磺化聚醚醚酮掺杂叔铵盐类离子液体复合膜的制备及离子液体与Pt/C催化剂的相容性

采用中和法制备了两种叔铵盐类离子液体[（CH₃CH₂）₃NH⁺][HSO₄^-]（简称TEAS）及[（CH₃CH₂）₃NH⁺][H₂PO₄^-]（简称TEAP）,傅里叶红外光谱图表明制备的离子液体为TEAS及TEAP。并将制备的叔铵盐类离子液体掺杂到不同磺化度的磺化聚醚醚酮（简称SPEEK）中,通过溶液浇铸法制备了SPEEK/IL复合膜,对复合膜进行了差示扫描量热（DSC）表征,测试了复合膜中离子液体的流失率及其与Pt/C催化剂的循环伏安（CV）及氧还原（ORR）曲线。SPEEK掺杂叔铵盐类离子液体后,由于叔铵盐离子液体以化学力与SPEEK网状结构中的磺酸基结合,导致复合膜的热稳定性下降,但同时也降低了复合膜中的离子液体流失率。CV及ORR曲线表明,Pt/C催化剂与叔铵盐离子液体电化学窗口相差较小,氧还原活性降低少,两者相容性较好。此类复合膜在质子交换膜燃料电池中具有应用前景。     

直接甲醇燃料电池用新型质子交换膜的研究

以聚醚醚酮(PEEK)为原料,浓硫酸为磺化剂制备了不同磺化度的磺化聚醚醚酮(SPEEK)膜,以及磺化聚醚醚酮与聚乙烯醇(PVA)、正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)、磷钨酸的复合膜.分别对膜的电导率、阻醇性能和吸水率进行了研究.随着SPEEK膜磺化度的增大,膜的电导率有所提高,然而甲醇渗透系数也增大,膜的机械强度明显降低.SPEEK膜的吸水率低于Nafion 115膜,而PVA膜的吸水率则过高.     

离子液体修饰磺化聚醚醚酮作为离子交换膜

通过NaBH₄还原磺化聚醚醚酮(SPEEK)得到羟基功能化的SPEEK后,采用酯化反应将离子液体1-羧甲基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐接枝到磺化聚醚醚酮上得到接枝聚合物。实验结果表明：离子液体修饰后的磺化聚醚醚酮离子交换膜吸水率和溶胀度降低,而导电率得到了显著提高。     

燃料电池用非氟复合质子交换膜的研究进展

介绍了几种非氟复合质子交换膜,包括有机-无机杂化材料质子交换膜(ORMOER)和基于聚苯并咪唑(PBI)、磺化聚醚醚酮(SPEEK)的复合质子交换膜,主要从制备方法出发分析了每种复合膜的优缺点以及在燃料电池(PEMFC)中的应用前景。     

全钒液流电池用SPEEK／PES共混膜的制备

通过将PES掺入高磺化度的SPEEK进行共混改性,采用流延法制备了一系列不同PES含量的SPEEK／PES共混膜,获得了SPEEK／PES共混膜的离子交换容、含水率、质子电导率等参数,特别测定了在全钒液流电池工作条件下钒（IV）离子渗透率。综合考察发现,当磺化温度为45℃,磺化时间控制为4h,得到SPEEK的DS为55％,掺入10％的PES,此时共混膜的电导率为0．08S／cm,钒（IV）离子渗透率为0．38×10^-6cm2／min,对钒（IV）离子选择性为Nation膜的5倍,含水率为35％,共混膜综合性能最好,基本满足全钒液流电池（VRB）的使用需求。     

再铸全氟磺酸-聚四氟乙烯共聚物/磺化氧化锆复合膜的制备与性能研究

利用溶液再铸法制备了全氟磺酸－聚四氟乙烯共聚物 （Nafion?）/磺化氧化锆（SZ）复合膜,借助X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、热失重分析仪等研究了所制备复合膜的微观结构、形貌以及性能。结果表明,棒状SZ颗粒以平行于膜表面的方向排列,均匀分布在Nafion?膜的骨架中,改善了膜在中温区的热稳定性;将复合膜用于直接甲醇燃料电池（DMFC）的电解质膜时,使用了3 ％ 和6 ％SZ的Nafion?/SZ复合膜的DMFC在45 ℃和5 mol/L甲醇进料时的峰值输出功率密度分别为46.27、59.47 mW/cm2,明显高于同样条件下Nafion?膜的38.2 mW/cm2。     

直接甲醇燃料电池用三羧基丁烷膦酸锆/磺化杂萘联苯聚醚酮复合质子交换膜

用高磺化度的磺化杂萘联苯聚醚酮（SPPEK）制备DMFC质子交换膜时,膜的机械强度会因过度溶胀而下降。通过在SPPEK（DS=61%）中掺杂1,2,4-三羧基丁烷-2-膦酸锆(Zr(PBTC)),我们制备出 Zr(PBTC)/SPPEK复合质子交换膜。实验表明, Zr(PBTC)的掺杂能有效降低膜的吸水量（溶胀）,并能减小膜的甲醇透过系数。80℃时,30wt.%Zr(PBTC) /SPPEK复合膜的吸水量与SPPEK膜比降低了30％。室温下复合膜的甲醇透过系数在10－7 cm2.s-1数量级上,比Nafion 115膜低一个数量级以上。液体甲醇溶液进料的DMFC单电池测试表明,30wt.%Zr(PBTC) /SPPEK复合膜的电池性能优于SPPEK的电池性能。     

燃料电池用纳米改性聚苯并咪唑阴离子交换膜的制备

以环氧氯丙烷和1–甲基咪唑为原料制备新型离子液体(IL),以IL为原料对氧化石墨烯(GO)进行表面修饰制备离子液体功能化氧化石墨烯(IL–GO),以IL–GO为添加剂制备基于含氟聚苯并咪唑(FPBI)复合膜。研究了IL–GO的含量对复合膜的热稳定性、力学强度、离子电导率、离子交换容量(IEC)、吸水率、溶胀度和耐碱性等性能的影响。研究结果表明,复合膜的IEC、离子电导率和拉伸性能都随着IL–GO含量的增加而增大,当IL–GO含量为30%时其拉伸应力和拉伸弹性模量分别达到77.5 MPa和1.95 GPa,在80℃下,其最大离子电导率可达72.3 m S/cm,然而复合膜的热稳定性并没随着IL–GO含量的增加而改变。FPBI/IL–GO复合膜具有良好的稳定性,该系列阴离子交换膜有望在碱性阴离子交换膜燃料电池中得到应用。     

质子交换膜燃料电池膜电极性能特性研究

质子交换膜燃料电池(Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell,PEMFC)是一种清洁高效的发电技术,其中膜电极是PEMFC的核心部件,膜电极的材料和制备工艺对电池性能的影响明显。为了对电池性能进行优化,针对Pt/C催化剂类型、膜电极热压温度、碳粉导电层疏水特性以及催化层中Nafion质量分数等因素进行了电流-电压实验测试,获得了电池性能的影响规律。实验结果表明:Pt/C催化剂类型、碳粉导电层疏水性以及催化层Nafion质量分数对电池性能有显著影响,当碳粉导电层聚四氟乙烯质量分数为24%,催化层中Nafion质量分数为30%时,电池性能达到最优值。膜电极热压温度对电池性能影响较小,但对导电碳粉层与催化层的粘结力影响显著,过低的温度会导致膜电极出现分层。     

磺化聚苯并咪唑/膦酸改性氧化石墨烯质子交换复合膜的制备及性能

通过胺基膦酸化法改性氧化石墨烯（GO）合成接枝有膦酸基团和磺酸基团的膦酸改性氧化石墨烯（MGO）,热重分析表明MGO具有良好的热稳定性。通过原位聚合法将MGO掺杂到磺化聚苯并咪唑（SPBI）中,成功制备了SPBI/MGO质子交换复合膜。SEM表明膜表面致密,MGO的加入使断面出现片状结构。SPBI/MGO-1%复合膜的酸掺杂率最高达到248.8%,MGO的掺杂提高了复合膜的热稳定性。复合膜的干膜拉伸强度相对于Nafion117膜（26.65MPa）提高了36%,SPBI/MGO-1%的湿膜的拉伸强度达到69.46MPa,相较于SPBI膜提高了41.2%,复合膜具有较高的力学性能。SPBI/MGO复合膜的质子电导率随着MGO含量增加而逐渐增加,SPBI/MGO-1%复合膜在10%RH和160℃条件下质子电导率达到0.193S/cm,在高温低湿的质子交换膜燃料电池中有较高的应用前景。     

DMFCs用磺化聚醚醚酮/磺化酚酞型聚醚砜共混质子交换膜

A sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) membrane with fairly high degree of sulfonation (DS) swells excessively and even dissolves at high temperature. To solve these problems, sulfonated phenolphthalein poly(ether sulfone) (SPES-C, DS 53.7%) is blended with the SPEEK matrix (DS 55.1%, 61.7%) to prepare SPEEK/SPES-C blend membrane. The decrease in swelling degree and methanol permeability of the membrane is dose-dependent. Pure SPEEK (DS 61.7%) membrane dissolves completely in water at 70ºC, whereas the swelling degree of the SPEEK (DS 61.7%)/SPES-C (40%, by mass) membrane is 29.7% at 80ºC. From room temperature to 80ºC, the methanol permeability of all SPEEK (DS 55.1%)/SPES-C blend membranes is about one order of magnitude lower than that of Nafion®115. At higher temperature, the addition of SPES-C polymer increases the dimensional stability and greater proton conductivity can be achieved. The SPEEK (DS 55.1%)/SPES-C (40%, by mass) membrane can withstand temperatures up to 150ºC. The proton conductivity of SPEEK (DS 55.1%)/SPES-C (30%, by mass) membrane approaches 0.16 S•cm－1, matching that of Nafion115 at 140ºC and 100% RH, while pure SPEEK (DS 55.1%) membrane dissolves at 90ºC. The SPEEK/SPES-C blend membranes are promising for use in direct methanol fuel cells because of their good dimensional stability, high proton conductivity, and low methanol permeability.     

Performance of the sulfonated poly ether ether ketone proton exchange membrane modified with sulfonated polystyrene and phosphotungstic acid for microbial fuel cell applications

In this research, the preparation of low cost proton exchange membranes (PEMs) based on sulfonated poly ether ether ketone (SPEEK) for application in the microbial fuel cells (MFCs) is studied. Sulfonated polystyrene (SPS) and phosphotungstic acid (PWA) were employed to improve the performance of PEM through the creation of more proton pathways. At first, the sulfonation of PEEK and polystyrene were performed through two modified methods to obtain uniform and high degree of sulfonation (DS) of the polymers and then, the PEMs were prepared through the solution casting method. Accordingly, the formation of uniform skin layer was confirmed by the SEM micrographs. Blending the aforementioned additives to the SPEEK polymer solution significantly enhanced the proton conductivity, water uptake and durability of the modified membranes. The proton conductivities of SPEEK/SPS and SPEEK/PWA membranes at additive/SPEEK weight ratio of 0.15 were 45.3% and 26.2% higher than that of the commercial Nafion117 membrane, respectively. Moreover, the degradation times for the abovementioned modified membranes were 140 and 350 min which indicated satisfactory oxidation stability. Besides, the aforementioned membranes exhibited two times more water uptake compared to the neat SPEEK membrane. Finally, SPEEK/SPS and SPEEK/PWA membranes produced 68% and 36% higher maximum power in the MFC, compared to the commercial Nafion117 membrane. Therefore, the fabricated PEMs are potentially suitable alternatives to be used in the fuel cell applications.     

Study of high-temperature proton exchange membrane through one-step encapsulation of ionic liquid in sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)

The proton exchange membrane (PEM) is the core component of a high-performance proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Since the traditional PEM has the disadvantages of poor cell performance and high cost, a new kind of PEM with good proton conductivity, low cost and simple preparation should be explored. In this paper, several different binary hybrid membranes were successfully prepared through one-step encapsulation of different ionic liquids (ILs) in sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK). The prepared membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), proton conductivity measurements and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). SEM images showed that ILs were fully doped into SPEEK. FT-IR and XPS proved that SPEEK and IL formed a new chemical bond combined with intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The TG results showed that the binary hybrid membranes could maintain stability even at 300°C. The water uptake and swelling ratio showed that the water absorption capacity of the binary composite membrane played a vital role in improving proton conductivity. The proton conductivity study showed that ILs doping also helped to improve the proton conductivity of the SPEEK membrane. When the doping amount of IL was maintained at 30 wt.%, it has the highest proton conductivity, 25 mS cm⁻¹ at 120°C. It was proved that anhydrous hybrid membrane tetraphenyl imidazole sulfate/SPEEK ([IM2][H₂PO₄]/SPEEK) could be used in PEMFC at medium temperature.     

DMFCs用SPEEK/SiOx-S复合质子交换膜

A sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) membrane with a fairly high degree of sulfonation (DS) can swell excessively and even dissolve at high temperature. To solve these problems, insolvable functionalized silica powder with sulfonic acid groups (SiOx-S) was added into the SPEEK matrix (DS 55.1%) to prepare SPEEK/ SiOx-S composite membranes. The decrease in both the swelling degree and the methanol permeability of the membranes was a dose-dependent result of addition of the SiOx-S powder. Pure SPEEK membrane swelled 52.6% at 80°C, whereas the SPEEK/SiOx-S (15%, by mass) membrane swelled only 27.3% at the same temperature. From room temperature to 80℃, all SPEEK/SPEEK/SiOx-S composite membranes had methanol permeability of about one order of magnitude lower than that of Nafion115. Compared with pure SPEEK membranes, the addition of the SiOx-S powder not only leads to higher proton conductivity, but also increases the dimensional stability at higher temperatures, and greater proton conductivity can be achieved at higher temperature. The SPEEK/SiOx-S (20%, by mass) membrane could withstand temperature up to 145°C, at which in 100% relative humidity (RH) its proton conductivity exceeded slightly that of Nafion115 membrane and reached 0.17 S•cm－1, while pure SPEEK mem-brane dissolved at 90°C. The SPEEK/SiOx-S composite membranes are promising for use in direct methanol fuel cells because of their good dimensional stability, high proton conductivity, and low methanol permeability.     

Tensile mechanical properties of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) and BPO4/SPEEK membranes

A study to evaluate the tensile mechanical properties of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) and BPO₄/SPEEK composite membranes has been carried out. It is aimed to give an assessment of these materials for applications in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. The stress–strain response of the membranes was measured as a function of the degree of sulfonation (DS) and the filler–matrix ratio. In addition, the effects of immersion in water at various temperatures were explored in situ by means of a homemade testing chamber fitted to the tensile analyzer. The results indicate that the DS has an important influence on the final mechanical behavior of the membranes. The introduction of the BPO₄ solid filler leads to deterioration in mechanical performance compared to unfilled SPEEK. A general picture of the microstructural features influencing the mechanical properties of SPEEK and BPO₄/SPEEK membranes is proposed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 2380–2393, 2005     

磺化聚醚醚酮的合成及其性能表征

采用浓硫酸作为磺化剂,利用两种不同分子量的聚醚醚酮(PEEK)制备了具有不同磺化度的磺化聚醚醚酮(SPEEK)膜,用FTIR 和DSC对SPEEK进行了表征,通过质子交换容量(IEC)对磺化度进行了测定,并对SPEEK膜的质子导电性能进行了研究.结果表明,质子交换容量(IEC)与磺化度均随着反应时间的延长而增大,吸水率也随磺化度的增加而增大.     

Proton conducting membranes based on sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)/TiO2 nanocomposites for a direct methanol fuel cell

This paper presents an evaluation of the effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) with a sulfonation degree of 57%. A series of inorganic/organic hybrid membranes was prepared with a systematic variation of titanium dioxide nanoparticle content. Their water uptake, methanol permeability and proton conductivity as a function of temperature were investigated. The results obtained show that the inorganic oxide network decreases the proton conductivity and water swelling. It is also found that increasing the inorganic oxide content leads to a decrease of methanol permeability. In terms of morphology, the membranes are homogeneous and exhibit good adhesion between inorganic domains and the polymer matrix. The proton conductivity and fuel cell performances of the nanocomposite membranes showed very good prospective in direct methanol fuel cell usages. The properties of the composite membranes are compared with those of standard Nafion membranes. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Modified Sulfonated Poly(ether ether ketone) Based Mixed Matrix Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells

Mixed matrix membranes based on zeolite 4A‐methane sulfonic acid (MSA)‐sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) are evaluated as a potential polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). Ion‐exchange capacity, sorption of water, and water–methanol mixture, proton conductivity, and methanol permeability for the mixed‐matrix membranes have been extensively investigated. The mixed‐matrix membranes are also characterized for their cross‐sectional morphology, mechanical, and thermal properties. DMFCs employing SPEEK‐MSA (20 wt.%) blend, zeolite 4A (4 wt.%)‐SPEEK‐MSA (20 wt.%) mixed matrix membranes deliver peak power densities of 130 and 159 mW cm^–2, respectively; while a peak power density of only 95 mW cm^–2 is obtained for the DMFC employing pristine SPEEK membrane at 70 °C. The results showed that these SPEEK based mixed matrix membranes exhibit higher DMFC performance and lower methanol permeability in comparison to Nafion‐117 membrane.