高分子膜材料的研究概况

介绍高分子膜材料的分类和研究方法,着重从高分子膜的性能、成膜及改性方法、新型膜材料几方面综述高分子膜材料的研究进展情况,同时概要叙述高分子膜材料的应用及今后的发展远景。     

改性聚乙烯醇膜的研究进展

聚乙烯醇（PVA）因其良好的化学稳定性、耐酸碱、耐有机溶剂性以及优异的成膜性和生物安全性,成为应用最广泛的亲水性膜材料之一。但亲水性PVA膜力学性能弱和耐水性能差等缺点严重限制其实际应用。近些年,人们通过共混、纳米复合、热处理、化学交联以及协同改性等方法对PVA膜进行了大量的改性研究工作并取得了众多成果。本文总结了不同PVA膜改性方法的特点及存在的问题,重点阐述了性能优异的填料在纳米复合改进PVA膜力学性能上的研究现状,简述了共混、热处理、化学交联对改性PVA膜的作用,强调了协同改性对提高PVA膜综合性能的重要意义,为设计和制备高性能的PVA膜提供一定的参考。指出改性后的PVA膜在水处理和食品包装领域具有良好的应用前景。     

锂离子电池电极材料SEI膜的研究概况*

综述了锂离子电池电极材料表面的“固体电解质界面膜”（SEI 膜） 的成膜机理及研究概况,并分析了电解液、温度和电流密度对SEI膜形成过程的影响;在此基础上,对SEI膜的改性（主要包括电极材料的改性和添加电解液添加剂）进行了分析,认为SEI膜的研究将对电极材料和电解液添加剂的改进研究产生重要影响。     

聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维膜的制备

本丈研究了聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）中空纤维微滤膜的制备。采用亲水聚合物材料（如PMMA、改性聚醚硅油等）对聚偏氟乙烯材料进行共混改性,显著提高了膜材料的亲水性;同时由于材料性质的改变,导致膜材料在成膜时的凝胶特性和相转化发生变化,所成膜的孔径、通水量、孔隙率、表面性能等也发生改变。通过选择合适的共混体系,可制备出高性能、高孔隙率、表面亲水的聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维膜。     

气/液膜接触分离过程及其膜材料研究

新型气液膜接触器是很多具有共同特点膜过程的总称,它使用高分子膜将两流体分隔开,膜孔为两流体提供有效传质的场所,与传统分离器相比具有许多独特的优点,日益成为分离科学研究的热点。简述膜接触器在不同气/液分离体系中的应用,针对膜吸收、膜蒸馏、膜结构填料等三种典型的气/液界面膜接触分离过程,从结构、膜材料、传质、分离效率等方面详细进行了分析和比较。着重介绍了近年来相关领域膜材料学的研究进展,如高分子膜材料、成膜方法以及膜材料的改性方法(等离子体改性法、紫外辐照法和表面涂覆改性法等)等。     

壳聚糖及其改性膜的研究进展及在水处理领域的应用

壳聚糖及其衍生物具有功能基团丰富、化学活性强、亲水性高、易从可再生资源中获得等优势,是去除水体中杂质的理想材料。由于分子内和分子间的氢键作用、范德华力以及分子的规整性使壳聚糖易成膜,将壳聚糖与膜分离技术结合制备抗污染性能强、选择特异性高、活性吸附位点丰富、稳定性强且具有良好再生能力的壳聚糖膜,并应用在废水处理领域成为国内外学者研究的热点。本文围绕壳聚糖及其改性膜的研究进展及在废水处理上的应用进行综述,分别从壳聚糖作为成膜基质和膜表面修饰材料两个方面进行详细介绍。总结了共混改性、交联改性、印迹改性以及新型的磁性纳米粒子负载改性、表面等离子体改性、MOFs改性等改性方法对壳聚糖膜性能的影响及在水处理中的应用效果,最后对壳聚糖膜在分离领域的发展方向进行了展望。     

高分子有机膜改性技术研究进展

综述了接枝共聚、共混、表面活性剂处理等高分子有机膜改性的主要方法及其研究进展.接技共聚和共混法是常用的有机膜改性方法,改性后的膜具有高通量和良好的抗污染性、稳定性以及对环境的适应性;表面活性剂法具有简单易行的优点,但改性后的膜稳定性差.指出今后的研究应针对源水及废水的不同特点,加强现场应用研究,并应加强成膜动力学和热力学等的机理研究.     

交联聚合物微粒改性乳液聚合物工艺研究

采用乳液聚合法合成了成膜性很好的聚合物乳液和交联聚合物微粒 (CMP)乳液 ,并将二者共混 ,研究了CMP对聚合物乳液的成膜性及膜性能的影响 ,试验表明CMP对合成的乳液聚合物涂膜有增强作用 ,但其改性工艺仍需改进。对CMP的合成稳定性、成膜性和膜强度以及功能单体对CMP的改性性能也进行了讨论     

聚电解质自组装膜及其固定化酶研究

聚电解质层层自组装是利用分子间的静电、氢键、共价键等相互作用将高分子组装成膜的技术,具有膜组分及厚度可控、操作简便、不需要特殊复杂设备等优点,在医学、生物技术、器件制备、表面改性等诸多领域有着广泛应用。简述了层层自组装成膜驱动力、增长模式、影响因素以及自组装膜制备材料、方法等方面进展;总结了聚电解质自组装膜作为载体固定化酶及其用于生物催化转化的研究与应用进展。     

PVDF超滤膜亲水性改性研究进展

随着近些年超滤膜的发展,人们对膜性能的要求越来越高,改善膜性能的研究不断深入。当今在对聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)超滤膜的改性过程中经常使用的方法有膜表面改性方法以及膜材料改性方法。膜表面改性的方法主要有物理改性、表面接枝改性、等离子体改性等;而膜材料改性的方法主要包括有小分子无机粒子共混改性和膜材料本体的化学改性。改性之后的PVDF膜亲水性会增强,水通量升高,膜的抗污染性也有了一定的提升,进而增加了膜的使用寿命。     

可见光响应超亲水TiO2薄膜研究进展

介绍了TiO2薄膜的超亲水机理,论述了实现TiO2薄膜可见光响应超亲水性的改性技术,主要包括构建粗糙结构薄膜、贵金属沉积、离子掺杂、表面光敏化、半导体复合、TiO2/SiO2复合、多种改性方法联合使用等方法。总结了目前超亲水TiO2薄膜主要存在制备工艺复杂、改性条件苛刻、亲水寿命短等问题,并指出采用溶胶-凝胶法,利用多种改性方法的联合使用是解决这些问题的重要研究方向。     

Pt/TiO2介孔膜的制备及其光催化性能研究

以F127为介孔模板剂,钛酸异丙酯为前驱体,溶胶-凝胶法在载玻片上制备了TiO2介孔膜,用光还原法在TiO2膜表面沉积贵金属Pt,用SEM、XRD、XPS等对TiO2膜进行了表征。结果表明：TiO2膜具有介孔结构,为锐钛矿晶型,沉积在TiO2表面的Pt主要以单质形式存在。光催化结果表明介孔TiO2膜具有较高的光催化活性,表面沉积贵金属Pt后,光催化活性大大提高。     

PI复合纳米含钛化合物薄膜的研究现状

聚酰亚胺（PI）存在介电损耗较高、储能密度较低、难加工成型等缺陷,需要引入无机纳米材料以改性优化PI。文章综述掺杂纳米含钛化合物对PI薄膜的影响,通过阐述二氧化钛、钛酸钡和钛酸铜钙等在PI复合薄膜中的作用,分析这些含钛化合物改性PI薄膜面临的问题和改进办法。目前PI薄膜着重合成工艺改进、填料改性等方面。未来可深入研究填料形貌和维度对PI复合薄膜的影响,引入柔性结构降低PI刚性,开发多层PI薄膜。     

Analysis of keratin films as screening tools for predicting the efficacy of potential hair dyes

The technology for generating high quality keratin films has recently advanced and led to their implementation in a variety of applications. As an initial step toward investigating the films as a screening tool for predicting the efficacy of potential hair dyes, CI Acid Orange 7 was applied to a set of opaque and translucent films. Overlaid time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry images arising from protein and dye fragments revealed that dye uniformly penetrated both film types. Results also showed that the relative concentration of dye in each film complemented outcomes from ultraviolet‐visible analysis and revealed that the translucent film contained a higher dye concentration. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of film morphology suggested that the observed difference was due to the higher porosity of the opaque film, which facilitated dye desorption during the rinsing step. Consequently, the translucent film was judged to be a better substrate for screening potential new hair dyes.     

Surface grafting polymerization and modification on poly(tetrafluoroethylene) films by means of ozone treatment

Surface modification on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) films was performed with sequential hydrogen plasma/ozone treatments and surface-initiated polymerization. C-H groups were introduced to the surface of PTFE films through defluorination and hydrogenation reactions under hydrogen plasma treatment. The C-H groups then served as ozone accessible sites to form peroxide groups under ozone treatment. Grafting polymerization initiating from the peroxide groups was performed on the PTFE film surface with using acrylamide, acrylic acid, glycidyl methacrylate and 2-(2-bromoisobutyryloxy)ethyl acrylate (BIEA) as monomers. With utilizing the isobutylbromide groups on the surface of PTFE-g-PBIEA film as initiators, sodium 4-styrenesulfonate (NaSS) was polymerized onto the PTFE film surface via atom transfer radical polymerization, to bring arborescent macromolecular structure to PTFE film surface. The chemical structures of the macromolecules on PTFE film surfaces were characterized with FTIR-ATR, SEM-EDX and XPS. The surface hydrophilicities of modified PTFE films were significantly enhanced with the modification.     

Mild and Effective Polymerization of Dopamine on Keratin Films for Innovative Photoactivable and Biocompatible Coated Materials

Mussel‐inspired polydopamine (PD) coating represents a promising route for constructing functional materials and finely tuning or completely changing their surface properties. In this work, a mild and effective method to realize the deposition of PD on keratin‐based films is reported. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated by keratin films doped with a photosensitizer, e.g., Azure A (AzA), upon UV–vis and vis‐near IR irradiation, are exploited to obtain the PD coating. Interestingly, the use of vis‐near IR irradiation leads to an increased production of ROS by AzA resulting in a greater PD deposition. Compared to uncoated keratin films, the PD‐keratin coated materials show a granular but homogeneous surface and an increased hydrophilicity, maintaining the ROS generation ability of AzA. This work demonstrates a useful method to effectively and rapidly functionalize with PD materials that are sensitive to temperature, pH and UV light, such as keratin. The proposed strategy allows obtaining new multifunctional biomaterials of potential interest in tissue engineering and drug delivery; in particular, the use of PD‐keratin films for near IR laser bonding of ophthalmic tissue, which is a representative case in wound healing purpose, is shown.     

淀粉/聚乙烯醇活性包装薄膜及其在食品包装应用中的研究进展

综述了淀粉/聚乙烯醇（PVA）活性包装薄膜及其在食品包装中的研究进展,主要对从不同比例共混、疏水改性、增强改性等方面对淀粉/PVA薄膜的改性研究,从功能特性和活性物质对薄膜性能的影响2个方面对淀粉/PVA活性薄膜研究和薄膜在食品包装中的应用3个方面进行了归纳总结,旨在为以淀粉/PVA为基材的活性包装薄膜研究提供参考。     

纳米二氧化钛薄膜的制备技术

纳米二氧化钛薄膜是一种功能性薄膜,在环境保护、抗菌自洁、表面防雾等领域有着广阔的应用前景。论述了纳米TiO2薄膜制备技术的最新研究进展。简要陈述了薄膜的改性技术和在实际应用中存在的问题,并展望了今后TiO2薄膜制备技术的发展方向。     

Bioplastic based on 1,8‐octanediol‐plasticized feather keratin: A material for food packaging and biomedical applications

Keratin without plasticizer produces fragile films. 1,8‐Octanediol (OD) was used as a plasticizer to modify keratin films in this study. Two keratins with different structures were extracted from duck feather, including reduced keratin (RK) and native keratin (NK). Formaldehyde was used as the crosslinking agent for RK to prepare crosslinked keratin (CK) films. The addition of OD toughened the CK and RK films. In particular, the plasticized CK films demonstrated good mechanical properties and had satisfactory water resistance. The water vapor permeability varied between 0.106 and 0.808 g/(m s Pa) for CK films without OD and with 0.30 g OD/g keratin, respectively, and the tensile strength decreased from 12.1 to 8.0 MPa and the elongation at break increased from 2.3% to 11.6%. Cell culture experiments suggest that OD‐plasticized NK films are biocompatible. In general, OD‐plasticized keratin films can find applications in food packaging and biomedical materials. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 46516.     

Thermally processed keratin films

Keratin obtained from poultry feathers was modified with glycerol, which acted as a plasticizer. Films were prepared by pressing the modified keratin at temperatures concurrent with typical polymer processing temperatures. The films were completely cohesive as opposed to partially cohesive if pressed under the same conditions without glycerol. The films were “tough” and the mechanical properties show similarities to the properties of commercially available commodity thermoplastics. The keratin films were produced in a few minutes without reducing or oxidizing agents. The keratin films could have potential applications for which environmentally friendly materials are needed, such as food packaging or mulching films. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1644–1651, 2005