不同凝固条件制备的Cu-Ag合金原位纤维复合材料的结构与性质

以冷却速率10^1～10^3K/s的不同凝固务件制备了Cu-10Ag合金及其原位纤维复合材料。研究了铸态和形变态合金的结构与性能。铸态合金的结构由Cu相、Ag沉淀相和(Cu Ag)共晶组成。通过大变形发展为Cu—Ag合金原位纳米纤维复合材料，其中由Ag沉淀相所形成的Ag纤维尺寸(d)与真实应变(η)呈指数函数关系：d=C.exp(-0．228η)，(Cu Ag)共晶中Ag层转变为更细的纳米Ag纤维。Cu—Ag合金原位纳米纤维复合材料显示了两阶段应变强化效应：在低真实应变阶段主要表现为加工硬化或位错强化，在高真实应变阶段主要表现为超细Ag纤维强化或界面强化。快速凝固的Cu—Ag合金原位纳米纤维复合材料比慢速凝固材料具有更高的包括极限拉伸强度和电导率在内的综合性能。在形变过程中复合材料的强度与电导率的演变出于相同的结构原因。     

定向凝固恒速和跃迁加速下Cu-12.58%Mg过共晶合金的凝固组织演变

在定向凝固恒速和跃迁加速下,研究了Cu-Cu2Mg过共晶合金中Cu2Mg初生相和共晶组织的变化。结果表明,在定向凝固速率5～100μm／s下,Cu2Mgg初生相领先共晶组织生长,生长方向与定向凝固方向一致,界面形态从侧枝较少的树枝晶变为间距较小的细枝晶形态。在定向凝固速率从2μm／s跃迁加速到20μm／s下,生长Cu2Mg初生相枝晶有的被抑制停止生长,有的出现细化,面共晶组织细化是通过层片中Cu相分枝进行的。研究表明,通过定向凝固跃迁加速工艺方法,可使Cu—Cu2Mg共晶组织层片间距更加细化。     

自由落体条件下三元Al_(61)Cu_(27)Ag_(12)合金的组织形成

采用落管无容器处理技术实现了三元Al61Cu27Ag12合金的快速凝固。研究发现,随着合金液滴直径的减小,冷却速率和过冷度均呈指数形式增大。XRD分析表明,自由落体条件下合金凝固组织由η(AlCu)、θ(Al2Cu)和ζ(Ag2Al)三相组成。合金快速凝固过程中出现了θ相与ζ相的共生组织,并且随着液滴直径的减小,这种共生组织逐渐增多。结合平衡相图对快速凝固过程进行分析,结果表明,三元Al61Cu27Ag12合金的快速凝固过程可分为:初生η相形成、θ相与ζ相共生组织形成、包晶θ相持续生长和(θ+ζ)共晶生长等四个阶段。     

超音速电弧喷射雾化Ag-Cu合金粉末的快速凝固组织

采用超音速电弧喷射雾化制备Ag-28%Cu(质量分数)、Ag-10%Cu、Cu-10%Ag合金粉末;用SEM对合金粉末的凝固组织进行了研究.结果表明,Ag-10%Cu、Cu-10%Ag合金粉末的快速凝固组织为微晶胞离异共晶组织;粉末直径≤50μm时,Ag-28%Cu共晶粉末的快速凝固组织为单相亚稳固溶体;粉末直径＞50μm时,Ag-28%Cu共晶粉末的快速凝固组织为芯部含有纳米层片共晶组织的亚稳扩展固溶体.     

Cu-Cr二元过共晶合金的深过冷及快速凝固

采用3m落管实验装置，研究了Cu—5％Cr(摩尔分数)过共晶合金深过冷快速凝固组织的演变规律。研究表明，随着过冷度增大，Cr的组织转变有3个阶段：首先初生相Cr由长条状转变为球状，Cr颗粒的直径被细化至2μm;其次当过冷度进一步增大，初生相Cr的结晶被完全抑制，结晶进入扩展共晶区形成完全的共晶组织，Cr颗粒的直径被细化至0．5μm；最后当过冷度进一步增大，Cu—5％Cr过共晶合金获得绝对稳定平界面生长，生成超饱和的单相Cu—Cr因溶体合金。随着Cr颗粒的细化，Cr中因溶Cu组元含量不断增大，实际上形成了富Cr和富Cu的两个区域。     

落管中Fe-Mo-Si三元包共晶合金的快速凝固机制

采用落管无容器处理技术实现了Fe-27．5％Mo-20．5％Si三元包共晶合金的快速凝固,获得直径介于50～900μm的合金小球,对其凝固机制进行了探讨。理论计算出不同直径液滴在落管中自由下落时的冷却速率和过冷度,实验中获得的最大过冷度达339K（0．21TL）。EDS和SEM测试结果表明,初生相为FeSi,包共晶相为τ1（Fe5MoSi4）和R（Fe2MoSi2）相。当300pm〈D≤900μm时,凝固组织由残余初生相、包共晶相和三相共晶组成;当直径≤300μm时,三相共晶受到抑制。根据晶体生长形态与相图,提出了合金液滴在不同粒径下的两种凝固方式。     

AgCuZnNi合金铸态组织及凝固路径分析

采用扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪以及X射线衍射等技术,对Ag-18Cu-30Zn-2Ni合金的铸态组织、相组成及结构进行了分析。结果表明,合金主要由白色基体、细小片层状共晶胞及直径为2~6μm的黑色颗粒相组成;铸态合金的物相组成为面心立方(fcc)晶格结构的Ag基固溶体相、灰色层状共晶相(Ag+Cu64Zn36)及简单立方(sc)晶格结构的近球形黑色颗粒Cu2Ni Zn相;Ag Cu Zn Ni合金的平衡凝固路径为:L→L+γ→(L+α1)+γ→((α2+β)+α1)+γ。     

热溶质对流对定向凝固Al-Al2Cu过共晶合金组织的影响

采用垂直向下的高梯度定向凝固装置，研究了有热溶质对流的Al-38．5％Cu（质量分数，下同）过共晶合金中定向凝固组织变化。结果表明：热溶质对流造成界面前沿的溶质成分（Cu元素）沿轴向减少。在定向凝固速率为5μm／s，合金溶质成分减少到37％Cu以下时，合金定向凝固组织中，初生θ-Al2Cu相会消失，组织变为全耦合生长的共晶组织。合金凝固的固相分数（fs）≥0．49时，组织变为全耦合生长共晶组织所对应的溶质成分的理论计算结果与实验结果相吻合。     

冷却速率对急冷Fe-Al-Nb三元合金凝固组织形成的影响EI北大核心CSCD

采用单辊急冷技术研究了Fe_(67.5)Al_(22.8)Nb_(9.7)三元合金的快速凝固和组织形成规律。当辊速从10 m/s增大到40 m/s时,合金条带厚度减少1个数量级,冷速增加了7倍;辊速为40 m/s时样品形状除规则条带外还出现了鱼骨状条带和球状液滴。合金显微组织由Nb(Fe,Al)_2和a-Fe组成,随着辊速增大,凝固组织特征发生变化并且显著细化。随着辊速的增大,合金条带近自由面凝固组织则由初生a-Fe相和层片共晶向碎断层片共晶转变,近辊面凝固组织始终由不规则共晶组成。辊速达到40 m/s时,规则条带完全由不规则共晶组成;合金液滴由于获得的冷速相对较低,其凝固组织主要由初生a-Fe相和层片共晶组成,且随着液滴直径的减小初生相由树枝晶向等轴晶转变。     

大变形Cu-10Ag原位纳米纤维复合材料

以不同的凝固速率制备了Cu-10Ag亚共晶合金。铸态结构由初生Ag沉淀,(Cu+Ag)共晶和Cu相组成。采用大变形制备了Cu-10Ag合金原位纤维复合材料。其中由初生Ag沉淀相所形成的Ag纤维具有较大直径(d)并可用幂指数关系d=C·exp(-0.228η)拟合,式中η是真实应变,C是与合金原始晶体尺寸有关的系数,而由(Cu+Ag)共晶中的Ag层所形成的Ag纤维具有更细直径(几纳米)。低温中间热处理可进一步细化Ag纤维尺寸和改进性能。经热机械处理的Cu-10Ag合金原位纳米纤维复合材料具有高强度(σb＞1.5 GPa)和高电导率(＞60％IACS)。大变形Cu-10Ag合金原位纳米纤维复合材料显示了两阶段强化效应。讨论了影响Ag纤维尺寸的因素和复合材料的强化与形变机制。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.