空气雾化喷嘴的液滴雾化性能实验研究

采用LSA-Ⅲ型激光粒度仪对一种常用的小流量空气雾化喷嘴的液滴雾化性能进行实验研究。实验主要测定了不同气液比、气相压力和液相压力情况下沿喷雾轴向不同位置处的液滴粒径分布。测定结果表明气液比和气相压力对雾化液滴粒径影响均较大,其中气相压力影响最大,气液比其次,液相压力影响最小。在本实验测定条件下,经过喷嘴雾化后在轴向100、200、300、400和500 mm位置处液滴的表面积平均直径（SMD）和体积平均直径（D43）出现波动性变化。通过对实验测得液滴粒径分布数据的分析,可以得到Rosin-Rammler分布函数中的特征参数和n,为定量计算液滴粒径提供理论基础。     

重油燃烧器Y型喷嘴气液两相流动与雾化特性模拟

为改善重油雾化质量,针对沥青站重油燃烧器Y型喷嘴,运用CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics)方法研究了喷嘴结构参数(混合室长度、入口直径比、入口夹角)与雾化参数(重油流量、空气入口压力、重油温度)对喷嘴气液两相流动与雾化特性的影响。结果表明,结构参数与雾化参数直接影响喷嘴内油膜厚度与气液两相速度差;不同参数下,喷嘴气耗率与液滴索泰尔平均直径的变化规律相反;综合考虑两个雾化性能指标,混合室的适宜长度为15~20 mm,入口夹角的合理范围为60°~75°,入口最佳直径比为1.0~1.1;为保证重油获得较好的雾化效果,空气入口压力应大于0.5 MPa,这为优化Y型雾化喷嘴的结构与运行参数提供了参考。     

对撞流反应器甲醇合成实验研究

液相法甲醇合成由于有惰性液体介质的存在,气液相间传质对反应起到了一定的阻碍作用,对撞流反应器使用喷嘴将催化剂浆料雾化从而强化了气液相间传质。文中在对撞流反应器内对甲醇合成温度、合成气比例、气流量、浆料循环量以及喷嘴个数进行了考察,结果表明,温度控制在230℃左右操作比较适宜,二氧化碳参与反应对甲醇合成较为有利,合成气流量在22.4 L/min以后时空产率几乎不再增加,增加浆料循环量和采用对置式二喷嘴或四喷嘴比单喷嘴时空产率和出口甲醇体积分数都有所增加。由结果可知,利用喷嘴雾化和液体对撞可以显著地增强气液传质从而达到增加液相甲醇合成时空产率的目的。     

三股对撞式撞击流反应器微观混合性能研究

采用高速数码相机对三股对撞式撞击流反应器不同入口雷诺数下的流场特征进行了研究,并采用碘化物-碘酸盐平行竞争反应体系,考察了不同喷嘴直径下的入口雷诺数、不同溶液体积流量比对离集指数的影响。结果表明:入口雷诺数、溶液体积流量比对离集指数有明显的影响。增大入口雷诺数,三股流体高速撞击破碎成的液滴粒径逐渐减小,液滴雾化程度增加,离集指数减小,微观混合效果增加;增大体积流量比,溶液局部浓度增大,导致混合不均匀,离集指数增大。与传统撞击流反应器相比,三股对撞式撞击流反应器离集指数为传统撞击流反应器的2/5,表现出了较好的微观混合性能,更适用于不等溶液体积流量比的液液快速混合反应。     

G-LISR不同气相入口流速对流场特性的影响

为了提高气液撞击流反应器(G-LISR)的混合性能,找到合适气相入口速度的操作参数,采用ANSYS Workbench中的Geometry模块,基于欧拉·拉格朗日法建立G-LISR气液两相流动数学模型。在加速管对置距离为400mm,液相入口速度为5m/s,三种不同的气相入口速度(10,15,20m/s)条件下,用数值模拟软件Fluent分析模拟出了不同气相入口流速下反应器内流场的分布特征。模拟结果表明:随着气相入口初始流速的增大,反应器内湍流强度有所增加,在压力波动最为剧烈的撞击面中心点处,压力急剧增大。增大气相初始流速,将降低反应器中的液滴的浓度分布,减少了液相在反应器中的停留时间。从能量损耗和气液两相在反应器中的混合效果来看,气相初始流速不宜过大,10m/s为较佳。     

撞击流反应器用于甲醇合成反应

撞击流反应器用于气液固三相甲醇合成反应可以充分发挥其优良的传热、传质性能。在撞击流反应器内,催化剂浆料经喷嘴雾化后成微米尺度的液滴,气液相间接触面积远大于其他三相合成反应器。考察了温度、压力、气体流量、浆料循环量以及喷嘴个数对甲醇合成反应的影响,结果表明,当压力从3.8 MPa上升到5 MPa时,反应器的时空产率增长了近1倍,气体流量达22.4 L·min^-1后时空产率几乎不再变化,增加浆料循环量以及在同一循环量下采用多喷嘴对置都可以增加催化剂时空产率。同时,与固定床、搅拌釜和浆态鼓泡床甲醇合成进行了对比,结果表明,在低空速下撞击流反应器与其他反应器时空产率相当,而在高空速下要优于其他反应器。     

微型流化床反应器液相冷态进样停留时间分布模拟与实验

为了得出气、液相流量变化对微型流化床反应器液相停留时间的影响规律,借助Fluent软件对反应器内部流场进行数值模拟,得到其速度、压力分布特性和反应器出口液相浓度的变化曲线。采用示踪剂侧面脉冲进样法,实验测定了反应器中液相的停留时间分布。结果表明,气相流量和液相流量均对液相停留时间有明显的影响,气、液相流量为4¹0L/h时,液相平均停留时间可以控制在1.1110L/h时,液相平均停留时间可以控制在1.11¹.89s;气、液相流量的增加均会导致液相停留时间的减少,但气相流量对停留时间的影响要大于液相流量对液相停留时间的影响。数值模拟与实验数据对比分析发现二者结果吻合良好,模型可用。     

大液气质量流量比双通道气流式喷嘴雾化滴径

在气流式雾化过程的有限随机分裂模型基础上,结合液滴分裂时间和液滴运动规律,分析了大液气质量流量比同轴双通道气流式喷嘴的雾化过程,得到了Sauter平均直径（SMD）的一般表达式.实验结果表明,得到的SMD的关系式的形式是合理的,通过实验确定相关模型参数后,可以用来预测大液气质量流量比条件下同轴双通道气流式喷嘴的雾化性能.     

气液喷射反应器内液滴粒径分布PLIF研究

气液喷射反应器是一种高强度反应器,反应器内部液滴粒径大小和分布对反应收率和选择性具有决定性影响。本文建立了气液喷射反应器内液滴粒径分布测量实验装置,并利用面激光诱导荧光（PLIF）技术对气液喷射反应器内液滴粒径分布进行了研究,得到不同气液流率情况下的液滴粒径的分布规律,结果显示：液相流率不变时,随气相流率的增大,反应器内液滴平均粒径逐渐减小,分布范围变小; 气相流率不变时,随液相流率的增大,液滴平均粒径逐渐减小,粒径分布趋于集中。     

假塑性流体雾化研究：Ⅰ.雾化特性的研究

本文采用二流式气动喷嘴，通过激光衍射粒径分布测量系统对假塑性流体料液的雾化特性进行了试验研究，得到了物料特性（主要指粘度）和操作参数（主要指气液质量比和空气速度）以及喷嘴液气出口面积比对雾滴平均直径和尺寸分布参数的影响，并进行回归，得到预测雾滴平均直径及尺寸分布参数的关联式。     

增压环境下旋流式气液同轴喷油器的雾化特性

引言 在燃烧过程中,喷油器的功能是使燃料和氧化剂充分雾化和混合,以产生高效、稳定的燃烧.喷嘴的雾化燃烧特性关系到整个燃烧装置的性能及其工作稳定性[1].旋流式气液同轴喷油器拥有优良的雾化和混合特性,能够满足大范围负荷调节下的雾化质量要求,是增压锅炉喷油器的最佳选择[2].     

HYDRODYNAMICS, MIXING AND MASS TRANSFER IN A LARGE DIAMETER JET BUBBLE COLUMN

Experimental measurements for the axial and radial variations in gas holdup, axial and radial dispersion coefficients, volumetric gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient and liquid phase circulation velocity in a cone of a large diameter (122 cm) jet bubble column are presented. Two diameters of the inlet nozzle, namely 10.16 cm and 15.24 cm, three superficial gas velocities (based on cylinder diameter), 3 cm/sec, 6 cm/sec and 8 cm/sec and two superficial liquid velocities, 0.3 cm/sec and 0.6 cm/sec, are examined. The experimental data are obtained for two different bed heights.

The experimental data showed significant axial and radial variations in the gas holdup. The volumetric average gas holdup was higher at higher gas velocity and larger nozzle diameter and somewhat higher at lower liquid velocity. The axial dispersion was high while the radial dispersion was low. The volumetric gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient was larger at higher gas velocity and larger nozzle diameter. The liquid recirculation begins only at the upper end of the cone. In general, experimental data indicate that a jet bubble column provides a high degree of mixing and transport rates.     

Solids entrainment into gas, liquid, and gas-liquid spray jets in fluidized beds

The injection of liquid into a fluidized bed is a crucial step in many processes such as fluid coking, fluid catalytic cracking, or gas-phase polymerization, whose performance greatly depends on good and rapid contact between the injected liquid and the fluidized particles. The liquid spray, created by two-phase (gas-liquid) nozzles, forms a jet, i.e. a gas-rich cavity within the fluidized bed. Past studies have shown that good liquid-solid contact requires a large entrainment rate of particles into the jet, followed by intensive mixing of liquid droplets and entrained particles within the jet. The objective of this study is the experimental measurement of solids entrainment into spray jets. The specific application of interest is the enhancement of solids entrainment under conditions relevant to the fluid coking process.A novel and accurate experimental technique has been developed to measure the solids entrainment from a fluidized bed into two-phase gas-liquid jets, gas jets and liquid jets. The effects of operating conditions of the nozzle (sonic versus subsonic) and of the fluidized bed on the solids entrainment have been investigated. The differences between the mechanisms of solids entrainment for two-phase gas-liquid, gas and liquid jets have been analyzed.This experimental tool has been applied to the design and testing of a mixing chamber consisting of a cylindrical tube placed at a certain distance downstream of the nozzle tip, resulting in a confined, turbulent jet with enhanced liquid-solid mixing properties.     

Effect of injection-nozzle operating parameters on the interaction between a gas-liquid jet and a gas-solid fluidized bed

The objective of the present study was to provide insight into the effect of operating conditions on the performance of gas-assisted nozzles injecting liquid into gas-solid fluidized beds. Acquisition of such knowledge is relevant to many industrial applications where liquid injections into fluidized beds of solid particles are performed via spray nozzles. In the fluid coking process, for example, product yields and reactor operability strongly benefit from a rapid and uniform distribution of the liquid feed on fluidized solid particles, which, in turn, is greatly affected by the performance of the liquid-injection system used.A novel experimental technique was employed to investigate the effect of varying the air-to-liquid ratio (ALR), the liquid mass flow rate, and the nozzle size on the contact efficiency of injected liquid on fluidized bed particles. Increasing the ALR or the liquid flow rate increased the nozzle spraying efficiency. On the contrary, increasing the nozzle size while keeping the gas and the liquid flow rates constant, and hence decreasing the pressure at the nozzle tip, lowered the liquid-solid contact efficiency.The effect of increasing the ALR on the liquid-solid contact resulting from nozzle-injections into the fluid bed, was correlated to both the nozzle atomization performance, as determined by open-air tests using a laser-photocell equipment, and the solids entrainment into the gas-liquid jet, as predicted by a model.     

整体式床层中液体分布与气-液传质的关系

With a particular focus on the connection between liquid flow distribution and gas-liquid mass transfer in monolithic beds in the Taylor flow regime, hydrodynamic and gas-liquid mass transfer experiments were carried out in a column with a monolithic bed of cell density of 50 cpsi with two different distributors (nozzle and packed bed distributors). Liquid saturation in individual channels was measured by using self-made micro-conductivity probes. A mal-distribution factor was used to evaluate uniform degree of phase distribution in monoliths. Overall bed pressure drop and mass transfer coefficients were measured. For liquid flow distribution and gas-liquid mass transfer, it is found that the superficial liquid velocity is a crucial factor and the packed bed distributor is better than the nozzle distributor. A semi-theoretical analysis using single channel models shows that the packed bed distributor always yields shorter and uniformly distributed liquid slugs compared to the nozzle distributor, which in turn ensures a better mass transfer performance. A bed scale mass transfer model is proposed by employing the single channel models in individual channels and incorporating effects of non-uniform liquid distribution along the bed cross-section. The model predicts the overall gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient with a relative error within ±30%.     

空气助力改善气化炉激冷室喷嘴特性的实验研究

设计了4种不同结构的用于气化炉激冷室内喷雾激冷的压力雾化喷嘴,采用马尔文激光粒度分析仪和数码单反照相机分别测量了不同压差、不同水流量等工况参数下的液滴粒径(SMD)D32分布和雾化角变化规律,并对4种喷嘴进行了优化选型。研究结果表明:雾滴粒径随压力的增加而减小,随水流量的减小而减小,空气助力可以明显改善液滴的雾化质量;雾化角随压差的增大先增大后趋于平缓;当压差增大到0.4 MPa时,雾滴粒径、雾化角等参数的变化渐趋平缓。通过比较气化炉激冷室中4种压力式雾化喷嘴的测量结果,1-2号内混式空气雾化喷嘴在4组喷嘴中具有最好的雾化效果,当气压为0.8 MPa,水流量为20 L/h时,SMD极小值为16,因此优选出喷嘴1-2作为气化炉激冷室冷模实验的定型喷嘴。     

Experimental investigation on atomizing characteristics of coal-water paste for pressurized fluidized bed

According to the properties of coal-water paste (CWP), a series of experimental nozzles were developed for a detailed study of the effect of nozzle design on CWPs behavior in a pressurized fluidized bed. The particle size and its distribution of atomized CWP using several types of nozzles are measured by PIV instrument and newly developed image processing software, and the effect of a number of factors on the atomizing properties are analyzed. The atomizing experimental results show that the atomization quality of CWP was found by correlating with the characteristics of CWP, gas to CWP mass ratio, atomization air motion, coal particle size distribution and the structure of nozzle etc. Mass median diameter (MMD) of atomized particles decreases with the increase of gas to CWP mass ratio. The proper type of nozzle type and proper parameters for engineering application are suggested.     

转炉一次除尘新OG系统高效喷淋塔喷嘴雾化特性的模拟

利用离散相模型对转炉一次除尘新OG系统高效喷淋塔内喷嘴的雾化特性进行模拟,分析了喷射角度、喷射压力、喷射流量及喷嘴水平间距等因素对雾化场索太尔平均直径(SMD)和蒸发效率的影响. 结果表明,在一定范围内随喷射角度增加,液滴在雾化场中的覆盖面增大,液滴驻留时间变长,蒸发效率增加,雾化场SMD减小,喷射角度大于60o时,SMD值减小缓慢. 随喷射压力增大,液滴蒸发效率增加,雾化场SMD减小,压力大于1.0 MPa时对SMD的影响较小. 随喷射流量增加,液滴蒸发效率减小,雾化场SMD增加,流量小于0.15 kg/s时,SMD增加幅度偏小. 两喷嘴水平间距越大,液滴分布面积越大,但对雾化场SMD影响较小. 在一定条件下,喷嘴间距约为800 mm时,截面速度分布较均匀.     

流化床管式分布器内流场模拟和布气性能分析

以催化裂化装置（FCCU）再生器的管式气体分布器为研究对象,对流化床管式气体分布器的布气性能进行了分析。首先,对气体分布器分支管内的流场进行数值模拟,计算结果表明沿分支管内气体流动方向,压力逐渐增大,截面流量逐渐减少,沿程喷嘴流量逐渐增大;同时分支管上游入口还存在着明显的偏流现象,从而导致了上游喷嘴的出口流量小于设计流量,下游喷嘴的出口流量高于设计流量,造成流化床内非均匀布气。然后,依据分支管的变质量流动特点,将一般变质量流动的动量方程用于分析分支管内的流动过程,表明分支管的流动过程属于“动量交换控制模型”,具有始端静压低末端静压高的特点,固有压力分布不均匀的特征。这种不均匀的压力分布导致了喷嘴布气不均匀和磨损等系列问题。最后,结合流化床内的压力特点,综合分析气体分布器的分支管压降和喷嘴压降,明确了喷嘴出口流量与分支管压力分布的关系,喷嘴临界压降与设计压降的关系,结论表明分支管的结构改进可以优化和改善分布器的布气性能。