的效果。结果表明,增加同离子浓度、降低压力有利于不同价态阳离子、阴离子间的分离,DL2540纳滤膜对盐田饱和卤水中SO₄^2-、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺截留率分别达到95%以上、30%~50%、30%~70%,对Na⁺、Cl^-截留率均低于15%,进一步证明DL2540纳滤膜具有较好的稳定性和二价离子截留效果,在饱和卤水精制上展示出较好的应用前景。     

杂质离子对MgCl2和CO2反应-萃取-醇析耦合过程的影响

通过反应-萃取-醇析耦合过程，将MgCl₂和CO₂制备成碳酸镁和氯化氢气体是盐湖老卤资源化利用的有效途径。系统地研究了老卤中Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺对MgCl₂和CO₂反应-萃取-醇析耦合过程得到的固体产物晶型晶貌的影响。结果表明，Na⁺和K⁺对耦合过程的影响相似，固体产物均为高纯棒状三水碳酸镁（MgCO₃·3H₂O），且Na⁺和K⁺均能选择性吸附在MgCO₃·3H₂O晶体的轴面（101），阻碍该晶面的生长，使得棒状MgCO₃·3H₂O直径变小；Ca²⁺对反应-萃取-醇析耦合过程有不利的影响，由于CaCl2能参与反应，生成球状无定形纳米钙镁碳酸盐，使得三水碳酸镁纯度降低。     

纳米粒子/氧化石墨烯改性复合膜制备及其分离性能研究

采用真空抽滤-压力喷涂的方法，以聚酰胺纳滤膜为基膜，制备了氧化石墨烯和二氧化钛纳米粒子质量比为1∶1、2∶1、3∶1和4∶1的复合膜GOT1、GOT2、GOT3和GOT4以及氧化石墨烯和二氧化硅纳米粒子质量比为1∶1、2∶1、3∶1和4∶1的复合膜GOS1、GOS2、GOS3和GOS4。通过SEM、EDS、XPS和GIWAXS方法对GOT复合膜和GOS复合膜进行了分析表征，结果表明，氧化石墨烯和纳米粒子均匀负载在聚酰胺纳滤膜表面。研究了复合膜的性能，并推测了复合膜的净水机理。其中GOT复合膜在0.75 MPa下水通量可达50 L·m^-2·h^-1,相较于原始基膜提高了25%,显示出了最佳的水通量性能，并且在保持较高通量的同时，对盐溶液和重金属离子的截留率仍能维持在90%左右。真空抽滤-压力喷涂的方法为氧化石墨烯复合膜的制备提供一种新的工艺思路，为废水处理提供了一种更高净化效率的复合膜。     

Preparation of carbon-based adsorbents from sewage sludge pyrolysis to remove metals from water

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of cheap carbon-based adsorbents from sewage sludge pyrolysis to remove Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ from saline water. Four model solutions of NaCl, KCl, CaCl₂ and MgCl₂ that simulated seawater composition were used. The model solutions were 456.54 mmol_c L⁻¹ NaCl, 9.72 mmol_c L⁻¹ KCl, 19.96 mmol_c L⁻¹ CaCl₂ and 111.09 mmol_c L⁻¹ MgCl₂. Two carbon adsorbents, one with chemical activation, were prepared by a new method and evaluated for ion adsorption. The results indicated that carbon adsorbent without chemical activation was the most effective in removing ions from different solutions and the removal of metals followed the sequence: Na⁺ (76.78−69.66) >K⁺ (66.0−57.80) >Mg²⁺ (44.84−42.85) >Ca²⁺ (35.12−12.38). Results showed that it is to possible prepare carbon-based adsorbents from sewage sludge following inexpensive and environmentally acceptable methods.     

Nickel(II) ion-intercalated MXene membranes for enhanced H2/CO2 separation

Hydrogen fuel has been embraced as a potential long-term solution to the growing demand for clean energy. A membrane-assisted separation is promising in producing high-purity H₂. Molecular sieving membranes (MSMs) are endowed with high gas selectivity and permeability because their well-defined micropores can facilitate molecular exclusion, diffusion, and adsorption. In this work, MXene nanosheets intercalated with Ni²⁺ were assembled to form an MSM supported on Al₂O₃ hollow fiber via a vacuum-assisted filtration and drying process. The prepared membranes showed excellent H₂/CO₂ mixture separation performance at room temperature. Separation factor reached 615 with a hydrogen permeance of 8.35 × 10⁻⁸ mol·m⁻²·s⁻¹·Pa⁻¹. Compared with the original Ti₃C₂T_x/Al₂O₃ hollow fiber membranes, the permeation of hydrogen through the Ni²⁺-Ti₃C₂T_x/Al₂O₃ membrane was considerably increased, stemming from the strong interaction between the negatively charged MXene nanosheets and Ni²⁺. The interlayer spacing of MSMs was tuned by Ni²⁺. During 200-hour testing, the resultant membrane maintained an excellent gas separation without any substantial performance decline. Our results indicate that the Ni²⁺ tailored Ti₃C₂T_x/Al₂O₃ hollow fiber membranes can inspire promising industrial applications.