INFLUENCES OF DENSITY AND DIMENSION OF CARBON NANOTUBES ON THEIR FIELD EMISSION

The influences of density and dimension of carbon nanotubes on their electron emission from arrays are studied. The tip electric field of nanotubes, electric field enhancement factor, and optimum nanotube density are expressed by analytic equations. The theoretical analyses show that the field enhancement factor is sensitive to nanotube density, and can be sharply improved at a specific and optimum density. Some experiments have demonstrated these. Owning to electrostatic screening effect, the length of carbon nanotubes has little effect on their emission. A uniformly-distributed carbon nanotube array model is set up, and applied to analysis of carbon nanotube arrays. The results obtained here are in good agreement with the experimental data.     

电刷镀镍／炭纳米管复合纳米镀层的结构与耐磨性能

用含碳纳米管的快速镍电刷镀液制备了镍／碳纳米管复合纳米镀层。研究了镀液中碳纳米管含量对镀层平均晶粒尺寸、显微结构、力学性能及耐磨性能的影响。结果表明：镀液中碳纳米管含量对镍刷镀层的平均晶粒尺寸和微结构有显著的影响，当镀液中碳纳米管含量为4％（质量分数）时，镀层有约16nm的最小晶粒尺寸：镀层的硬度和耐磨性与镀层的平均晶粒尺寸有非常好的对应关系：碳纳米管的弥散强化作用导致镀层晶粒细化和结构致密化，从而有效地改善了镀层的力学性能和耐磨性能。     

PECVD法制备掺硼纳米金刚石薄膜的工艺研究进展

首先详细介绍了金刚石作为半导体材料的优异性能,然后从应用角度阐述了NCD薄膜掺B后形成半导体材料的优势,接着探讨了影响NCD薄膜性能(电性能、光学性能、生物性能等)的主要工艺条件(包括硼源种类、掺硼浓度、衬底温度、后处理)。研究发现,大多数研究者都采用液态和气态硼源,而固态硼源由于很难液化且浓度不易控制而不常被采用,掺B后NCD薄膜的电阻率急剧下降,紫外波段下透过率可达51%,磁阻效应变好。另外衬底温度对BD-NCD薄膜的质量以及性能都有影响,衬底温度太高,非晶碳含量增加,金刚石质量下降;衬底温度太低,能够进入NCD晶界或晶粒的有效硼原子减少,影响其电学性能、光学性能,在最佳衬底温度工艺下的电导率可达22.3 S/cm,而在电化学性能方面,其电化学窗口可达3.3 V。而选择合适的硼源浓度对BD-NCD的电性能、光学性能、生物性能也非常关键,硼源浓度过大,BD-NCD表面粗糙度和晶粒尺寸增大;硼源浓度过小,产生空穴进行导电的B原子就少,在合适硼源浓度工艺条件下其载流子浓度可达1021 cm-3,折射率可达2.45。还有研究者对BD-NCD薄膜进行后处理工艺(退火、等离子体处理等),发现后处理对其电性能也有一定的影响。因此,选择合适的工艺对生长质量高、性能优异的NCD薄膜尤为重要。最后对BD-NCD薄膜的发展以及后续研究方向进行了展望和期待。     

多壁纳米碳管／Cu基复合材料的摩擦磨损特性

利用销－盘式磨损试验机研究了粉末冶金法制备的多壁纳米碳管／Cu基复合材料的稳态摩擦磨损行为,并用扫描电镜分析了复合材料的磨损形貌。结果表明：多壁纳米碳管／Cu基复合材料具有较小的摩擦系数,并随纳米碳管质量分数的增加而逐渐降低;由于复合材料中纳米碳管的增强和减摩作用,在低载荷和中等载荷作用下,随着纳米碳管质量分数的增加,复合材料的磨损率减小;而在高载荷作用下,由于发生表面开裂和片状层剥落,含纳米碳管质量分数高的复合材料的磨损率增高。     

ELECTROCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION ON CARBON NANOTUBE FILM WITH DIFFERENT PRETREATMENTS

Wide potential windows were found at carbon nanotube film electrodes in neutral solutions after being treated with nitric acid and mixed acid. Electrochemical reversibility was investigated at carbon nanotube films with different pretreatments for ferri/ferrocyanide and quinone /hydroquinone. Carbon nanotube film electrodes presented quasi-reversible electrochemical behavior for both electrolytes. In the range of scan rate, carbon nanotube film electrodes treated with acids showed heterogeneous electron-transfer properties, which was mainly controlled by its electron state density on the surface of the film. On the whole, the carbon nanotube electrode with nitric acid treatment presented the best electrochemical behaviors, so we chose it as an analytical electrode to determine the trace compound in dilute solution. The results demonstrated that this new electrode material exhibits superior performance characteristics for the detection of azide anion.     

温度对低碳钢微观组织与高温力学性能的影响

利用场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)、电子背散射衍射技术(EBSD)与电子万能试验机对低碳钢不同温度下的微观组织与高温力学性能进行了详细的研究与讨论。结果表明,无论室温拉伸还是高温拉伸,位于晶界上的碳化物(Fe₃C)颗粒是诱发低碳钢裂纹的主要因素。与室温拉伸性能相比,提高加热温度,抗拉强度明显下降,伸长率显著增加。在高温下,随着温度的提高,抗拉强度线性下降,而伸长率先降低而后趋于稳定。在520 ℃拉伸过程中,低碳钢中产生了大量的滑移带,诱发了动态回复。提高温度至720 ℃时,珠光体组织发生球化,形变铁素体晶粒内出现等轴状小晶粒,即发生了动态再结晶;经EBSD分析,形变铁素体晶粒间取向差较大,而其发生再结晶的等轴小晶粒间取向差较小。     

氮掺杂及PEG包覆对CNT/S材料储锂性能的影响

以硫代氨基脲为氮源,用高温退火法对碳纳米管实现氮掺杂,利用PEG对掺氮复合材料(NCNT/S)进行外包覆。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD),扫描电子显微镜(SEM),X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)对复合材料进行了表征。结果表明高温退火使氮有效地掺入碳纳米管中,而碳纳米管仍保持原本征形貌。电化学测试表明:掺氮后复合电极首次放电比容量明显提高,达到882.5 mAh·g~(-1),90次循环过后具有89.46%的容量保持量,而PEG包覆使掺氮复合电极首次放电比容量提高至1109.7 mAh·g~(-1),经过90次循环放电比容量仍保持在995.2 mAh·g~(-1)。这说明掺氮和PEG包覆均能很好地改善复合材料的电化学性能。     

TiO2纳米管阵列光生阴极保护性能研究进展

TiO2纳米管阵列因具有比表面积大、电子传输能力强、化学稳定性好等特点,以及拥有优势明显的光生阴极保护作用,可以为金属基体提供有效的腐蚀防护,近年来成为了研究的热点之一。为了探索TiO2纳米管阵列在金属防腐蚀方面的应用,就其对不锈钢和碳钢的保护作用以及改性方式对TiO2纳米管阵列的光生阴极保护的延时效果进行了总结,并比较分析了TiO2纳米管阵列对两类钢保护效果的差异,指出了纳米管阵列对碳钢的保护效果不及对不锈钢的保护,其不佳的主要原因是阵列与碳钢基体间的结合强度较低且受界面层结构和电子特性的影响。同时,由于TiO2属于宽禁带半导体材料,对可见光的利用率比较低且当TiO2受到光激发后产生的电子-空穴对的存在时间较短,需要利用不同改性方法来提高光生阴极保护效果,因此对其金属离子掺杂、非金属掺杂、半导体复合、贵金属沉积以及石墨烯复合五种主要改性的研究进展进行了着重阐述,对影响改性效果的主要因素以及相应的改性机理也进行了归纳与分析,并根据当前的研究现状,提出了有待进一步研究和探索的问题,以期为TiO2纳米管阵列获得优良的阴极保护作用提供思路。     

Electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole films over each of well-aligned carbon nanotubes

Polypyrrole (PPy) films were uniformly electropolymerized over each carbon nanotube of the well-aligned carbon nanotube arrays. For comparison, PPy films were also coated on flat metallic titanium (Ti) and platinum (Pt) substrates by the same technique. The synthesis and the redox performance of the PPy films were conducted by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The structural characterization including the thickness and uniformity of the PPy films was carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It is observed that the coating of the PPy film over carbon nanotubes is much faster than that on flat Ti/Pt surface. Furthermore, the redox performance of the PPy-coated carbon nanotube electrodes over flat Ti/Pt electrodes was significantly improved due to the high accessible surface area of the carbon nanotubes in the aligned arrays, especially in large film formation charge (Q_film). It is very promising that the electrode developed in this study could be used as high performance electrode in rechargeable batteries.     

方圆坯连铸机引锭杆下滑现象的研究与改进

结合华中某特钢方圆坯连铸机在开浇至脱引锭阶段出现引锭杆突然下滑导致结晶器液面波动的现象，综合分析引锭杆下滑的各种影响因素，强化操作规范、加强设备点检等人为因素和针对设备自身存在的客观问题进行改造，有效地降低引锭杆下滑的概率，保证生产工艺参数的稳定。     

Multiwalled carbon nanotube nucleated crystallization and reinforcement in poly (vinyl alcohol) composites

One of the fastest growing areas of nanotube research is the study of polymer-nanotube composite materials. These materials utilize the excellent strength of carbon nanotubes that has been evident but difficult to harness in the past and show impressive increases in strength relative to the polymer. It is suspected that many of the physical properties observed in these composites are related to the formation of crystalline polymer coatings around the nanotubes in solution. The work presented here addresses this issue by doping a semi-crystalline polymer, poly (vinyl alcohol), with multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) measurements of thin films identified a three- to five-fold increase in the Young's modulus of the polymer depending on nanotube type. Dynamic differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of thin films shows that the increase in modulus is accompanied by an increase in polymer crystallinity. In addition, the results verify that multiwalled carbon nanotubes nucleate crystallization of the polymer and a link between polymer crystallinity and composite reinforcement is established. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images confirm an excellent dispersion and wetting of the nanotubes in the polymer solution providing visual evidence of matrix reinforcement.     

碳纳米管模板法制备碳化钨纳米棒的可行性研究

采用碳纳米纤维管,WO3和I2为原料对碳纳米管模板法制备碳化钨纳米棒的可行性进行了研究,并对其制备原理进行了分析,提出了因碳纳米管产生的隧道效应,挥发性钨源被不断吸入纳米管内并与管壁发生碳化反应生成碳化钨棒的反应模型;在实验结果的基础上,进一步提出了纳米棒强化的新概念硬质合金的制备新方案。     

高透光氧化硅涂层的低温制备及微观结构调整

目的提供一种在真空装饰领域能够广泛应用的具有防护、功能性的氧化硅涂层制备方法,为具体应用中涂层工艺参数的选择提供指导。方法采用PECVD技术,通过改变O2与HMDSO配比,低温制备具有不同微结构的氧化硅涂层。采用扫描电镜观察涂层的表截面微观形貌,采用X射线衍射仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、X射线光电子能谱仪、激光共聚焦拉曼光谱仪分析涂层的微结构及成分,采用紫外分光光度计表征涂层透光性,采用纳米压痕仪表征涂层的力学性能,采用接触角仪表征涂层的表面润湿性。结果所制备的氧化硅涂层表面光滑,结构致密。随反应气体中O2配比的增加,涂层结构由Si O逐渐过渡为Si O2,并掺杂有少量非晶碳,其光学透过率增加,力学性能下降,亲水性增加。当碳含量最低时,涂层具有最优异的透光性及最好的亲水性,在全可见光波段范围内透过率接近100%,与水接触角为45.38°;当碳含量最高时,涂层具有最优异的力学性能,硬度为13.5 GPa,H/E为0.11。结论采用PECVD方法能够在低温下获得光学透明、具有一定硬度、表面易清洁的氧化硅涂层,通过气体控制能够对涂层微结构及性能进行调节,从而适用于不同需求的功能装饰。     

结构钢残余应力的电磁法测量优化研究

采用万能试验机、金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪及电磁应力仪，研究了电磁法测残余应力灵敏系数与层深之间的关系， 对相应工件不同层深残余应力进行测量，并提出了使用线性拟合法取得更合适的灵敏系数，最后使用X射线衍射法进行了验证。结果表明：灵敏系数随着层深增加，先增大后减小；工件近表层残余应力分布与深层有着显著区别，在0.6 mm以上更深层处的残余应力差异较小；使用线性拟合法取得的灵敏系数更加契合实际灵敏系数，能一定程度上减小电磁法测量误差。     

Influences of magnesium particles incorporated on electrophoretically multiwall carbon nanotube film on dye-sensitized solar cell performance

Multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) films are prepared on a conductive substrate by electrophoretic deposition. The thickness of MWCNT films is found to increase with the carbon nanotube concentration and the deposition duration. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray measurements detect magnesium particles incorporated on the MWCNT films. The performance of dye-sensitized solar cell using the electrophoretically MWCNT films as a counter electrode shows a relationship dependent on the film thickness and the amount of magnesium loading. The increase in the magnesium loading on carbon films diminishes the solar cell efficiency. This is because magnesium particles cover the carbon nanotube surface reducing the nanotube catalytic sites and blocking electron transfer to tri-iodide (I₃⁻) ions.     

Welding method for fabricating carbon nanotube probe

A simple and reliable welding method was developed to fabricate carbon nanotube probe used in atomic force microscopy here. First, apply less than 20 V voltage between silicon probe and carbon nanotube when they were in close proximity under direct view of optical microscope. Then, let carbon nanotube contact with silicon probe and increase the external voltage to 30–60 V until carbon nanotube was divided and attached to the end of silicon probe. The fabricated carbon nanotube probe could be shortened to appropriate length by electron bombard. The weld strength of carbon nanotube probe was calculated by drawing the ordinary AFM probe and measuring the probe's deflections. For one carbon nanotube probe with 75 nm diameter, the weld strength was calculated more than 268 nN. Carbon nanotube probe showed higher aspect ratio and could more accurately reflect the true topography of sample than silicon probe.     

Enhancement of electron field emission of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes by nitrogen plasma treatment

The electron field emission (EFE) characteristics from vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) without and with treatment by the nitrogen plasma are investigated. The VACNTs with the plasma treatment showed a significant improvement in the EFE property compared to the untreated VACNTs. The morphological, structural, and compositional properties of the VACNTs are extensively examined by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. It is shown that the significant EFE improvement of the VACNTs after the nitrogen plasma treatment is closely related to the variation of the morphological and structural properties of the VACNTs. The high current density (299.6 μA/cm²) achieved at a low applied field (3.50 V/μm) suggests that the VACNTs after nitrogen plasma treatment can serve as effective electron field emission sources for numerous applications.     

基于电弧的多能场复合增材制造技术研究现状

增材制造主要分为激光增材制造技术、电子束增材制造技术和电弧增材制造技术。相较于其他增材制造技术和传统加工方式,电弧增材制造技术具有成形速度快、成本低、材料利用率高,以及成形件化学成分均匀且性能优良等优势,被广泛应用于大型金属零件制造。电弧增材制造因具有多样化的应用方向,可以满足不同标准零部件的加工制造,已经逐步成为当下主流的零部件加工技术。主要介绍了单一热源(如钨极)气体保护增材制造技术、等离子弧增材制造技术、熔化极气体保护增材制造技术、冷金属过渡增材制造技术和多能场辅助电弧复合增材制造技术,包括磁场–电弧、激光–电弧和电场–电弧等复合增材制造技术等。从宏观形貌、微观组织和力学性能3个角度出发,分析了工艺参数或工艺自身特性对增材制造成形件宏观形貌的影响,讨论了成形件显微组织演变机制及其力学性能,同时提出了单一热源与多能场辅助电弧增材制造技术在现阶段存在的问题,并给出了建议。     

Effect of the duty cycle of pulsed current on nanocomposite layers formed by pulsed electrodeposition

Nickel-tungsten/carbon nanotube nanocomposite layers with high content and uniform dispersion of carbon nanotubes were fabricated using pulsed electrodeposition technique.Nanocomposite layers were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, microhardness, and Tafel polarization tests.The effect of the duty cycle of pulsed current or concentration of carbon nanotubes in the metallic matrix on electrochemical and mechanical properties of obtained layers has been investigated.It has been...     

Polymer–nanotube composites for transparent,conducting thin films

Highly conductive, highly transparent thin films have been fabricated from polymer–single walled carbon nanotube blends. Using poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene doped with poly(styrenesulfonate) as a host material, excellent dispersion of single wall nanotubes could be achieved enhancing the conductivity with relatively low loadings <3 wt%. Raman spectroscopy indicates that there is little bundling of the single wall nanotubes in the matrix and that the nanotubes are sensitive to residual stress within the film. As the host bulk conductivity is increased, enhancements of the overall composite conductivity are observed to be proportional. These results suggest that the energy barrier to nanotube–nanotube carrier hopping within the matrix can be modified in accordance with a heterogeneous conduction model.