蜂巢提取液的成分鉴定及抗氧化功效测定

对蜂巢乙醇提取液和水提取液进行了成分鉴定和抗氧化活性的研究。通过对这两种提取液进行GC-MS气质分析,各鉴定出其中17种成分,对两种提取液的总还原力、DPPH·清除率、ABTS+·清除率、超氧阴离子清除率、羟自由基清除率以及油脂抗氧化进行测定,结果表明蜂巢水提液和蜂巢乙醇提取液与化学合成抗氧剂BHT相比均具有较强的抗氧化活性,随着各自浓度的增加,抗氧化活性随之增强,当浓度增加到一定值,清除率趋于稳定,而且蜂巢水提取液的抗氧化效果比乙醇提取液的好,表明蜂巢提取液是一种优良的天然抗氧化剂和自由基清除剂。      

甘肃省市售食品中二噁英类化合物污染现状研究

目的 了解甘肃省市售食品中二噁英类化合物的污染现状.方法 按总膳食研究方法,对甘肃省8类市售食品样品(水产及其制品、肉类及其制品、蛋及其制品、乳及乳制品、谷类及其制品、薯类及其制品、豆类及其制品、蔬菜类及其制品)中17种多氯代苯并二噁英和多氯代苯并呋喃同系物(polychlorinated dibenzo-p-diox...     

Polychloronaphthalenes and other dioxin-like compounds in Arctic and Antarctic marine food webs

Here we report accumulation patterns of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and pesticides (HCB, p,p'DDE) in polar organisms (polar bear from Alaskan Arctic and krill, sharp-spined notothen, crocodile icefish, Antarctic silverfish, Adélie penguin, South polar skua, and Weddell seal from the Ross Sea, Antarctica). PCNs, found in most of the samples, ranged from 1.5 pg/g in krill to 2550 pg/g in South polar skua on a wet weight basis. Lower chlorinated PCNs were the predominant congeners in organisms except skua and polar bear that showed similar PCN homologue patterns. PCDD/F concentrations were <90 pg/g wet wt in polar organisms; PCDD congeners showed peculiar accumulation patterns in different organisms. Correlation existed between PCN and PCB concentrations. PCB, HCF, and p,p'DDE levels were the highest in skua liver (11,150 ng/g wet wt, 345 ng/g wet wt, and 300 ng/g wet wt, respectively). Contribution of PCNs to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TEQ) was negligible (<0.1%) because of the lack of most toxic congeners. The highest TEQ was found in South polar skua liver (45 pg/g, wet weight). This is the first study to document the occurrence of PCNs in Antarctic organisms. High levels of dioxin-like chemicals in skua suggest the importance of intake via diet and migration habits, thus POP detection can be useful to trace migration behavior. Moreover, POP concentrations in penguin and skua eggs prove their transfer from the mother to eggs.     

高温处理对红枣浸提液感官特性和挥发性物质的影响

运用感官评价、SPME/GC-MS和偏最小二乘法（PLS）,探究了时间和温度对新疆阿克苏骏枣浸提液感官特性和挥发性物质的影响。结果表明:温度和时间对红枣浸提液感官特性具有极显著影响（p<0.01）;120℃和140℃处理产生的挥发性物质种类比100℃处理更为丰富;当高温处理时间低于3.5 h,浸提液挥发性物质主要为3,6,9,12-四氧十四烷-1-醇、甲氧基乙酸乙酯和4,8-二甲基十一烷,超过3.5 h则以十四烷和十九烷为主;120℃热处理2.5³.5 h对浸提液感官特性和香气成分的形成最为有利。骏枣浸提液的整体喜好度、香气强度、香气持久性、甜香、烤香、焦苦评分分别与10、14、13、14、4、14种挥发性物质具有统计显著（p<0.05）的相关性,以这些物质为自变量建立回归模型可对各样品的各感官评分进行较好的预测。      

Identification of active compounds in vegetal extracts based on correlation between activity and HPLC–MS data

We propose a method identifying candidates for active compounds in vegetal extracts. From a collection of samples, the method requires, for each sample, a HPLC–MS analysis and a measurement of the activity. By applying a correlation analysis between the activity and the chromatographic area for each interval of elution time and m/z ratio, the peaks corresponding to candidates for active compounds can be identified. Additionally, when peaks are identified, a model can be estimated to predict the activity in new samples. Both methods are evaluated in one experiment involving the phenolic extract (PE) from 22 samples of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) where the activity is a cytotoxicity index against JIMT-1 breast cancer cells. In this experiment, the samples were separated into two disjunct partitions: one was used for training (identification of candidates and estimation of prediction model), while the other was used for validation (by comparing the predicted and the measured activities). Three compounds were identified as candidates to be responsible for the cytotoxicity of the EVOO-PE against JIMT-1 cells. The prediction model provided an accurate estimation of the activity.     

Detection and analysis of triterpenic compounds in apple extracts

A new technique for the rapid detection and analysis of triterpenic compounds in apple extracts using HPLC was developed and validated. The main advantage of this technique is the short duration of the analysis – this makes this technique superior to others currently applied for the routine HPLC analysis of triterpenic compounds. The developed, optimized, and validated technique was used for the evaluation of triterpenic compounds in samples of different cultivars of apples, their peels, and flesh. In total, four triterpenic compounds were isolated and identified. Ursolic acid was the dominant compound in all the tested apple samples. The highest amounts of triterpenic compounds were detected in the peels of the ‘Lodel’ apple cultivar, and thus apples of this cultivar may be potentially useful for the isolation of individual compounds and the production of functional food and dietary supplements.     

烟草甲气味受体基因的鉴定和组织表达谱

为深化对烟草甲嗅觉感受系统的认识,促进其行为调控剂的开发,利用BLASTX在线工具和系统进化分析等生物信息学方法从烟草甲触角转录组数据中挖掘鉴定烟草甲气味受体基因。研究结果表明:①从烟草甲触角转录组中共鉴定出9个气味受体基因（LerOR1~LerOR8、LserOrco）。②系统进化树中,烟草甲的LserOR6与光肩星天牛AglaOR22聚在同一个分支,表明它们之间的进化关系更接近。③烟草甲的2个气味受体基因（LserOR5和LserOrco）在触角中表达量相对较高。      

Quantification of antidiabetic extracts and compounds in bitter gourd varieties

Several studies have shown blood glucose lowering effects of bitter gourd compounds. Previous experiments with db/db mice revealed that the lipid and the saponin extracts are more effective in lowering glycated haemoglobin levels and excessive body weight gain than the hydrophilic extract or the whole fruit.     

高效液相色谱法同时测定绿原酸及其五种主要代谢产物

建立一种同时测定绿原酸、咖啡酸、3-羟基苯丙酸（3-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid,3-HPA）、p-香豆酸（p-coumaric acid,PA）、阿魏酸（ferulic acid,FA）和马尿酸（hippuric acid,HA）含量的高效液相色谱方法。色谱柱为美国Agilent EclipseXDB-C18（250mm×4.6mm,5μm）;流动相为甲醇和1%的冰醋酸水溶液,梯度洗脱;检测波长为320nm和253nm;流速为1mL/min。六种酚酸物质在一定范围内有良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.9979～0.9999,平均回收率为86.84%～101.56%,相对标准偏差为1.15%～2.29%。结果表明该方法快速、准确、灵敏度高,可用于绿原酸及其代谢物的检测。      

高效液相色谱法同时测定绿原酸及其五种主要代谢产物

建立一种同时测定绿原酸、咖啡酸、3-羟基苯丙酸(3-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid,3-HPA)、p-香豆酸(p-coumaric acid,PA)、阿魏酸(ferulic acid,FA)和马尿酸(hippuricacid,HA)含量的高效液相色谱方法.色谱柱为美国Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相为甲醇和1％的冰醋酸水溶液,梯度洗脱;检测波长为320nm和253nm;流速为1mL/min 六种酚酸物质在一定范围内有良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.9979～0.9999,平均回收率为86.84％～101.56％,相对标准偏差为1.15％～2.29％ 结果表明该方法快速、准确、灵敏度高,可用于绿原酸及其代谢物的检测.     

Polar compounds dominate in vitro effects of sediment extracts

Sediment extracts from three polluted sites of the river Elbe basin were fractionated using a novel online fractionation procedure. Resulting fractions were screened for mutagenic, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated, transthyretin (TTR)-binding, and estrogenic activities and their potency to inhibit gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) to compare toxicity patterns and identify priority fractions. Additionally, more than 200 compounds and compound classes were identified using GC-MS/MS, LC-MS/MS, and HPLC-DAD methods. For all investigated end points, major activities were found in polar fractions, which are defined here as fractions containing dominantly compounds with at least one polar functional group. Nonpolar PAH fractions contributed to mutagenic and AhR-mediated activities while inhibition of GJIC and estrogenic and TTR-binding activities were exclusively observed in the polar fractions. Known mutagens in polar fractions included nitro- and dinitro-PAHs, azaarenes, and keto-PAHs, while parent and monomethylated PAHs such as benzo[a]pyrene and benzofluoranthenes were identified in nonpolar fractions. Additionally, for one sample, high AhR-mediated activities were determined in one fraction characterized by PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PCNs. Estrone, 17β-estradiol, 9H-benz[de]anthracen-7-one, and 4-nonylphenol were identified as possible estrogenic and TTR-binding compounds. Thus, not only nonpolar compounds such as PAHs, PCBs, and PCDD/Fs but also the less characterized and investigated more polar substances should be considered as potent mutagenic, estrogenic, AhR-inducing, TTR-binding, and GJIC-inhibiting components for future studies.     

Lysosomal proteinases in muscle tissue and leukocytes of meat animals

Carboxypeptidases A and B, cathepsins B, D and E, dipeptidyl aminopeptidase 1 and collagenase were extracted from bovine and porcine leukocyte lysosomes and diaphragm muscle lysosomes with 4% n-butyl alcohol in dry ice and various chemical properties were studied. The enzymes were classified by their specific activities with different substrates, pH optima, energies of activation and the influence of inhibitors and stimulators. Cathepsins D and E were the most active proteases studied and all enzymes were more active in leukocytes than in sediments from muscle tissue. The properties of these enzymes, compared with enzymes from other sources, and their possible involvement in meat tenderness are discussed.     

黑曲霉抗菌活性组分分离研究

黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)是曲霉属黑曲霉群霉菌,为低等真核生物。黑曲霉是集安全和具有许多活性强大酶系等诸多优点于一身的优良工业发酵用菌种。前期研究分离得到一株黑曲霉Aspergillus niger xj,其液体培养代谢物对根癌农杆菌、青枯雷尔氏菌、腐霉等常见农业病原菌有抑制作用。本文对黑曲霉的抗菌活性组分分离研究进行简要综述,对于进一步开发和利用黑曲霉这一真菌资源,研究开发新型的环境友好微生物杀菌剂具有较大的理论和实践意义。     

Antioxidant activities and phenolic compounds of pigmented rice bran extracts

This study was carried out to investigate the antioxidant activities and phenolic compounds of pigmented rice (black, red, and green rice) and brown rice brans. Antioxidant activity was determined by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical assay, 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylenebenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation assay, reducing power, and chelating ability. Phenolic compounds were measured by using HPLC. Pigmented rice brans were extracted by using aqueous mixtures of acetone, ethanol, and methanol to determine the most effective extraction solvent. Of all solvents examined, extract from 40:60 acetone-water mixtures (v/v) provided the highest DPPH radical assay as well as the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content. We finally selected 40% acetone as an extraction solvent for antioxidant study of pigmented rice bran. Antioxidant activities of 40% acetone extracts of pigmented rice bran, measured in the range of 0 to 1500 μg/mL. At 500 μg/mL concentration, red rice bran, which had the highest total phenolic (259.5 μg/mg) and total flavonoid (187.4 μg/mg) contents, showed the highest antioxidant activity: 83.6%, 71.5%, 1.2%, and 16.4% for DPPH radical assay, ABTS radical cation assay, reducing power, and chelating ability, respectively. Red rice bran showed a lower EC(50) value (112.6 μg/mL) than that of butylated hydroxytoluene (144.5 μg/mL) from the DPPH radical assay. The major phenolic acids of red rice bran were ferulic, vanillic and p-coumaric acids. The results indicated pigmented rice bran might be used as a natural antioxidant. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The present study revealed black and red rice bran shows high antioxidant activities and they contain high amount of phenolic compounds. Indeed, black and red rice bran could be better raw materials for manufacturing the food with high antioxidant activity.     

Identification of inorganic pyrophosphate in alkaline extracts of soil

An acid-labile phosphate has been detected in alkaline extracts of four acid soils, and has been isolated and purified by ion-exchange and paper chromatography. Its chromatographic properties, its rate of hydrolysis in hydrochloric acid-and the infra-red spectrum of its barium salt show that it is inorganic pyrophosphate. In three of the soils the amount was in the range 2.1–2.6 ppm P, compared with only 0.5 in the fourth but the investigation was essentially qualitative and losses may have occurred during isolation. the phosphate may occur in the soil in inorganic form or alternatively as an ester which is mineralised during extraction.     

Selective androgen receptor modulators: in vitro and in vivo metabolism and analysis

For future targeted screening in National Residue Control Programmes, the metabolism of seven SARMs, from the arylpropionamide and the quinolinone classes, was studied in vitro using S9 bovine liver enzymes. Metabolites were detected and identified with ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ToF-MS) and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (QqQ-MS). Several metabolites were identified and results were compared with literature data on metabolism using a human cell line. Monohydroxylation, nitro-reduction, dephenylation and demethylation were the main S9 in vitro metabolic routes established. Next, an in vivo study was performed by oral administration of the arylpropionamide ostarine to a male calf and urine samples were analysed with UPLC-QToF-MS. Apart from two metabolites resulting from hydroxylation and dephenylation that were also observed in the in vitro study, the bovine in vivo metabolites of ostarine resulted in glucuronidation, sulfation and carboxylation, combined with either a hydroxylation or a dephenylation step. As the intact mother compounds of all SARMs tested are the main compounds present after in vitro incubations, and ostarine is still clearly present in the urine after the in vivo metabolism study in veal calves, the intact mother molecules were selected as the indicator to reveal treatment. The analytical UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS procedure was validated for three commercially available arylpropionamides according to European Union criteria (Commission Decision 2002/657/EC), and resulted in decision limits ranging from 0.025 to 0.05 µg l^–1 and a detection capability of 0.025 µg l^–1 in all cases. Adequate precision and intra-laboratory reproducibility (relative standard deviation below 20%) were obtained for all SARMs and the linearity was 0.999 for all compounds. This newly developed method is sensitive and robust, and therefore useful for confirmation and quantification of SARMs in bovine urine samples for residue control programmes and research purposes.     

Identification of phenolic compounds in edible aroids

The objective of these experiments was to study the phenolic compounds present in the cormels of the edible aroids, Colocasia spp and Xanthosoma spp. This investigation shows the existence of a range of phenolic compounds which includes gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, ( + )-catechin, ( ? )-epicatechin and ( ? )-epigallocatechin and the possible presence of proanthocyanidins and jlavonols. Aqueous acetone extracts were examined by thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography for their phenolic constituents.     

Evaluation estrogen,progesteron and androgen receptor expressions in corneal epithelium in keratoconus

PurposeTo evaluate the role of sex steroid hormone receptors in corneal epithelium in etiopathogenesis of keratoconus (KC).MethodsThirty patients with KC who were planned for corneal collagen-crosslinking and 20 patients who were planned for excimer laser for refractive errors included in this study. Corneal epitheliums were curated mechanically during surgeries. Right eyes were evaluated immunohistochemically and left eyes were evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to investigate estrogenα, estrogenβ, progesterone and androgen receptors.ResultsImmunohistochemically, staining for progesterone and androgen receptors did not significantly differ between KC and control groups (p > 0.05). None of the cases had staining for estrogenα and estrogenβ receptors. qPCR showed that mRNA expressions of estrogenα and androgen receptors were significantly higher in the KC group (p < 0.001).ConclusionA significantly higher rate of estrogenα and androgen receptor expressions in corneal epithelium from patients with KC through qPCR supports a possible relation between KC and sex steroid hormones.