煤拔头工艺中煤和循环热灰混合行为

"煤炭拔头"工艺是将循环流化床技术和煤炭转化技术结合起来的热、电、气、油联产新技术.挡板混合方式适合该技术中循环热灰快速加热煤粉,以达到煤粉快速热解的工艺要求.采用小苏打和玻璃珠作为混合物料,考察了不同挡板角度、挡板个数、挡板形状对混合效果的影响.实验表明,挡板角度为55°,横条挡板形状时,混合效果较好,该结构适用于工业生产.     

循环流化床煤燃烧/热解多联供工艺中循环灰的密相气力输送

为考察循环流化床煤燃烧/热解多联供工艺中循环热灰的密相输送特性,在实验室建立的密相气力输送装置上分别考察了发料罐内的压力、总松动气量以及特殊位置处的松动气量等对输送固气比的影响。结果表明,在发料罐内压力一定的情况下．固气比随着总松动气量的增加而增大；发料罐内压力的增加也有利于固气比的增大；在发料罐内的压力及总松动气量一定的情况下,随着特殊位置1处松动气量的增加,固气比也随之增大。该密相气力输送方式基本可以满足CFB煤燃烧/热解多联供工艺的要求。     

炉前干馏过程中煤与热载体混合方式的研究

在热解反应器的上部设置混合段 ,在混合段内安装几层特制的挡板 ,固体热载体与煤颗粒在进入热解反应器之前先进入混合段 ,在挡板的作用下依靠重力进行快速分散、混合 ,然后落入反应器内进行热解反应 .实验在 1 kg煤～ 1 0 kg热载体的间歇粉煤快速热解反应装置上进行 ,并与用螺旋搅拌桨进行搅拌混合的热解实验结果进行了比较 .结果表明 ,在混合段内设置几层挡板是一种非常有效的混合方式 ,可以被用于炉前低温干馏过程 .     

固体热载体热解煤中氮的迁移特性

在固体热载体快速热解装置上考察了锅炉循环灰对内蒙古羊市塔烟煤热解过程中氮的迁移转化特性的影响.结果表明,在考察温度(530℃~660℃)内,在气相氮中仅含有HCN和NH3,无N2产生.循环灰对煤结构及焦油分子中氮杂环的裂解没有催化作用,与惰性石英砂作为热载体的实验结果相比,热解温度600℃时,循环灰作为热载体使气相中HCN-N和NH3-N的产率分别降低了24.53%和29.86%.并通过向惰性石英砂中添加碱性矿物质对循环灰中影响煤热解过程中气相氮释放的主要物质进行了考察.     

CFB煤燃烧／热解双反应器立管内气固流动模型分析

在循环流化床（CFB）煤燃烧／热解双反应器冷态实验装置上,以硅胶和电厂锅炉灰为实验物料,考察了立管内的气固流动特性,其中立管的内径44mm、高3m。研究结果表明,立管内的气固流动形态为移动床流动,Leung的立管流动模型适合对该系统中立管内移动床流动的描述,经拟合分别得到了立管内气、同速率以及气同相对速率与固体速率之间的经验方程,对热态实验过程中判断立管内的气固流动型态以及料封的稳定性均具有一定的参考价值。     

固体热载体煤热解过程中氮的迁移

在固体热载体煤热解实验装置上考察了石英砂、燃烧灰和气化半焦为热载体对煤热解过程中氮迁移的影响.固体热载体煤热解过程中,热解温度升高有利于煤中挥发分析出,可以促进煤中含氮官能团发生断键,利于氮的脱除.快速热解可促进煤中氮脱除生成HCN和NH3.分别以石英砂、燃烧灰和气化半焦为热载体,研究表明:热载体中矿物质可促进焦油氮分...     

挡板对陶瓷干法造粒气-固两相流混合过程的影响

为探究陶瓷干法造粒气-固两相流混合过程挡板对粉体混合效果影响,构建欧拉气-固两相流模型分析空气与粉体相互作用,简化造粒区域并建立粉体混合过程三维物理模型,采用滑移网格法、多重参考系法模拟造粒室旋转运动,修正RNG离散模型分析湍流状态.根据径向及轴向粉体体积分数分布、速度场探究不同挡板对粉体混合影响,并改进挡板位置和结构以提高粉体混合程度.结果表明:当造粒室内分别含矩形壁挡板、矩形底挡板、半圆形壁挡板时,粉体轴向体积分数高于0.27的区域分别占总面积29％、40％、37％;粉体径向体积分数高于0.29的区域分别占总面积24％、15％、33％;粉体轴向平均速度分别为0.4 m/s、0.5 m/s、0.6 m/s;对不同粒径的粉体进行密度测定实验,当造粒室内含矩形壁挡板时,粉体密度基本为1.9 g/cm3,一致性较好.该结果显示矩形壁挡板造粒室内的粉体堆积程度最低,粉体混合性能最优,该模型及结果能够有助于提高对陶瓷干法造粒室气固两相流流场的理解,并对造粒室挡板设计优化提供一定理论指导.     

水平液固循环流化床颗粒分布状况的实验研究

为使水平液固循环流化床换热器更好地强化传热和防垢、除垢,管中颗粒的分布是关键,因此对卧式换热器前管箱进行改造,采用双进料口并在前管箱加入挡板,使得颗粒在管路中分布均匀。在实验中自行设计了一套水平多管液固循环流化床实验装置。采用CCD图像采集系统,获得了颗粒的运动及分布状况。研究表明:挡板的角度、颗粒密度等对颗粒分布性能都有较大影响。通过对实验结果的分析,得到了使固体颗粒在管束中分布效果较好的挡板角度以及较适宜颗粒分布的运行参数,以指导工程放大应用。     

陶瓷干法造粒室圆柱形挡板数目对粉体混合效果的影响

为探究干法造粒过程造粒室内圆柱形挡板数目对粉体混合效果的影响。采用多重参考坐标系法与滑移网格法模拟造粒室的旋转,采用修正后的欧拉-欧拉双流体模型分析气固两相间相互作用,造粒室内湍流状态使用k-εRNG离散模型进行求解,根据颗粒体积分布及颗粒流速场探究不同挡板数目对粉体混合过程的影响。结果表明:当挡板数目为0时,过多的固体回转区严重影响粉体互相混合;当挡板数目为2时,颗粒速度及体积分数分布均匀,但继续增加挡板数目则会降低颗粒速度,并加重挡板间的颗粒堆积,使颗粒局部涡流变大,造成混合不均。实验验证了数值仿真的正确性,当挡板数目为2时,有效颗粒含量占比91%,颗粒级配最佳。所建模型及仿真结果能够有助于加深对造粒室内流场特性的了解,并对其结构的优化有一定的指导意义。     

循环流化床锅炉内的灰平衡模型研究

建立了煤灰为床料的 CFB锅炉内静态平衡计算模型 .模型着重研究了成灰特性、灰磨耗和退档 ,颗粒停留时间及颗粒分层等影响循环流化床灰平衡的重要因素 ,并提出了相应的计算模型 .应用模型模拟了黄姑电厂 75 t/h CFB锅炉的运行 ,研究了磨耗速率、灰成分等因素对煤燃烧后飞灰、排渣、床料的粒径分布的影响     

Pilot Development of Polygeneration Process of Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion combined with Coal Pyrolysis

A pilot polygeneration process of a 75 t h^–1 circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler combined with a moving bed coal pyrolyzer was developed based on laboratory‐scale experimental results. The process operation showed good consistency and integration between boiler and pyrolyzer. Some critical operating parameters such as hot ash split flow from the CFB boiler to the pyrolyzer, mixing of hot ash and coal particles, control of pyrolysis temperature and solid inventory in the pyrolyzer, and pyrolysis gas clean‐up were investigated. Yields of 6.0 wt‐% tar and 8.0 wt‐% gas with a heating value of about 26 MJ m^–3 at 600 °C were obtained. Particulate content in tar was restrained less than 4.0 wt‐% by using a granular filter of the moving bed. Operation results showed that this pilot polygeneration process was successfully scaled up.     

降低循环流化床锅炉飞灰含碳量的因素分析

循环流化床锅炉的飞灰含碳量是锅炉燃烧工况好坏的直接反映 ,其对锅炉的热效率的影响是很大的 ,它还直接影响着粉煤灰的综合开发和利用 .在对云天化循环流化床锅炉的生产实验研究中 ,分析了影响循环流化床锅炉飞灰含碳量的各种因素 (床温、煤质煤粒、一次风、二次风、床压和旋风分离器效率等 ) ,通过实验研究找到了降低循环流化床锅炉飞灰含碳量的具体而又行之有效的操作方法 ,以指导实际生产 .     

粒径对福建无烟煤在CFB锅炉中燃尽的影响

建立了福建无烟煤细颗粒燃烧模型,计算了其在容量35 t/h循环流化床锅炉炉膛内的燃尽时间和一次通过炉膛的停留时间,分析了不同粒径煤颗粒在不同燃烧温度和不同烟气流速时在CFB锅炉内的燃尽时间和停留时间的变化差异. 实验研究了福建无烟煤粒径对飞灰碳含量的影响及燃尽的影响. 结果表明,细煤颗粒的燃尽时间与停留时间均随粒径增大而增长,但燃尽时间增幅更明显,颗粒一次通过炉膛完全燃尽的临界粒径约为0.15 mm;粒径越大的颗粒其停留时间和燃尽时间对烟气流速和燃烧温度变化越敏感;无烟煤入炉粒径明显影响CFB锅炉飞灰含碳量,选用粒度为3~8 mm的偏粗颗粒为宜.     

Characteristics of clinker formation in a circulating fluidized bed boiler firing Korean anthracite

To shed light on the causes of clinker formation during the initial operation period of the Tonghae circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler, which uses Korean anthracite as fuel, the properties of ash, sand and limestone particles and the mixtures of each gradient have been characterized. The clinkers formed in the loopseals and the fluidized bed ash cooler (FBAC) of the CFB boiler were also characterized by analyzing the composition, the surface phenomena and the crystal structure of the clinkers. As a result, the black clinker was found to come from the sand particles and the composition of the white clinker was found to be similar to that of ash particles. The cause of the clinker formation in the FBAC proved that ash was sticking to molten or sintered phases in the high temperature regions in the boiler. On the other hand, the composition of the ash changed with the particle size, showing an enrichment of Fe₂O₃ as the particle size decreased. Also, the ash particles between 75–100 μm contained more than 11% CaO which resulted in low initial deformation temperature of the particles. So it is possible to explain that the amount of Fe and Ca in the fine particles of the ash plays a crucial role in the formation of agglomerates in the CFB boiler.     

Halide aerosols in circulating fluidised bed co-combustion. Role of coal bound kaolin

An experimental campaign was carried out with a circulating fluidised bed (CFB) pilot scale combustor to study the role of coal bound kaolin in the fate of solid recovered fuel (SRF) originated halide aerosols. A combustion experiment was carried out with SRF-Spruce Bark mixture as a reference. High kaolinite coal and paper pigment kaolin, one at a time, were mixed with the SRF-Bark in increasing proportions until dp < 1 μm fine particles were absent as measured from 780 °C combustion gases by means of a dilution probe and low pressure impactor (LPI). This fine particle mode was absent after mixing sufficiently either coal or kaolin with SRF-Bark and only traces of water soluble alkali metal salts were found in the CFB fly ash. These conditions were achieved when kaolin was mixed with the SRF-Bark for 52 times on a molar basis compared to the Na + K initially found in the aerosols. This proportioning was found to be the same for the additive kaolin and coal bound kaolinite. Na and K in the fly ash seem to be bound chemically to the kaolin as alkali aluminosilicates rather than in water soluble alkali sulphates. This is indicated by their solubility behaviour.     

垂直内挡板对流态化流体动力学及谷物干燥特性之影响

The effect of vertical internal baffles on the particle mixing and grain drying characteristics in a batch fluidized bed column is investigated. Experimental work was carried out in a 3 m high rectangular fluidized bed dryer of cross sectional area of 0.15 mx0.61 m at different operating conditions using paddy, a group D particle, as the fluidizing material. The results of the study showed that the fluidized bed dryer system with vertical internal baffles gave better particle mixing effect in the bed of particles than that without vertical internal baffles. This is due to the fact that the vertical internal baffle act as gas bubble breakers by breaking up the large gas bubbles into smaller ones. The smaller bubbles cause a more vigorous mixing in the bed of particles before finally erupting at the bed surface. This improves the contacting efficiency and enhanced the heat and mass transfer of the fluidized bed system. Thus a higher drying rate was obtained in the falling rate period because the higher contactin efficiency increases the evaporation rate at the particle surface. However, the drying rate in the diffusion regiol shows little improvement because the moisture diffusivity does not depend on the contacting efficiency. The fluidized bed dryer with vertical internal baffles could therefore be used in the initial rapid drying stage in a two stage drying strategy for paddy. The insertion of vertical internal baffles into a fluidized bed system improves the processing of Group D particles in a fluidized bed system especially if the system is large in scale.     

影响BT-75/4.4-M循环流化床锅炉床温因素分析

循环流化床锅炉的床温是循环流化床锅炉最重要的控制参数，它直接影响着整个锅炉的热效率和脱硫效率，从云天化股份有限责任公司的循环流化床锅炉的实际运行出发，分析了影响循环流化床锅炉床温的各种因素，其中主要因素有煤质、煤量、煤粒粒径、一次风、二次风、脱硫剂、循环灰量和床层高度等，据此选择出适合云天化循环流化床锅炉的床温，并利用返灰量来自动调节控制锅炉的床温。     

Process characteristics investigation of simulated circulating fluidized bed combustion combined with coal pyrolysis

A poly-generation process of simulated circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustion combined with coal pyrolysis was developed in a laboratory scale. Pyrolysis characteristics of three bituminous coals with high volatile contents were investigated in a fixed bed with capacity of 10 kg solid samples. The effects of initial temperature of solid heat carrier, pyrolysis holding time, blending (ash/coal) ratio and coal particle size on gas and tar yields were studied experimentally. The results indicate that the initial temperature of the heat carrier is the key factor that affects the gas and tar yield, and the gas composition. Most of the gas and the tar are released during the first few minutes of the pyrolysis holding time. For caking coal, the amount of char agglomerating on the pyrolyzer inner wall is reduced by enhancing the blending ratio. The experimental results may provide basic engineering data or information for the process design of CFB combustion combined with coal pyrolysis in a large scale.     

低阶煤热解-气化-燃烧TBCFB系统模拟及优化

三塔式循环流化床（TBCFB）是基于低阶煤分质转化利用理念开发的新型工艺系统,包含热解、气化及燃烧三个主反应器。提出了采用半焦颗粒代替石英砂作为循环热载体的新工艺,并使用Aspen Plus建立了基于半焦颗粒的TBCFB系统模拟流程,寻求系统内物料转化和能量利用的适宜操作条件。结果表明,只需燃烧40%的热解半焦,即可满足低阶煤在600℃热解和60%的热解半焦在800.9℃进行水蒸气气化所需热量;与石英砂或高温灰相比,利用热容较高的半焦颗粒作为循环介质可以显著降低热载体循环量,与原煤质量比仅为5.5。综合气化产物组成、低热值和冷煤气效率等指标,适宜的水蒸气与反应半焦质量比为1.5。上述模拟结果对半焦循环TBCFB新技术的工业应用具有一定指导意义。     

Effect of louver baffles on hydrodynamics and gas mixing in a fluidized bed of FCC particles

The effect of louver baffles on the particle concentration profiles, pressure fluctuations, bed expansion, and gas mixing of a fluidized bed was investigated in a transparent 2-D column of cross-section 500×30 mm and height 6 m over a broad range of operating conditions covering both the bubbling and turbulent flow regimes. Visual observations, pressure fluctuations and steady gas tracer experiments showed that louver baffles can break bubbles, as indicted by the lower amplitudes and higher mean frequencies of differential pressure fluctuations, but they were only effective for superficial gas velocities <∼0.7 m/s for the FCC particles considered in this study. The ability of louver baffles to break bubbles reached a maximum near the onset of the turbulent flow regime. A gas cushion of low particle concentration appeared below the louver baffle, and its height increased with increasing superficial gas velocity, indicating increasing suppression of solids backmixing. Internal emulsion circulation was promoted above the louver baffle, causing an uneven distribution of gas flow. The addition of louver baffles reduced the upstream tracer gas concentrations by 80-90%, indicating a significant decrease in the backmixing fluxes of both gas and solids across the baffle layer. The tracer gas concentrations above the louver baffles increased resulting from the promoted emulsion circulation by louver baffles.