基于Jack虚拟仿真的老年人临终关怀转移机设计研究

目的 为了提升老年人临终患者的尊严感和舒适性,解决其移动、如厕、沐浴等生活行为受限问题,降低照护人员身体施力负荷,设计开发一款基于Jack虚拟仿真评估的转移机方案。方法 通过对目前市场上临终关怀辅助移动类产品的调研,发现产品在使用过程中存在功能结构单一、操作姿势不当、使用环境受限等问题,运用Jack软件中的RULA方法评估照护人员的工作姿势风险,采用观察法、访谈法及质性研究法对用户需求进行研究,结合人机尺寸分析,提出设计解决方案。结果 通过以上方法,实现了转移机的方案设计,对设计方案进行人机适配度评估、可视域分析、舒适度评估及快速上肢评估,验证了设计方案的合理性。结论 设计方案提升了临终患者的生活质量,满足了其在多种场景中的使用需求,减轻了照护人员的工作负荷,为后续的老年人临终关怀转移机设计提供了理论及方法支撑。     

Parental survey of beliefs and practices about bathing and water safety and their children: guidance for drowning prevention

Drowning represents the second leading cause of unintentional injury death in children less than 19 years. In children less than 5 years, many of these deaths occur in bathtubs. The objective of this study was to describe parental beliefs and practices regarding bathing their children and general water safety to aid in improving anticipatory guidance for drowning prevention. We distributed a written survey about parental beliefs and practices concerning their children's bathing and general water safety to a convenience sample of caregivers. One hundred and thirty-six caregivers participated in the survey providing data for a total of 209 children. Overall, 85% of respondents reported using baby bathtubs, and 46% reported using bath seats when bathing their children. Some caregivers reported leaving a 6-12 months old child unsupervised in the tub, either alone or with a sibling. About half of respondents (52%) indicated that pediatricians discussed water safety and supervision with them, and 36% indicated discussing the proper use of bathing aids with their child's pediatrician. In conclusion, the survey found the majority of caregivers use bathing aids, and caregivers reported some risky behaviors of unsupervised bathing of infants, either alone or with siblings. Better water safety anticipatory guidance is needed for caregivers.     

基于AHP与TRIZ的残障人轮椅设计

目的针对轮椅无法满足残障人使用的现状,提出集成层次分析法与发明问题解决理论的残障人轮椅创新设计。方法利用调研法及亲和图法确定残障人轮椅使用需求,并对需求进行层次分级。运用层次分析法获取分级需求重要度,将需求重要度降序排序,准确掌握轮椅设计的重点。建立用户需求—技术方案关系矩阵,验证技术方案是否存在矛盾冲突并运用发明问题解决理论的发明原理寻找最优解。结论依据层次分析法所得客观数据掌握设计重点,通过发明问题解决理论解决技术措施中的冲突,实现了残障人轮椅的创新设计,验证了多理论结合使用的有效性与科学性。     

Children at risk: predictors of car safety seat misuse in Ontario

When used correctly, child safety seats can reduce the risk of death and serious injury by 54% in toddlers and 71% in infants [National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 2001. Traffic Safety Facts 2001. Children (DOT HS 809 471), U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC]. The purpose of this study was to identify factors that predict correct use of car safety seats. The study was conducted in a large urban area in Southwestern Ontario and a small urban and rural area in Northern Ontario. Participants were 1263 caregivers who completed a self-report survey on their knowledge and use of car safety seats for their children (N=2199). Logistic regression analysis revealed that female caregivers, caregivers with higher levels of education, and caregivers who reported that finding information about the correct use of child safety seats was "difficult" were more likely to report correctly using car safety seats. The results also showed that children aged 7 months to 8 years old had substantially lower odds of being in the correct car safety seat compared to children aged 6 months or younger, or children aged 9 years or older. The high risk nature of misuse of child seats for infants and younger children may be an important cue to action for health professionals to develop comprehensive prevention strategies.     

The effects of driving cessation on the elderly with dementia and their caregivers.

This research explores how the loss of driving privileges by impaired drivers affects households. The particular focus is on the travel behavior and preceptions of people living in households where an elderly driver has had his or her license revoked due to Alzheimer's disease or a related dementia. The data for this analysis were drawn from a 1996 survey of households in California which queried the caregivers of people with dementia on how the former drivers access necessary destinations once they can no longer drive, and on the difficulties faced by other household members in seeking alternative means of transportation. After losing their license, the vast majority of people surveyed depended on informal support systems for transportation, such as rides from family and friends. Although such arrangements were not reported to be a problem for the majority of households, certain groups of non-drivers reported difficulty accessing services, particularly social and recreational destinations. The most commonly reported problem was a lack of available licensed drivers to chauffeur non-drivers. Importantly, no increase was observed in the number of people walking, using public transit, taxis, or van services following license revocation. People who did not live with at least one licensed driver and those who were younger and healthier reported the greatest mismatch between their need and desire to travel and the availability of transportation. In addition, some caregivers reported that they frequently missed work or stopped working entirely in order to care for and chauffeur people in the former drivers' household. Overall, these findings reinforce the importance of both developing transportation policies to support the functioning of informal transportation structures and in improving the range of alternative transportation options for those individuals with particular disabilities--like dementia--who are not well served by either informal arrangements or by formal transportation services for the disabled.     

座椅约束下航空假人垂直冲击动态响应特性研究

该文采用试验和仿真相结合的方法,研究垂直冲击下航空假人的动态响应特性。首先开展14 g和19 g滑台冲击试验,对比不同冲击载荷下航空假人的腰椎响应。然后建立航空假人/座椅约束系统分析模型并验证其有效性,研究椅背倾角、座椅俯仰角对乘员腰椎、座椅响应的影响。结果表明:19 g与14 g脉冲下的乘员腰椎峰值压缩载荷、椅盆峰值纵向摩擦力及椅盆峰值压力比值均大于加载脉冲峰值比值,因此腰椎压缩载荷、椅盆纵向摩擦力及椅盆压力对加载脉冲峰值均有放大效应,14 g脉冲持续时间长,腰椎的Y向峰值力矩大于19 g脉冲;乘员腰椎峰值压缩载荷、椅盆峰值压力与椅背倾角均呈2次函数关系,在椅背倾角为110°附近时,乘员的腰椎受伤的风险最大;乘员腰椎峰值压缩载荷、椅盆峰值压力随座椅俯仰角的增大而增大,呈2次函数关系,增长逐渐趋于平缓。     

船舶设备激励源载荷转换方法及应用

设备激励源是分析船舶振动噪声特性的输入条件,对其获取方法研究具有重要价值。介绍以自由振速为桥梁的不同安装环境下船舶设备激励源特性转换关系,建立利用台架试验数据估算实船安装环境下设备激励源特性的工程应用方法,并给出应用流程。通过典型船用设备激励源特性测试和计算,提出振动测点布置原则和数据测试要求。设备机脚和基座的振动速度计算结果和实船测试结果吻合良好,表明所采用的船舶设备激励源特性转换方法可应用于船舶振动噪声工程问题分析。     

A statewide analysis of child safety seat use and misuse in Michigan.

This study was designed to determine frequency of child safety seat use for children under the age of 4 years in Michigan, as well as to determine types of misuse. No state has previously conducted such a statewide survey. A two-stage sampling plan was used with data collected through direct observation at a sample of 88 child-care centers and pediatric clinics throughout the state. Misuse data were collected at a subset of the sites through driver interview and visual and hands-on inspection. The study results indicate that 74.5% of children under 4 years of age in Michigan are in safety seats with use highest in vehicles driven by belted drivers, females, and drivers under 60 years of age. Some degree of seat misuse was found in 88.5% of the inspections. The most common types of misuse were related to snugness of fit (both in installing the seat into the vehicle and in securing the child), use of the safety belt locking clip, and the harness positioning clip. Drivers who had a high occurrence of misuse, as compared with drivers with lower misuse, had lower educational levels, removed the seat frequently from their vehicle, were not the parent of the child, and had children who were both younger and smaller. The results show that efforts to encourage people to use child safety seats have been successful.     

An evaluation of the effectiveness of forward facing child restraint systems

The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of forward facing child restraint systems (FFCRS) in preventing serious injury and hospitalization to children 12-47 months of age as compared with similar age children in seat belts. Data were obtained from a cross-sectional study of children aged 12-47 months in crashes of insured vehicles in 15 states, with data collected via insurance claims records and a telephone survey. Effectiveness estimates were limited to those children between 12 and 47 months of age seated in the back row(s) of vehicles, restrained in FFCRS, regardless of misuse, or seat belts of all types and usage. Completed survey information was obtained on 1207 children, representing 12632 children in 11619 crashes between 1 December 1998 and 31 May 2002. Serious injuries occurred to 0.47% of all 12-47-month olds studied, including 1.72% of those in seat belts and 0.39% of those in child restraint systems. The risk of serious injury was 78% lower for children in FFCRS than in seat belts (odds ratio (OR) = 0.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.11-0.45, P = 0.001). The risk of hospitalization was 79% lower for children in FFCRS than in seat belts (OR = 0.21, 95% CI = 0.09-050, P = 0.001). There was no difference between the restraint types in preventing minor injuries. As compared with seat belts, CRS are very highly effective in preventing serious injuries and hospitalization, respectively. This effectiveness estimate is substantially higher than older estimates, demonstrating the benefits of current CRS designs. These results provide those educating parents and caregivers population-based data on the importance of child restraint use.     

基于诉求驱动的高校户外坐具设计

目的 探讨如何适应高校学习形式多元化、满足学生在校园户外环境中学习时对坐具提出的新要求,研究设计原则,梳理出高校户外坐具的设计思路。方法 从大学生使用过程中对坐具材料、造型等的感知角度及坐具本身特性进行分析,引入实例,结合学校地理环境,针对坐具材料、颜色、功能等方面制作校园户外座椅调查问卷,随机选取使用者进行填写,最后分析总结调查结果,并进行坐具创新设计。结论 对于有强烈自主学习意识和需求的高校学生来说,校园户外坐具是能满足学习和交流的需求,并使人放松的一类器具。只有适合特定对象使用需求,能使其顺利高效地开展相关实践活动的坐具,才是真正直视使用诉求的优秀户外坐具。     

Comparison of nonrespondents and respondents in a roadside survey of driver impairment

Drivers refusing to provide a breath sample (N = 483) in a roadside survey were compared with drivers agreeing to provide a sample (N = 9745) on a number of survey variables to determine whether the former were more likely to be impaired by alcohol than the latter. Significant differences in nonresponse rate as a function of time of interview, age, sex and seat belt use were observed. With the exception of sex, these differences suggested that the nonrespondents were more likely to be impaired than the respondents. The assumption of equivalent BAC distributions for respondents and nonrespondents was not supported by the present results. Methods for estimating the BAC's of nonrespondents are discussed.     

Numerical Investigation of Crater Phenomena in a Particle Stream Impact onto a Granular Bed

This paper presents an experimental and numerical study of the impact of a particle stream onto a particle bed using a 2D slot model. The numerical simulation is performed by means of the discrete element method (DEM). The results show that the DEM simulation can reproduce the experimental results well under comparative conditions. The dynamics in the formation of a crater is then analyzed in terms of velocity field, force structure, bottom stress distribution and energy exchange based on the DEM results. It is shown that as a result of impact by the falling particles, the particles in the top central region of the particle bed have relatively large velocities and contact forces. The velocities and forces propagate into the bed, and reach the bottom of the base layer quickly. They then continue to propagate leftwards and rightwards to create a crater. During the impact process, most of the energy from the falling particles is dissipated due to the inelastic collision and frictional contacts between particles, and only a small amount of the energy contributes to the formation of the crater. The crater size is shown to be affected by the discharging rate, discharging height and materials properties, and be related to the ratio of the input energy from the falling stream to the inertial energy from the original packing.     

带附加气室空气悬架剪式座椅振动特性试验研究

基于HY-Z04型剪式座椅,以SK37-6型膜式空气弹簧作为弹性元件,构建了带附加气室空气悬架座椅振动试验系统。试验研究了节流孔开度、簧上质量及激励频率等因素对座椅振动特性的影响规律,研究结果表明,座椅悬架的固有频率随节流孔的增大而减小;节流孔产生的阻尼随节流孔的增大先变大后变小;当激励频率较低时,节流孔开度对座椅加速度的影响不大,当激励频率高于某值后,节流孔开度越大,对应的加速度均方根值越小;节流孔对加速度均方根值的影响具有明显的非线性。     

A Case Study in Creative Problem Solving in Engineering Design

The senior design sequence at Louisiana State University is a two semester, design, build and test experience. Groups of two, three or four students work together in a team setting to produce a functioning prototype which meets predetermined design goals. One particular project, which had as its goal the requirement to extend the reach of an occupant confined to a standard sized wheelchair, was used as a mechanism to integrate the development of critical and creative thinking skills necessary to solve technical problems into the undergraduate mechanical engineering curriculum. Special attention was paid to the nature of creativity and exercises were introduced in order to facilitate this historically neglected aspect of engineering education. The result of this effort was a unique wheelchair, which provides the occupant access to shelves located over their head or objects on the floor via an adjustable height seat.     

Seat back and head restraint response during low-speed rear-end automobile collisions

Automobile seat backs and head restraints play a key safety role during low-speed rear-end collisions, yet few studies have explored the effect of collision variables on seat response. In this study, the effects of vehicle speed change and seat belt use on dynamic seat back and head restraint response during low-speed rear-end automobile collisions were examined. Four human subjects were repeatedly exposed to vehicle-to-vehicle rear-end collisions with speed changes of 2, 4, 6 and 8 km/h. Seat back force and deflection, and head restraint force were measured. The point of application of the resultant force applied to the seat back and head restraint were determined. The magnitude and time of peak kinematic and kinetic response parameters were used in a two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) for speed change and seat belt use. The results showed that 20 of the 24 seat back and head restraint response parameters varied with speed change and none of the parameters varied with seat belt use. Head restraint forces, seat back forces and seat back deflections increased approximately linearly with speed change, whereas time to peak response, direction and moment arm of the forces remained either constant or varied only slightly over the range of speed changes tested.     

具有参数不确定性的车辆座椅悬架H∞输出反馈半主动控制

针对座椅悬架系统的参数不确定性和位移测量难题,基于线性矩阵不等式和H∞最优控制理论,建立了座椅悬架系统的参数不确定性H∞输出反馈控制器。控制器利用估计的状态采用鲁棒控制策略计算期望控制力。磁流变阻尼器的控制电压在满足半主动和极值约束条件下,比较期望控制力与当前阻尼力的大小,应用开关控制算法进行调整,使得磁流变阻尼器产生跟踪期望控制力的阻尼力。数值仿真结果证明,该控制器在仅利用座椅架的加速度作为测量输出进行状态估计,以及在座椅悬架系统具有参数不确定性的情况下,仍能有效地对座椅外部激励进行隔振,改善驾驶员的乘坐舒适性。     

Evaluation of a child passenger safety class in increasing parental knowledge

Background

Child passenger restraint systems have been found to greatly reduce the risk of injury and death among child passengers. However, nearly half of the children who died in 2009 as a result of motor vehicle crashes were completely unrestrained. Our global hypothesis is that parents and other caregivers failed to restrain children due to a lack of child passenger seat education and practice. In this report, we postulate that a car seat class will improve the basic understanding of child passenger safety. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a car seat class in increasing parental knowledge about child passenger safety.

Methods

Car seat classes were held at a Level 1 pediatric trauma center every other Tuesday for ten months. The curriculum consisted of: child passenger safety laws discussion, a 21-min video on the use of child safety seats followed by a 15-min discussion about the video, 15 min of discussing the different types of car seats, and hands-on training on how to properly install and use child restraints. Free car seats were provided to eligible parents. The pre-test was administered at the beginning of class and the post-test at the end of the class. McNemar's test and a paired t-test were used to compare pre- and post-test scores. Test scores were also stratified by language spoken.

Results

Forty-four classes were held and a total of 491 parents/caregivers attended the classes. An increase in knowledge was found for all survey questions. Mean knowledge score for the post-test was 3.10 points higher compared to the mean knowledge score from the pre-test. Mean difference in knowledge scores for English-speaking participants were higher than Spanish-speaking participants.

Conclusion

Lack of knowledge and low risk perception have frequently been cited as barriers for the use of child passenger restraints. Our intervention attempted to eliminate these barriers. We found that this intervention was effective at increasing parental knowledge about child passenger safety. The results of this study may be used to design and implement future interventions in multicultural settings.     

融合表面肌电和姿势信息的轮椅绩效评价方法

目的 为客观评价轮椅的使用效益,使用表面肌电设备测试轮椅使用过程中的肌电信号,并融合姿势信号IMU来构建人机评价模型。方法 分别对轮椅的折叠、刹车方式及行驶坡度进行试验来评估轮椅的使用绩效,通过对比用力肌群间的疲劳状况来判定较为舒适的轮椅折叠及刹车方式。实验要求被试者在执行轮椅任务时,分别使用两种折叠方式和三种刹车方式不同的轮椅进行实验,并在操作动作任务过程中采集sEMG和IMU信号,在实验任务结束后填写NASA-TLX量表。结果 根据模型的评价指标对实验数据进行了比较与分析,横向收折式折叠和凹口式刹车(手刹位于前方)的轮椅疲劳度低,在3~4°坡度范围下轮椅使用者的受力最小,较为舒适,从而验证了模型在轮椅人机评价上的可行性,为优化轮椅设计提供参考。结论 人机评价模型适用于评估产品绩效,同时提出的融合表面肌电和姿势信息的轮椅绩效评价方法具有较高的精度和准确性,能够有效地评估轮椅使用者的绩效水平。     

基于城市独居老人需求的卫浴产品创新设计

目的 研究用户体验与安全需求下的城市独居老人卫浴产品的设计方法,改善城市独居老人在使用卫浴产品过程中,无法安全与正常的盥洗、洗浴问题。方法 从城市独居老人生理特征和城市独居环境下的心理特征出发,分析使用卫浴产品存在的问题,研究城市独居老人对于卫浴产品的安全需求以及本能层次、行为层次、反思层次的用户体验需求,针对3个层次的体验与安全需求,提出相应的城市独居老人卫浴产品创新设计策略,并应用于老人浴缸改良设计,提高产品的用户体验与安全性。结论 提出城市独居老人卫浴产品创新设计应遵循本能、行为、反思层次的体验需求,将安全与关怀设计理念融入卫浴产品并进行实践设计,关心城市独居老人生活,满足城市独居老人的卫浴安全需求,为其带来良好的身心体验。