硝基苯加氢合成对氨基苯酚的催化剂研究进展

对氨基苯酚是一种重要的医药、农药、染料中间体。以硝基苯为原料直接一步催化加氢合成对氨基苯酚具有成本低、收率高、三废排放少等优点,是一条绿色的合成路线。详细综述了硝基苯加氢生成羟基苯胺及羟基苯胺Bamberger重排生成对氨基苯酚的反应机理,加氢及重排催化剂研究等方面的研究进展,介绍了表面活性剂助剂对对氨基苯酚选择性及收率的影响。     

硝基苯电解还原制对氨基苯酚

以镍为阴极，铅为阳极，乙醇作助溶剂，NH4Cl作支持电解质，在近中性的溶液中电解硝基苯制备苯基羟胺，然后将苯基羟胺经Bamberger重排制备对氨基苯酚。讨论了各种反应条件对对氨基苯酚产率的影响。     

2-甲基-4-甲氧基苯胺的合成研究

以邻硝基甲苯为底物,Pt/C为催化剂,在甲醇、乙酸和硫酸混合溶液中经催化加氢还原和Bamberger重排一锅法生成2-甲基-4-甲氧基苯胺(MMA)。考察了不同酸种类、酸的用量等对催化加氢反应的影响,同时对催化剂结构进行了表征。结果表明:在反应温度60℃,氢气压力0.3 MPa,5%的Pt/C催化剂的用量为邻硝基甲苯的1.8%(质量比),n(硫酸)∶n(邻硝基甲苯)=2∶1,n(乙酸)∶n(邻硝基甲苯)=0.5∶1,反应时间4 h下,邻硝基甲苯转化率可达100%,2-甲基-4-甲氧基苯胺的选择性达到69.8%。     

溶剂对硝基苯选择性加氢合成苯基羟胺的影响

以硝基苯为原料，选用质量分数5%的Pt/C为催化剂，在室温和常压下研究不同含氮类溶剂对硝基苯选择性加氢苯基羟胺选择性的影响。使用吗啉类溶剂时，苯基羟胺选择性达99.7%。对N-甲基吗啉进行稀释后，可降低对催化剂的“毒化”作用。实验结果表明，稀释后的N-甲基吗啉为溶剂，在不影响苯基羟胺选择性的前提下，可缩短反应时间，并反映了不同溶剂对反应的影响。催化剂重复使用3次，选择性均达到94%以上。     

碳基固体酸催化剂的制备及其在合成对氨基苯酚中的应用

以葡萄糖为碳化原料,浓硫酸为磺化试剂,制备了碳基固体酸催化剂.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(IR)、酸碱中和滴定和元素分析等方法对制备的催化剂进行了表征,并将该碳基固体酸应用于硝基苯催化加氢合成对氨基苯酚(PAP)的反应中,考察了其催化重排反应性能.结果表明,所制备的碳基固体酸催化剂是一种连有-SO3H的多芳香稠...     

硝基苯催化加氢合成对氨基苯酚工艺研究

采用Pt/C作为催化剂对硝基苯选择加氢合成对氨基苯酚进行了研究,考察了温度、酸度、反应时间、压力、催化剂等因素对反应的影响,确定了反应的优化条件。在反应温度75℃、压力2.45kPa、硫酸浓度13%、反应时间4h的条件下,用2%Pt/C催化加氢还原硝基苯可获得较高质量的产物对氨基苯酚。     

无溶剂法加氢还原制备3,4-二氯苯胺

以新型Pt/C为催化剂,无溶剂法加氢还原3,4-二氯硝基苯制备3,4-二氯苯胺,反应温度100℃,氢气压力1.0 MPa。实验结果:3,4-二氯苯胺含量99.75%(GC),脱氯副反应0.1%,收率99%。建立了反应过程的液相色谱中控分析方法,对中间产物进行了LC-MS表征,发现了中间体3,4-二氯苯基羟胺浓度随反应温度的变化规律。     

我国专利中有关染料和着色剂部分简介

改进制备4-氨基苯酚的方法申请号 88 1 02535申请人诺拉姆科有限公司(美国乔治亚州)本发明是将硝基苯催化氢化生成苯胲,然后不分离中间产物,随之重排形成对氨基苯酚。反应在高温中压下,加入含水硫酸、十二烷基二甲基胺硫酸盐表面活性剂,在5％钯/碳催化剂上进行硝基苯的加氢还原。本发明用过氧化氢溶液对硫酸水溶液进行预处理,防止催化剂中毒,从而氢化速率增大。然后将氢通入     

苯基羟胺在无机酸溶液中转位的研究

采用分光光度法研究硫酸、磷酸和盐酸溶液体系对苯基羟胺转位重排的影响。试验表明 ,随着酸浓度的增加和温度的升高 ,苯基羟胺重排成对氨基苯酚的转化率上升 ,盐酸无法使苯基羟胺完全转位 ,磷酸的催化转位效果优于硫酸和盐酸。在 75°C、氢离子浓度为 0 .6mol/L的磷酸溶液中转位重排 30 min,苯基羟胺可 1 0 0 %转化为对氨基苯酚     

碳酰苯胺法合成4-氨基二苯胺新工艺研究

对碳酰苯胺法合成4-氨基二苯胺工艺进行了优化改进研究,改进主要在于选择合适的相转移催化剂,并加入苯胺为溶剂。考察了相转移催化剂的种类、反应温度、真空度、硝基苯浓度以及加氢条件对缩合反应与加氢反应的影响。结果表明:以碳酰苯胺和硝基苯为原料、四丁基溴化铵为相转移催化剂、苯胺为溶剂,在105℃、10 k Pa及KOH存在条件下进行缩合反应,4-硝基二苯胺收率可达51.9%,4-亚硝基二苯胺收率可达38.2%;对缩合反应混合液的油相进行加氢反应,采用5%的Pd/C催化剂,在130℃、2.0 MPa条件下,反应120 min,加氢转化率100%,4-氨基二苯胺收率99%。     

Three‐Phase Nitrobenzene Hydrogenation over Supported Glass Fiber Catalysts: Reaction Kinetics Study

The catalytic properties of Pd and Pt supported on woven glass fibers (GF) were investigated in the three‐phase hydrogenation of nitrobenzene (NB). Over all catalysts, a 100 % yield of aniline was attained. The catalytic activity for the best catalysts was two times higher than the activity of commercial Pt/C catalyst traditionally used for liquid–phase hydrogenation. The intrinsic reaction kinetics were studied and a reaction scheme is suggested. The direct formation of aniline from NB was observed over Pd/GF with traces of intermediates. Four intermediate products were detected during aniline formation over Pt/GF: nitrosobenzene, phenylhydroxylamine, azoxybenzene, and azobenzene. The Eley‐Rideal kinetic model fits the experimental data well. The parameters of the model were determined as a function of initial NB concentration and hydrogen pressure. Pt and Pd supported on GF in woven fabrics are suggested as suitable materials for reactors with a structured catalytic bed in multi‐phase reactor performance.     

Synthesis of p‐aminophenol from the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene over metal–solid acid bifunctional catalyst

BACKGROUND: A single‐step conversion of nitrobenzene (NB) to p‐aminophenol (PAP) through catalytic hydrogenation is a widely used synthesis route for PAP. The main shortcoming of this route is the use of sulfuric acid for rearrangement of the phenylhydroxylamine (PHA) intermediate. In this paper, S₂O₈^2?/ZrO₂ (PSZ) solid acid and Pt‐S₂O₈^2?/ZrO₂ (Pt‐PSZ) bifunctional catalysts were prepared for the synthesis of PAP in non‐acid medium. RESULTS: Calcination temperature has a substantial effect on the acidity, structure and activity for PHA rearrangement of PSZ. The highest PAP yield was 33.8% over PSZ calcined at 823 K when the reaction was carried out in water at 423 K. A high PAP yield of 23.9% was achieved by a single‐step reaction of nitrobenzene over Pt‐PSZ bifunctional catalysts. CONCLUSION: PSZ solid acid exhibits high activity for PHA rearrangement. Perfect tetragonal ZrO₂ and much stronger acid sites play important roles in catalytic activity. Inhibiting the hydrogenation activity by reducing the amount of Pt loading on Pt‐PSZ can improve the competition of PHA rearrangement on acid sites with hydrogenation of PHA on metal active sites, resulting in better selectivity to PAP. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

催化加氢制备3-氯-4-氟苯胺的研究

研究了以Pt-Cu-S/C作催化剂,3-氯-4-氟硝基苯常压加氢制备3-氯-4-氟苯胺的方法,考察了该催化剂对3-氯-4-氟硝基苯的催化加氢反应的性能,探讨了影响加氢反应的主要因素。实验表明,催化剂具有较高的催化活性和选择性。当催化剂中Pt的质量分数为1%,Cu的质量分数为0.1%,S的质量分数为0.03%,催化剂用量为硝基物质量的0.5%,溶剂用量2 m L甲醇/1 g硝基物,反应温度80℃,压力为1.5 MPa时,3-氯-4-氟苯胺的产率为98%,纯度达99.5%以上。     

Synthesis of 2-Methyl-4-methoxyaniline from o-Nitrotoluene Using Pt/C and Acidic Ionic Liquid as Catalyst System

2-Methyl-4-methoxyaniline (MMA) was synthesized by one-pot method through the hydrogenation and Bamberger rearrangement of o-nitrotoluene in methanol using acidic ionic liquid and 3% Pt/C as catalyst system. The effects of ionic liquid type, dosage of ionic liquid and 3% Pt/C, reaction temperature and reaction pressure on o-nitrotoluene conversion and MMA selectivity were investigated. The results indicated that the imidazolium-based acidic ionic liquid which contains SO₃H-functionalized cation showed higher selectivity to MMA than other acidic ionic liquids used in this work. Using 1-(propyl-3-sulfonate)-3-methylimidazolium hydrosulfate ([HSO₃-pmim][HSO₄]) as the acid catalyst, the selectivity to MMA was as high as 67.6% at 97.8% of o-nitrotoluene conversion. As 3% Pt/C increased from 0.01 g to 0.025 g, the selectivity to MMA decreased from 73.4% to 62.5%, because of the hydrogenation of intermediate o-methyl-phenylhydroxylamine to o-toluidine becoming more dominant. An increase in hydrogen pressure also had obviously dramatic effect in lowering the MMA selectivity. After easy separation from the products, the catalyst system could be reused at least 3 times.     

电解合成对氨基酚反应催化剂

研究了硝基苯电解还原制备对氨基酚过程中的Bamberger重排反应。首先用循环伏安法考察了几种催化剂的催化活性,发现硅藻土、硫酸氧化锆、β沸石加入后硝基苯的还原峰电流有显著增大。还考察了羟基苯胺在不同条件下的转位效果。实验发现,酸性条件下,最佳反应条件为H+浓度为0.5～1mol·L-1、反应时间为15min,最佳无机酸为磷酸。温度为70℃时,硅藻土和硫酸氧化锆有较为显著的催化效果。     

Hydrogenation of Nitrobenzene with Supported Transition Metal Catalysts in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Transition metal catalysts such as Pd, Pt, Ru, and Rh supported on carbon, silica and alumina have been examined for the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene (NB) in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) and in ethanol. The order of hydrogenation activity is Pt>Pd>Ru, Rh in scCO₂ and in ethanol. The effectiveness of the support is C>Al₂O₃, SiO₂ for either Pt or Pd in scCO₂. For all the catalysts, higher selectivity to aniline has been obtained in scCO₂ compared with ethanol. Hydrogenation of nitrobenzene catalyzed with Pd/C and Pt/C catalysts was successfully conducted in scCO₂ with a 100% yield to aniline at a lower reaction temperature of 35 °C. The product aniline (organic phase) can be easily separated from the side‐product water (aqueous phase), solvent (scCO₂), and catalyst (solid) by a simple phase separation process. The hydrogenation of NB is a structure‐sensitive reaction in ethanol as well as in scCO₂ except for a few Pt/C catalysts in which the degree of metal dispersion is small (<0.08).     

非晶态Ni-Mo-P催化剂上硝基苯加氢为苯胺及催化剂失活机理

引言苯胺是一种重要的有机中间体,广泛应用于聚氨酯、橡胶助剂和医药等领域[1-3]。硝基苯催化加氢法合成苯胺是目前应用较为广泛的工艺之一。其生产方法主要有硝基苯Fe粉还原法、苯酚氨碱法和硝基苯催化加氢法[4],其中,硝基苯催化加氢法     

Reaction Coupling of Ethylbenzene Dehydrogenation with Nitrobenzene Hydrogenation

The chemical equilibrium for the coupling of ethylbenzene dehydrogenation with nitrobenzene hydrogenation, to produce styrene and aniline simultaneously, has been calculated on the basis of the Soave–Redlich–Kwong equation of state. The dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene in the presence of nitrobenzene over the catalysts -Al₂O₃, ZSM-5, activated carbon and platinum supported on activated carbon has been carried out at 400 °C. The effects of Pt loading and the pretreatment of the catalysts have been investigated. It has been revealed that the conversion of ethylbenzene can be greatly improved by the reaction coupling due to the elimination of the hydrogen produced in the reaction by the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene. Platinum supported on the activated carbon has been suggested as a suitable catalyst. The best results with ethylbenzene conversion of 33.8% and styrene selectivity of 99.2% were obtained over Pt(0.02 wt%)/AC at 400 °C. Moreover, such process is also energetically favored since the necessary process heat to drive the ethylbenzene dehydrogenation can be provided by the coupling with the exothermic nitrobenzene hydrogenation reaction.     

纳米Ni/Fe对水中硝基苯的催化还原特性

采用自制的纳米Ni/Fe对水中硝基苯进行催化还原处理。探讨了硝基苯的还原降解途径,考察了溶液pH、纳米Ni/Fe用量和Ni含量对还原效果的影响。结果表明,纳米Ni/Fe对水中硝基苯的去除是纳米Ni/Fe的吸附作用和还原作用的协同作用的结果,两者对硝基苯去除率的贡献分别为33.7%和66.3%。纳米Ni/Fe可将硝基苯还原为苯胺和中间产物亚硝基苯,亚硝基苯进一步被还原为最终产物苯胺。还原产物苯胺的生成率随溶液pH的升高而降低;随纳米Ni/Fe用量的增加而升高;Ni含量的适当增大有利于硝基苯还原为苯胺,但Ni含量过高时会导致苯胺生成率降低,适宜的Ni含量为1.85%。纳米Ni/Fe对硝基苯的催化还原过程遵循一级反应动力学规律,反应速率常数为0.0226 min-1。