创业知识与大学生新创企业绩效:创业学习的多重中介作用

应用组织学习理论和创业成长理论,构建了以创业学习为中介的创业知识影响大学生新创企业绩效的理论模型。基于288个样本应用结构方程模型进行实证分析,结果表明:创业显性知识较隐性知识对大学生新创企业绩效影响更高;创业学习发挥创业知识影响大学生新创企业绩效的不完全中介作用;创业隐性知识主要通过创业实践学习和创业认知学习正向影响大学生新创企业绩效,创业显性知识主要通过创业经验学习正向影响大学生新创企业绩效。讨论了研究结论对大学生创业者、创业教育管理者在匹配创业知识异质性和创业学习方式进而促进企业成长方面的指导意义。     

基于知识协同的联盟企业创新绩效系统动力学模型构建与分析

为了了解知识协同与联盟企业创新绩效的因果关系,设计并构建基于知识协同下的联盟企业创新绩效系统动力学模型进行分析。结果表明,所构建的系统动力学模型有效,仿真结果能够较好地模拟基于知识协同的联盟企业创新绩效的实际状况;对于联盟企业而言,知识协同对其创新绩效具有良好的促进作用;其中,知识协同的3因素,即知识活动协同、知识互惠协同及交流研习均对增加联盟企业创新绩效具有重要的推动作用;但由于受内外部多因素影响,知识协同对联盟企业创新绩效的作用不能立刻显现,随着联盟时间的延长,企业创新绩效的提升速度呈现逐渐上升趋势。     

组织学习的动态管理模式

简要地讨论了组织学习的理论发展过程，并对Crossan的组织学习模型进行了改进，即把组织的环境因素引入该模型。随后，对改进的模型进行了分析，并认为：增加个体、团体、组织层次的知识存量较好的方式是加强与外界的交流、提高各层次间的知识转移概率以及各层次自身的知识内化的概率。     

基于知识发酵理论的知识管理系统框架研究

随着知识被识别为构建和保持组织创新能力、适应能力、学习能力以至核心竞争能力的唯一源泉,理论界和管理界对组织如何更好利用知识创造价值进行了大量而深入的研究,并且也得出了许多重要的研究成果,但是已有的研究都存在着共同的缺点,即缺乏对知识增长过程的机理分析,这就难以揭示知识在组织中运动和作用的内在规律,本文正是在这种背景下分析了已有的知识管理框架后,借鉴生物发酵过程,提出了知识发酵模型,并进一步探讨了该模型在组织学习和知识管理中的应用前景。这些成果对进一步探讨知识的特性和指导组织进行知识管理具有重要的指导意义。     

R&D过程中供应商纵向知识溢出决策分析

建立一个供应链成员间知识溢出模型,对R&D过程中供应商纵向知识溢出的原因以及影响因素进行分析.发现供应商纵向知识溢出的决策与供应商和制造商获得的边际收益以及R&D质量对隐性知识投入和显性知识投入的弹性系数有关.供应商的边际收益相对于制造商的边际收益越高(低),供应商越有(没有)动力进行知识投入和溢出.当供应商的知识溢出大于零时,供应商的最优知识溢出与他对质量的影响正相关.     

关系强度、知识转移和知识整合对技术标准联盟合作绩效的影响

构建关系强度、知识转移、知识整合与技术标准联盟合作绩效相互关系的模型,并以ICT产业为调研对象,运用结构方程模式进行实证研究。研究结果显示:技术标准联盟企业之间的关系强度越强,则知识转移能力和联盟的合作绩效水平越高;知识转移和知识整合能力越强,则联盟的合作绩效水平越高;知识转移作为中介变量,存在于关系强度对合作绩效的影响路径中,而知识整合不存在于这一路径中。     

基于Web的虚拟企业知识管理系统研究

将虚拟企业的本质视为成员知识联盟,在对虚拟企业知识创造的动态过程和知识转移方式进行了阐述的基础上,构建了虚拟企业的知识管理平台,进而提出了基于Web的虚拟企业知识管理系统的模型框架;模型的核心是知识的产生、分享、应用和创新.该模型符合网络化建模的趋势,并考虑到了虚拟企业的企业文化和组织结构等环境因素对知识管理的支持,通过各种分析工具增强知识创新能力,达到在不确定竞争环境下提升虚拟企业竞争力的目的.     

论教授研究室制度对个体隐性知识获取的作用

隐性知识对于大学的发展建设具有极其特殊的意义,它对于大学培养创新性人才,提高科研队伍水平,生产原创知识,提高学校的核心竞争力具有深远的影响。因此,应该更多地关注大学组织中的隐性知识管理,需要设计一种行之有效的制度与之相适应。教授研究室制度作为一种行之有效的制度安排,充分调动了教师与学生参与科研实践的积极性,理顺了教学与科研的关系,适于隐性知识传播的一种制度。     

R＆D过程中供应商纵向知识溢出决策分析

建立一个供应链成员间知识溢出模型,对R＆D过程中供应商纵向知识溢出的原因以及影响因素进行分析。发现供应商纵向知识溢出的决策与供应商和制造商获得的边际收益以及R＆D质量对隐性知识投入和显性知识投入的弹性系数有关。供应商的边际收益相对于制造商的边际收益越高（低）,供应商越有（没有）动力进行知识投入和溢出。当供应商的知识溢出大于零时,供应商的最优知识溢出与他对质量的影响正相关。     

供应商知识整合的新产品开发绩效实证

本文提出8项假设,分别考察供应商知识整合机制、供应商知识整合绩效和新产品开发绩效之间的关系[2].构建结构方程模型,使用LISREL对收回的245份问卷进行分析,研究结果证实,无论是松散型供应商知识整合机制,还是紧密型供应商知识整合机制都对新产品开发的项目绩效和市场绩效有正向影响,而松散型供应商知识整合机制对新产品开发绩效的作用更加明显.     

知识管理视角下的项目风险管理过程与集成

项目风险的实质是缺乏预测未来不利事件的足够知识,这些知识包括知识的缺乏、误用、不确定性以及知识管理等方面.除了特定领域的专业知识外,项目风险的分析、评价、控制等本身也是一种特殊的知识.与以往基于过程控制的项目风险管理方法相比,基于知识的项目风险管理把引起风险的知识因素分析和应对风险的知识工作的成本估计引入到通用的项目风险管理过程中来,以实现组织知识管理与项目风险管理的有效集成.     

An Epistemological Perspective on Knowledge Transfers: From Tacitness to Capability and Reliability

One of the main difficulties in the social sharing of knowledge is attributed to the tacit quality of knowledge while the conditions for a successful transfer of propositional knowledge are overlooked. These require that the sender is capable, i.e. has sufficient incentives for acquiring true beliefs, and reliable, i.e. has sufficient incentives for truthfully communicating her beliefs. Focusing on the incentives in knowledge transfer reveals why some knowledge is more easily shared and what factors facilitate the transfer. Similarly, the reason for why some knowledge resists to be disseminated can in many cases be attributed to the lack of incentives rather than to tacitness.     

Depreciation and transfer of knowledge: an empirical exploration of a shipbuilding process

It is well known from the psychological literature that knowledge acquisition (learning) and knowledge depreciation (unlearning) are governed by quite different rules. We propose a new learning curve model that measures acquisition of knowledge and depreciation in a single framework but governed by two different rules. The model considers that knowledge is acquired both by doing and from the experience of others. It also assumes that knowledge depreciates, if it does, continuously over time. We empirically demonstrate the applicability of our model using a dataset based on the construction of homogeneous ships in sixteen different shipways of a shipyard. It is observed that learning by doing (or direct learning) is the major source of productivity growth. Learning from others (or indirect learning) is also found to be sizable. The potential contribution to productivity of indirect learning is about 40% of the contribution of direct learning. It is also observed that knowledge indeed depreciates and it does so rapidly. Only about three quarters of knowledge available at the beginning of a month would remain by the end of the month due to forgetting. Therefore, if depreciation of knowledge or indirect learning (the transfer of knowledge) in a learning curve analysis is ignored, estimation of production rates and costs would be seriously biased.     

Mechanisms of knowledge degradation in a resource management task ¶

Previous research has focused more on learning relative to forgetting despite both being generally recognized as important human performance issues. This research pursued an improved understanding of variables that impact the effectiveness with which humans can retrieve procedural knowledge, such as mathematics or programming. Two studies reviewed yielded varying results in experiments that investigated factors that can inhibit the retrieval of procedural knowledge from memory. To explore theoretical explanations for the opposing results, 32 human participants performed a resource management task in the multi-attribute task battery (MATB) manipulating task strategy and colour symbology. Human performance resulted in significant interference effects for a switch in strategy, but not with a change in the implicit meaning of colours. Therefore, the participants’ sensitivity to the implicit meaning of visual stimuli was not as significant as a more comprehensive change in rule structure associated with procedural knowledge.     

Formal and Informal Knowledge and Technology Transfer from Academia to Industry: Complementarity Effects and Innovation Performance

Literature has identified formal and informal channels in university knowledge and technology transfer (KTT). While formal KTT typically involves a legal contract on a patent or on collaborative research activities, informal transfer channels refer to personal contacts and hence to the tacit dimension of knowledge transfer. Research is, however, scarce regarding the interaction of formal and informal transfer mechanisms. In this paper, we analyze whether these activities are mutually reinforcing, i.e., complementary. Our analysis is based on a comprehensive data-set of more than 2,000 German manufacturing firms and confirms a complementary relationship between formal and informal KTT modes: using both transfer channels contributes to higher innovation performance. The management of the firm should therefore strive to maintain close informal relationships with universities to realize the full potential of formal KTT.     

The effects of workforce heterogeneity on productivity in an experiential learning environment

This paper investigates the effects of heterogeneity in various workforce learning/forgetting characteristics on productivity. An important aspect of this study is that worker heterogeneity is specifically modeled and examined by including the variance of key parameters as controlled experimental factors in addition to these parameters’ means. Initially, we analytically investigate the impact of heterogeneity in each of the four parameters in the learning/forgetting model used in this study. The analytical results are subsequently verified and further investigated using computer simulation. Specifically, seven macro-level factors are investigated including the rate of turnover, the mean and variance of the latent initial expertise existing in the workforce for the tasks to be performed, the mean and variance of worker steady-state productivity levels, the variance of the rate of worker learning, and the variance of working forgetting. The simulation models were developed and informed by empirical data from industry. The results indicate significant effects for mean initial expertise, mean steady-state productivity, the variance of initial expertise, the variance of the rate of worker learning, and the variance of worker forgetting. Results have managerial implications in the comparison and selection of various workforce populations for production systems.     

Industrial knowledge design: an approach for designing information artefacts

In this paper, the authors define a new approach that addresses the challenge of efficiently designing informational artefacts for optimal knowledge acquisition, an important issue in cognitive ergonomics. Termed Industrial Knowledge Design (or InK'D), it draws from information-related (e.g. informatics) and neurosciences-related (e.g. neuroergonomics) disciplines. Although it can be used for a broad scope of communication-driven business functions, our focus as learning professionals is on conveying knowledge for purposes of training, education, and performance support. This paper discusses preliminary principles of InK'D practice that can be employed to maximise the quality and quantity of transferred knowledge through interaction design. The paper codifies tacit knowledge into explicit concepts that can be leveraged by expert and non-expert knowledge designers alike.     

Impacts of using a performance measurement system in supply chain management: a case study

The study examines how the utilisation of a new performance measurement system (PMS) influences supply chain management (SCM) and what kind of impacts the new system has on the performance of the supply chain. The paper utilises a longitudinal research setting where the data was gathered in two semi-structured interview studies after an action research project in which a new measurement system was designed and developed. The findings show how a PMS serves as a catalyst of inter-organisational knowledge transfer and promotes shared learning. The results also show how knowledge transfer and shared learning led to improved performance of the supply chain. The paper contributes by opening up the practical mechanisms through which performance measurement provides value for SCM and by showing how inter-organisational transfer of performance information catalyses learning and performance improvement. The paper looks beyond the design of performance measures and provides a view on the practice of supply chain performance management. The paper illustrates how sharing performance information amongst supply chain companies improves managers’ awareness of shared targets and the status of network operations. This also resulted in improved performance in the studied case network. Overall, the results encourage organisations to engage in network-level performance measurement and share performance information with their network partners.     

Linking elements to outcomes of knowledge transfer in the project environment: Current review and future direction

A project is a specific effort to create a unique product, so it is a favorable place for knowledge creation and development. Knowledge can be transferred inside and outside projects and their parent project-based organizations, thus affecting project performance and organizational competitiveness. However, the current research on the elements and outcomes of knowledge transfer (KT) in the project environment lacks completeness and clarity, and that on the different levels of KT is fragmented. This study aims to conduct comprehensive research to determine and link the elements and outcomes of KT in the project environment. The authors systematically analyzed the relevant literature from 2000 to 2021, which showed an increasing publication trend. They divided KT in the project environment into three levels according to the transfer scenario: Intra-project, cross-project, and cross-organizational KT. Five-dimensional transfer elements and two-dimensional transfer outcomes were then identified and analyzed from previous literature. Lastly, the relationships between the transfer elements and outcomes were gathered to create a comprehensive model. Importantly, the knowledge gap in the current literature was highlighted, and future research directions were put forward. This study builds a theoretical framework linking transfer elements to outcomes that can serve as a basis for scholars and practitioners to develop effective strategies for KT in the project environment.     

A novel two-stage method for acquiring engineering-oriented empirical tacit knowledge

Engineering-oriented empirical tacit knowledge (ETK) is a kind of tacit knowledge originated from domain expert’s experience combined with practice cases and scenarios. It is an important source of organisation knowledge. However, due to operational and technical obstacles, this kind of knowledge is not sufficiently harnessed and put into practical use. To deal with this problem, a novel two-stage acquisition method is proposed in this paper. The acquisition method consists of two phases, the stage from ETK in the mind of expert to ETK in initial state, and the stage from ETK in initial state to structured ETK. It constructs a complete tacit knowledge acquisition process from the domain expert’s experience to the structured tacit knowledge. The objective is achieved by taking the following procedures: Firstly, present the concept of engineering-oriented ETK and a five-dimension representation model of ETK. Secondly, construct a two-stage ETK acquisition framework. Finally, describe an engineering decision case to validate the feasibility of the proposed approach. Satisfactory results are reached for the study.