水和游离脂肪酸对DBU催化制备生物柴油的影响

以低品质油脂作为生产生物柴油的原料可以有效降低产品的成本。催化剂对原料油中主要杂质游离脂肪酸和水分的耐受程度决定了该工艺对原料油的适应性。本文采用有机碱1,8-二氮杂双环[5,4,0]十一碳-7-烯（DBU）催化酯交换反应制备生物柴油,研究了不同水和游离脂肪酸含量下酯交换反应的转化率、反应后产物两相的组成以及各组分在两相的分配。结果表明,DBU作为催化剂时,对水和游离脂肪酸具有较强的耐受性：水含量小于2%（质量分数,下同）,游离脂肪酸含量小于5%;1.5%左右的水对反应具有促进作用,水含量为1.5%时,酯交换转化率最高可达93.7%。此外,水和游离脂肪酸会降低甲醇、DBU在甲酯相中的分布,这使得甲酯相中甲酯的纯度有所上升。     

1,8-重氮-双环[5,4,0]-7-十一碳烯的合成

介绍了三步法合成 DBU的生产技术     

用三异丁基铝/无水磷酸/1,8-重氮-双环[5.4.0]-7-十一碳烯催化体系合成三元氯醚橡胶

以三异丁基铝(简称Al)/磷酸(H3PO4)/1,8-重氮-双环[5.4.0]-7-十一碳烯(DBU)为催化体系、甲苯为溶剂,对环氧氯丙烷(ECH)/环氧乙烷(EO)/烯丙基缩水甘油醚(AGE)进行三元共聚合,考察了催化剂组分及其加料顺序、陈化温度和时间对三元共聚合反应的影响,并对合成的三元氯醚橡胶进行表征。结果表明,在H3PO4中H2O含量为0、H3PO4/Al(摩尔比)为0.35、DBU/Al(摩尔比)为0.5的条件下,采用Al+H3PO4+DBU的加料方式、陈化温度为60℃、陈化时间为2.0 h时,单体转化率可超过97%,所制得的三元氯醚橡胶是由EO、ECH和AGE这3种结构单元组成,当EO/ECH/AGE(摩尔比)为56/40/4时,玻璃化转变温度为-47.2℃。     

N-对甲苯磺酰基-7-氮杂-双环[2.2.1]-2,5-庚二烯-2,3-二羧酸二甲酯光敏化电子转移异构反应研究

降冰片二烯及其衍生物是分子光化学贮存太阳能反应体系中研究较多的一类模型化合物。但是,从迄今报道的研究工作来看,大部分是关于7-位为碳原子的降冰片二烯衍生物。对于7-位为杂原子的衍生物的光异构化反应以及7-位杂原子对光异构化反应的影响还未见报道。为此,我们以7-位为N原子的降冰片二烯衍生物N-对甲苯磺酰基-     

铜改性钛硅分子筛TS-1催化1，4-二氮杂双环[2．2．2]辛烷合成反应中的研究

以乙醇胺为原料,研究以10％硝酸铜溶液改性的TS-1催化合成1,4-二氮杂双环[2．2．2]辛烷,并且优化了在最佳催化剂下的工艺条件。结果表明,在乙醇胺／氨水的配比为2／1,反应温度是320℃,原料空速为1h^-1时,1,4-二氮杂双环[2．2．2]辛烷的收率可达74．15％,选择性为62．53％。     

2,5,7,9-四硝基-2,5,7,9-四氮杂双环[4,3,0]壬酮-8的放热分解反应动力学

在程序升温条件下,用DSC研究了2,5,7,9-四硝基-2,5,7,9-四氮杂双环[4,3,0]壬酮-8的放热分解反应动力学参数.表明该反应的微分形式的动力学模式函数、表观活化能(Ea)和指前因子(A)分别为3(1-α)[-ln(1-α)](2)/(3), 204.7 kJ/mol 和 1020.89 s-1.该化合物的热爆炸临界温度为188.81℃.反应的活化熵(ΔS≠)、活化焓(ΔH≠)和活化自由能(ΔG≠)分别为141.6 J/(mol*K), 200.9 kJ/mol 和136.8 kJ/mol.     

硅橡胶/陶瓷复合膜反应器中CO2合成甲醇(Ⅰ)反应动力学

在反应温度为 2 0 0～ 2 5 0℃ ,反应压力为 0 .6～ 1.6MPa ,原料气组成为H₂ 6 0 %～ 75 %、CO₂ 15 %～30 %、CH₄ 5 %～ 10 %的条件下 ,在固定床微分反应器中研究了C30 1催化剂上CO₂ 与H₂ 合成甲醇的反应本征动力学模型 ,提出了反应的控制步骤、模型鉴别及模型参数估值 ,当表面反应为速率控制步骤时所建立的动力学模型是可行的 ,模型计算值与实测值相当吻合     

[bmin]Cl/[FeCl3]离子液体催化的苯与1-十八烯烷基化反应

Abstract The study on the catalysis of ionic liquids for alkylation of benzene with 1-octadecene to synthesize LAB （linear alkylbenzenes） was performed. The results showed that the most important factor that governed the conversion of olefin and selectivity of LAB was reaction temperature. Moreover, the effects of different ionic liquids and molar ratio of benzene to 1-octadecene on the conversion and selectivity were obviously in different degrees. The reaction temperature, molar ratio of benzene to 1-octadecene and the amount of catalyst were lower, compared with the traditional reaction technologies. The experimental results demonstrated that the ionic liquid had higher activity at 30℃, with over 98% selectivity of monoalkylbenzene and 100% conversion of the olefin at the molar ratio 0.08 of FeCl3 in ionic liquid to 1-octadecene and 10 for benzene to 1-octadecene.     

DBU-based CO_2 absorption–mineralization system: Reaction process,feasibility and process intensification

Amine-based carbon dioxide(CO_2) capture is still limited by high desorption energy consumption. Fixing CO_2 into carbonate is a safer and more permanent method. In this work, calcium oxide(CaO) is introduced to perform chemical desorption instead of thermal desorption on 1,8-diazabicyclo [5.4.0] undec-7-ene(DBU) aqueous solution after CO_2 absorption. The X-ray diffraction(XRD) patterns of solid products show the formation of calcite calcium carbonate(CaCO_3), which prove the feasibility of this method. The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time and Ca~(2+)/CO_3~(2-) molar ratios on the related reactions in CO_2 absorption–mineralization process and CaCO_3 precipitation are discussed, and purer CaCO_3 is obtained by ultrasonic treatment. The CaCO_3 content can be increased to 95.8% and the CO_2 desorption ratio can achieve 80% by 30 min ultrasonic dispersion treatment under the conditions(40℃, 180 min, Ca~(2+)/CO_3~(2-) molar ratio = 1.0). After five cycles, DBU aqueous solution shows stable CO_2 absorption and mineralization ability. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR) spectra of the reaction process also indicate the regeneration of the solvent. Compared with thermal desorption, this process is exothermic, almost without no additional heat.     

CO2介质中离子液体催化苯与1-十二烯烃连续式反应

为了解决离子液体催化苯与长链烯烃连续式反应中离子液体相与反应液相互溶性差的问题,在[Bmim]Br-AlCl3催化苯与1-十二烯烃连续式反应中引入了CO2作为反应介质,并考察了CO2-苯-1-十二烷基苯-[Bmim]Br-AlCl3四元物系的相平衡和CO2压力、温度、空时和苯烯比对烷基化反应的影响。结果表明,在30-60℃,7．90-8．10MPa的条件下,反应物在离子液体相与反应液相浓度分布均一,有利于提高烯烃的转化率。提高苯烯比对改善单取代烷基苯产率的作用明显。在60℃,8．10MPa和空时为2min的条件下,苯烯物质的量之比为2时,单取代十二烷基苯产率最高为59．2％,苯烯物质的量之比为12时,单取代烷基苯的产率为85．9％。     

负载型KI催化甘油与CO2合成甘油碳酸酯

添加不同组分对氧化铝载体进行调变改性,再以改性氧化铝为载体,负载KI制备了一系列负载型催化剂KI/Al₂O₃-MgO、KI/Al₂O₃-ZnO、KI/Al₂O₃-TiO₂和KI/Al₂O₃-ZrO₂,并通过CO₂、环氧丙烷和甘油合成甘油碳酸酯反应评价其催化活性,发现KI/Al₂O₃-MgO具有最高的活性。由不同载体的CO₂-TPD分析可以发现,载体表面少量碱性位的存在有利于反应进行。实验研究了不同负载量KI/Al₂O₃-MgO的活性及稳定性,发现KI负载量为1.5mmol/g较为适宜。同时,实验又通过N₂吸附/脱附(BET)、X射线衍射(XRD)等手段对不同负载量的KI/Al₂O₃-MgO进行了表征,进一步说明了负载量过多会导致KI晶粒团聚,并阻塞载体孔道。优化了反应条件,在最佳条件下(环氧丙烷0.3mol,甘油0.1mol,反应温度130℃,反应时间2h,反应压力6.0MPa),甘油的转化率为65.5%,甘油碳酸酯的产率为60.8%。     

Production of glycerol carbonate using crude glycerol from biodiesel production with DBU as a catalyst

The biodiesel production technology catalyzed by 1,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene (DBU) is developed in this work. Crude glycerol containing DBU and DBU/glycerol/CO₂ (DGC) ionic compounds reacts directly with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) to produce high value-added glycerol carbonate (GC) catalyzed by DBU and DGC. The catalytic performance of DBU and DGC, as well as the kinetics of the reaction catalyzed by DBU, were investigated. The results show that DGC has a weak catalytic effect on the transesterification of glycerol and DMC. When the temperature is higher than 60℃, DGC catalyzes the reaction jointly with DBU, which is produced from the decomposition of DGC. DBU has a good catalytic effect on the reaction between glycerol and DMC, with 90% conversion of glycerol and 84% selectivity to GC under the following conditions:DMC-to-glycerol molar ratio of 3:1, 4.0% DBU (based on glycerol mass), reaction time of 60 min, and reaction temperature of 40℃. The apparent kinetics results show that the activation energies are 30.95 kJ·mol^-1 and 55.16 kJ·mol^-1 for the forward and reverse GC generation reactions, respectively, and the activation energy of the decomposition reaction of GC to glycidol (GD) is 26.58 kJ·mol^-1.     

有机胺非水溶液吸收CO2的动力学研究进展

有机胺水溶液吸收法是CO₂捕集最常用且成熟的方法之一,但是再生能耗高和吸收剂严重降解等关键问题阻碍了其大规模推广和应用。采用有机溶剂代替强极性水溶剂构建的非水吸收剂体系,在降低能耗方面具有巨大潜力,在近年来受到格外关注。非水吸收剂的CO₂吸收动力学研究有助于了解吸收过程的反应机理以及不同有机胺和溶剂类型对反应动力学的影响。本文从有机胺在非水溶剂中的反应机理出发,介绍了CO₂吸收动力学研究的典型实验方法和原理,系统评述了采用不同结构的有机胺在不同溶剂体系中吸收CO₂的动力学研究进展,深入分析了溶剂特性与胺的反应级数和反应动力学常数之间的关联性,并指出了普遍的规律性特征即有机伯胺和仲胺的反应级数随溶剂极性的降低而增大,反应速率常数随着溶剂的溶解度参数增大而呈现近似线性变化。在分析目前动力学研究中存在的问题基础上,对今后非水体系动力学的研究方向进行了展望。     

超临界CO_2中CO_2参与的化学反应

超临界CO2中的化学反应是目前的研究热点之一。超临界CO2既为反应介质又为反应物的化学反应的主要优势是将萃取与反应相耦合形成均相体系,排除了传质阻力,提高了反应的速率和选择性;产物与催化剂易于分离;同时CO2作为反应原料无毒、不燃、易得,不但可以代替有机溶剂和有毒原材料,而且可有效利用CO2。介绍了超临界CO2作为反应原料所参与化学反应的类型及特点,简单综述了这些化学反应的研究进展,并对未来的发展提出展望。     

多孔材料在催化CO2与环氧化物环加成反应中的研究进展

以CO2为原料与环氧化物合成环状碳酸酯是实现CO2资源利用最为有效的途径之一，也是缓解温室效应的有效方式之一。在该反应中催化剂的选择至关重要，多孔材料由于具有相对密度低、强度高、比表面积大、稳定性好、合成方法多样等优点而被广泛应用于催化CO2环加成。重点综述了近年来无机多孔材料、多孔有机聚合物材料、金属有机骨架材料在催化CO2与环氧化物合成环状碳酸酯中的研究进展，介绍了各催化剂的优缺点并对未来多孔材料的发展进行了展望。     

Synthesis of glycerol carbonate by direct carbonatation of glycerol in supercritical CO2 in the presence of zeolites and ion exchange resins

Glycerol carbonate is a key bifunctional compound employed as solvent, additive, monomer, and chemical intermediate. We have synthesized it on a pilot scale in the laboratory in cyclic or alicyclic organic carbonate medium. In this study, we examined the use of supercritical CO₂ as a reaction medium and as a source of carbonate for carbonatation of glycerol. Glycerol carbonate could be obtained by direct reaction of carbon dioxide with an organic carbonate in the presence of heterogeneous catalysts. Carbonatation of glycerol into glycerol carbonate went to equilibrium in supercritical CO₂ medium. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Reaction kinetics and modelling of the gold catalysed glycerol oxidation

The kinetics of the glycerol oxidation using a carbon supported gold catalyst was studied experimentally in a batch reactor at oxygen pressures up to 10 bar and at temperatures from 25 to 100 °C. The influence of the mass transfer on the reaction was estimated and confirmed with theoretical calculations. A kinetic model has been proposed on the basis of a Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism for the experiments carried out in the kinetic regime and the kinetic parameters (reaction rate and adsorption constants as well as activation energies) were calculated.     

石灰石在二氧化碳与空气混合气氛下的分解动力学

采用热重-差式扫描量热分析（TG-DSC）,分别在空气气氛和81%空气-19%二氧化碳混合气氛下,对 4种不同品质的石灰石进行热分解特性研究。结果表明,在空气气氛中,石灰石分解遵循相边界一维反应模型,即 G（α）=α;在81%空气-19%二氧化碳气氛中,石灰石分解遵循随机成核和随后生长模型,即G（α）=-ln（1-α）。在81%空气-19%二氧化碳气氛中,较高的二氧化碳分压延迟了碳酸钙的分解,使得石灰石分解的开始温度比空气气氛中高200 ℃左右,分解活化能约为空气气氛的3倍,且粒径大到一定程度后活化能变小。碳酸镁的存在可以促进碳酸钙的分解。在81%空气-19%二氧化碳气氛下,适宜的石灰石粒度为小于0.105 mm,适宜的分解控制温度为890 ℃。     

碘化铯催化二氧化碳与甘油合成甘油碳酸酯

以不同碱金属(铵)卤化物为催化剂,考察了其在二氧化碳与甘油合成甘油碳酸酯反应中的活性。采用环氧丙烷为溶剂及耦合剂,极大提高了反应的转化率。实验结果发现碘化物具有较好的催化活性。以碘化铯为催化剂,考察了反应温度、反应时间、反应压力、反应物摩尔比和催化剂用量对反应结果的影响。在最佳反应条件下(环氧丙烷0.3 mol,甘油0.1 mol,反应温度120℃,反应时间1.5 h,反应压力3.0 MPa,催化剂用量0.15 g),甘油的转化率为86.5%,甘油碳酸酯的产率为81.6%。     

CO2 absorption kinetics and equilibrium solubility measurements in potassium salts of renewable amino acids from plant- and animal-protein

Aqueous solutions containing alkaline salts of natural amino acids, such as those from protein in plant seeds or high protein animal-based waste, are green CO₂-separation solvents. In the present work, potassium salts of nine such amino acids were chosen for an in-depth study: alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, leucine, proline, serine, and valine. The kinetics of CO₂ absorption in aqueous solutions of these salts was studied using a stirred cell. From the measurements of the absorption rate at different salt concentrations (molarity 0.1 and higher), CO₂ partial pressures (5–25 kPa), and temperatures (298–308 K), values of the reaction order, rate constant, and activation energy were determined. Additionally, the liquid-side mass transfer coefficient (0.005 cm/s) was also found. Potassium salts of proline, glycine, and arginine were most reactive and, hence, were chosen for equilibrium study. The loading capacity of these salts was measured at 308 K in a vapour–liquid equilibrium setup at near-ambient pressure. On the contrary, the other chosen acids were comparatively less reactive with CO₂.