Cu-Mo/C催化油酸甲酯选择性加氢脱氧制备生物柴油

使用四水合钼酸铵和三水合硝酸铜制备了Cu-Mo/C,并将其用作油酸甲酯选择性加氢脱氧反应的催化剂。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和电子顺磁共振波谱(EPR)对催化剂进行表征,并探讨了Cu-Mo/C催化油酸甲酯制备生物柴油的较佳工艺和Cu-Mo/C的催化性能。研究结果显示：Cu的加入促进了Mo/C催化剂的形成,催化剂中的Mo₂C组分和MoO₂组分共同作用,MoO₂组分中的氧空位可以优先吸附底物中的■键,随后Mo₂C组分对其进行加氢脱氧,避免了■键发生加氢反应,实现了高催化活性和不饱和烃选择性加氢脱氧的优异性能。在反应温度280℃,氢气压力2.5 MPa,反应时间3 h的条件下油酸甲酯转化率达到98.8%,不饱和烃选择性为40.2%。Cu-Mo₁₀/C催化活性与贵金属Pd和商业催化剂Mo/C相当,但不饱和烃选择性更高,且具有良好的稳定性。     

ZrO2添加对MoO3/Al2O3催化剂耐硫甲烷化性能的影响

采用共沉淀法制备了ZrO₂-Al₂O₃复合载体,并进一步制备了MoO₃/ZrO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂,考察了不同ZrO₂质量分数对催化剂结构及其耐硫甲烷化性能的影响。利用N₂物理吸附、X射线衍射、H₂程序升温还原和透射电子显微镜等手段对催化剂的结构进行了表征。结果表明,MoO₃/ZrO₂-Al₂O₃中ZrO₂的添加可以明显削弱MoO₃与载体间的相互作用,促进Mo物种的还原,适量ZrO₂的存在还有助于提高催化剂的比表面积,改善Mo活性相的分散性,使催化剂表现出优异的耐硫甲烷化活性。     

纳米β-Mo2C催化剂的制备及K改性对合成低碳醇反应性能的影响

以柠檬酸为络合剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法及程序升温碳化法制备了纳米β-Mo2C催化剂,适宜的碳化温度为(650~700) ℃。考察了K含量对K/β-Mo₂C催化剂织构及CO加氢反应性能的影响,结果表明,适量K助剂的加入能提高催化剂的比表面积和合成醇选择性,过量K助剂与Mo6+物种形成了惰性的钼酸盐（K₂MoO₄和/或K₂Mo₂O₇）,该钼酸盐可能覆盖了CO加氢反应的活性中心,降低了β-Mo2C催化剂的CO加氢反应活性;K含量对总醇收率和C₂₊OH选择性的影响呈火山型变化规律,K与Mo物质的量比最佳为0.2~0.4。     

磷添加方式对NiMo/Al2O3催化剂加氢脱硫性能的影响

采用分步浸渍法制备了不同磷添加方式改性的NiMo/Al₂O₃催化剂,在固定床微反装置上考察了该系列催化剂对焦炉煤气中噻吩加氢脱硫（HDS）性能的影响,采用BET、X射线衍射（XRD）、H₂程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）、NH₃程序升温脱附（NH₃-TPD）、C₄H₄S(H₂)程序升温脱附[C₄H₄S(H₂)-TPD]、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、高清透射电镜（HRTEM）和拉曼（Raman）等分析手段对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,不同磷添加方式制备NiMo/Al₂O₃催化剂的HDS性能存在较大差异。其中,催化剂PNi-Mo/Al和PMo-Ni/Al表面弱吸附解离活性位增强,对焦炉煤气中噻吩有较好的低温加氢脱硫活性,以含292.5mg/m³噻吩的模拟焦炉煤气为原料时,PNi-Mo/Al在250℃下对噻吩的脱硫率达61%。对于PNi-Mo/Al和PMo-Ni/Al催化剂,先浸渍P、Ni或者P、Mo时,P优先和载体Al₂O₃作用,减弱了活性金属组分Ni、Mo与载体间的相互作用,而又防止Ni或者Mo与载体间相互作用过低而聚集,提高了Ni、Mo在载体表面的均匀分散,生成能够促进硫化形成Ⅱ型活性相Ni-Mo-S的NiMoO₄物种。NiMoO₄和MoO₃之间的协同作用提高了催化剂的硫化度,使HDS活性得以提高。     

NiO/MgO整体式催化剂上甲烷部分氧化制备合成气

甲烷部分氧化制备合成气反应过程具有反应速率快、能耗低和H₂与CO物质的量比适用于合成甲醇及F-T合成等优点,是一种有希望替代传统水蒸汽重整的方法。研究在NiO/MgO蜂窝陶瓷整体式催化剂上的甲烷部分氧化过程,主要考察涂层载体、活性组分Ni含量、涂层载体前驱体、焙烧温度和还原温度对催化剂反应性能的影响。采用XRD、H₂-TPR和N2吸附等表征前驱体及其负载活性组分NiO后的晶相、还原特性和吸附性能。结果表明,采用浸渍法制备催化剂时,Mg(NO₃)₂为涂层载体MgO前驱体,在NiO负载质量分数20%、焙烧温度（500~600） ℃和还原温度750 ℃条件下制备的催化剂NiO/MgO-N性能较好,活性较稳定;以NiO/MgO-N为催化剂,在反应温度800 ℃、n(O₂)∶n(CH₄)＝0.5和空速9 723 h^-1条件下,CH₄转化率94.4%,H₂选择性99.9%,CO选择性92.9%。     

不同载体负载的Mo基甲烷化催化剂

研究γ-Al₂O₃、CeO₂和ZrO₂负载的Mo基催化剂性质及其甲烷化性能。采用N2物理吸附、H₂程序升温还原、X射线衍射和透射电镜对催化剂进行表征,使用固定床,在550 ℃、3 MPa、5 000 h^-1、V(H₂)∶V（CO）=1.0且含有H2S的合成气中对催化剂甲烷化性能进行测试。结果表明,3种载体中,Mo在ZrO₂载体上分散度最高,甲烷化反应中Mo/ZrO₂催化剂活性最高; CeO₂负载的Mo相抗烧结能力最强,甲烷化反应中Mo/CeO₂催化剂稳定性最好。     

MoO2/g-C3N4催化剂的制备及其氧化脱除模拟油中的硫化物

采用高温煅烧MoO₂和g-C₃N₄混合物制备了不同MoO₂含量的MoO₂/g-C₃N₄催化剂。采用X射线粉末衍射（XRD）、傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）、扫描电镜（SEM）和N₂吸附脱附对催化剂的结构和性能进行了表征。以MoO₂/g-C₃N₄作为催化剂,H₂O₂为氧化剂,离子液体为萃取剂研究了反应体系的氧化脱硫性能。这项研究中考察了不同煅烧温度下制得的催化剂、负载量、氧化剂使用量、催化剂加入量、反应温度、萃取剂使用量、反应时间、硫化物类型等不同反应参数对脱硫率的影响。结果表明,在H₂O₂的使用量为0.2mL,MoO₂/g-C₃N₄加入量为0.03g,1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑硫酸乙酯离子液体1.0mL,反应温度为70℃,反应时间60min的最佳工艺条件下,24%-MoO₂/g-C₃N₄催化剂脱硫率可以达到94.8%,催化剂循环使用5次后活性没有明显下降。此外,研究了MoO₂/g-C₃N₄在离子液体中的催化氧化反应机理。     

H2气氛中TiOx的形成及其对Ni/TiO2催化剂顺酐液相加氢性能的影响

采用等体积浸渍法制备了Ni/TiO₂催化剂,利用N₂物理吸附、H₂-TPR、XRD、H₂-TPD及CO-TPSR等表征手段研究H₂气氛中随着热处理温度升高,Ni/TiO₂催化剂结构和织构变化规律,并考察催化剂的顺酐液相加氢性能。研究表明,随着热处理温度的升高,催化剂C-C键加氢活性逐渐增高,而CO加氢活性先增高后降低。产生这一现象的原因与TiO_x物种随H₂气氛中热处理温度的升高而逐渐增多有关。     

煅烧温度对Mo-Mn/TiO2催化剂脱硝脱汞活性的影响

研究了浸渍法制备Mo-Mn/TiO₂（MMT）催化剂过程中煅烧温度（300℃、450℃、600℃、750℃）对Mo-Mn/TiO₂（MMT）催化剂协同脱硝脱汞活性的影响。结果表明,较低的煅烧温度更有利于MMT催化剂的协同脱硝脱汞性能,同时可有效降低SO₂对催化剂活性的抑制作用,最佳煅烧温度为300℃。利用BET、XRD、H₂-TPR、FTIR和XPS等表征手段对催化剂的理化性质进行了表征,结果表明较低的煅烧温度有利于提高催化剂中活性成分所占的比例,增加金属氧化物在TiO₂载体表面的分散度,提高催化剂的低温还原性能。随着煅烧温度的升高,催化剂的比表面积和孔容均逐渐减小,平均孔径先增大后减小,且在高温下发生烧结;MnO₂逐渐向Mn₂O₃转变,锐钛矿型TiO₂逐渐向金红石型转变,同时MoO₃由非晶态逐渐向晶态的转化,致使催化剂的协同脱硝脱汞活性下降。     

Mo对平板式V-Mo/Ti脱硝催化剂活性及SO2氧化性能的影响

在工业脱硝催化剂生产线上制备不同MoO₃含量的V-Mo/Ti脱硝催化剂，通过XRF、XRD、N₂吸附-脱附、Raman、H₂-TPR、NH₃-TPD、SO₂-TPD、TG和耐磨强度对催化剂物化性质进行分析。在固定床反应器中考察催化剂的脱硝活性，并研究MoO₃含量对催化剂SO₂氧化性能的影响。结果表明，提高催化剂中MoO₃含量，对催化剂的晶型、孔结构影响较小，对催化剂单板的机械性能有一定的负面影响。相比V-Mo(3)/Ti催化剂，V-Mo(5)/Ti催化剂的酸性变化不大，还原性能提升，具有更好的脱硝活性。当MoO₃含量达到质量分数6.98%时，催化剂的总酸量明显降低，导致脱硝活性下降。提高催化剂中MoO₃含量造成脱硝反应过程中副产物N₂O生成量的增加，但较高的MoO₃含量可以有效减少催化剂对SO₂的吸附，减...     

Hydrodesulfurization over supported monometallic, bimetallic and promoted carbide and nitride catalysts

The preparation of alumina-supported β-Mo₂C, MoC_1−x (x≈0.5), γ-Mo₂N, Co–Mo₂C, Ni₂Mo₃N, Co₃Mo₃N and Co₃Mo₃C catalysts is described and their hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalytic properties are compared to conventional sulfide catalysts having similar metal loadings. Alumina-supported β-Mo₂C and γ-Mo₂N catalysts (Mo₂C/Al₂O₃ and Mo₂N/Al₂O₃, respectively) are significantly more active than sulfided MoO₃/Al₂O₃ catalysts, and X-ray diffraction, pulsed chemisorption and flow reactor studies of the Mo₂C/Al₂O₃ catalysts indicate that they exhibit strong resistance to deep sulfidation. A model is presented for the active surface of Mo₂C/Al₂O₃ and Mo₂N/Al₂O₃ catalysts in which a thin layer of sulfided Mo exposing a high density of sites forms at the surface of the alumina-supported β-Mo₂C and γ-Mo₂N particles under HDS conditions. Cobalt promoted catalysts, Co–Mo₂C/Al₂O₃, have been found to be substantially more active than conventional sulfided Co–MoO₃/Al₂O₃ catalysts, while requiring less Co to achieve optimal HDS activity than is observed for the sulfide catalysts. Alumina-supported bimetallic nitride and carbide catalysts (Ni₂Mo₃N/Al₂O₃, Co₃Mo₃N/Al₂O₃, Co₃Mo₃C/Al₂O₃), while significantly more active for thiophene HDS than unpromoted Mo nitride and carbide catalysts, are less active than conventional sulfided Ni–Mo and Co–Mo catalysts prepared from the same oxidic precursors.     

Use of unsupported and silica supported molybdenum carbide to treat chloroarene gas streams

The gas phase catalytic hydrodechlorination (HDC) of mono- and di-chlorobenzenes (423 K ≤ T ≤ 593 K) over unsupported and silica supported Mo carbide (Mo₂C) is presented as a viable means of detoxifying Cl-containing gas streams for the recovery/reuse of valuable chemical feedstock. The action of Mo₂C/SiO₂ is compared with MoO₃/SiO₂ and Ni/SiO₂ (an established HDC catalyst). The pre- and post-HDC catalyst samples have been characterized in terms of BET area, TG-MS, TPR, TEM, SEM, H₂ chemisorption/TPD and XRD analysis. Molybdenum carbide was prepared via a two step temperature programmed synthesis where MoO₃ was first subjected to a nitridation in NH₃ followed by carbidization in a CH₄/H₂ mixture to yield a face-centred cubic (-Mo₂C) structure characterized by a platelet morphology. Pseudo-first order kinetic analysis was used to obtain chlorobenzene HDC rate constants and the associated temperature dependences yielded apparent activation energies that decreased in the order MoO₃/SiO₂ (80 ± 5 kJ mol⁻¹) ≈ MoO₃ (78 ± 8 kJ mol⁻¹) > Ni/SiO₂ (62 ± 3 kJ mol⁻¹) ≈ -Mo₂C (56 ± 6 kJ mol⁻¹) ≈ -Mo₂C/SiO₂ (53 ± 3 kJ mol⁻¹). HDC activity was lower for the dechlorination of the dichlorobenzene reactants where steric hindrance influenced chloro-isomer reactivity. Supporting -Mo₂C on silica served to elevate HDC performance, but under identical reaction conditions, Ni/SiO₂ consistently delivered a higher initial HDC activity. Nevertheless, the decline in HDC performance with time-on-stream for Ni/SiO₂ was such that activity converged with that of -Mo₂C/SiO₂ after three reaction cycles. A temporal loss of HDC activity (less extreme for the carbides) was observed for each catalyst that was studied and is linked to a disruption to supply of surface active hydrogen as a result of prolonged Cl/catalyst interaction.     

TPD and XRD studies of molybdenum nitride and its activity for hydrodenitrogenation of carbazole

The nitrided MoO₃ catalysts formed using two kinds of treatment with either NH₃ or He after nitriding were studied by temperature-programmed desorption and X-ray diffraction analyses. The catalysts were cooled to room temperature in either flowing NH₃ or He (NH or HE catalyst) after nitriding at 773, 973 and 1173 K with NH₃. The activities of the catalysts were determined during the hydrodenitrogenation of carbazole at 573 K and 10.1 MPa total pressure. MoO₂, γ-Mo₂N, and Mo metal were mainly formed in the NH catalysts nitrided at 773, 973 and 1173 K, respectively. Mo oxides and metals in the NH catalysts were nitrided to γ-Mo₂N and β-Mo₂N_0.78 with low crystallinity during TPD. The surface area of the NH and HE catalysts nitrided at 773 K increased to 66 and 59 m² g⁻¹ maximum from 1.1 m² g⁻¹ of fresh MoO₃, respectively, but decreased as the nitriding temperature increased to 973 K and 1173 K. The HE catalysts per surface area were more active than the NH catalysts for both the overall HDN reaction and hydrogenation, and the 1173 K-nitrided catalysts were highest. On the other hand, the NH catalysts were more active than the HE catalysts for C–N hydrogenolysis and the 973 K-nitrided catalyst showed a maximum activity for C–N hydrogenolysis.     

The highly selective catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to CO over transition metal nitrides

Three transition metal-like facet centered cubic structured transition metal nitrides, γ-Mo₂N, β-W₂N and δ-NbN, are synthesized and applied in the reaction of CO₂ hydrogenation to CO. Among the three nitride catalysts, the γ-Mo₂N exhibits superior activity to target product CO, which is 4.6 and 76 times higher than the other two counterparts of β-W₂N and δ-NbN at 600 ℃, respectively. Additionally, γ-Mo₂N exhibits excellent stability on both cyclic heating–cooling and high space velocity steady state operation. The deactivation degree of cyclic heating–cooling evaluation after 5 cycles and long-term stability performance at 773 and 873 K in 50 h are all less than 10%. In-situ XRD and kinetic studies suggest that the γ-Mo₂N itself is able to activate both of the reactants CO₂ and H₂. Below 400 ℃, the reaction mainly occurs at the surface of γ-Mo₂N catalyst. CO₂ and H₂ competitively adsorbe on the surface of catalyst and CO₂ is the relatively stronger surface adsorbate. At a higher temperature, the interstitial vacancies of the γ-Mo₂N can be reversibly filled with the oxygen from CO₂ dissociation. Both of the surface and bulk phase sites of γ-Mo₂N participate in the high temperature CO₂ hydrogenation pathway.     

Comparison between tungsten carbide and molybdenum carbide for the hydrodenitrogenation of carbazole

The activity of molybdenum and tungsten carbides in hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) of carbazole was studied. Transition metal carbides (Mo₂C and W₂C) were synthesized using the temperature-programmed reaction of the appropriate oxide precursor (MoO₃ and WO₃) with the following gas mixture: 10 vol.% CH₄/H₂. The structure of the catalysts was characterized using X-ray diffraction, CO chemisorption, high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and BET surface area measurements. From the HRTEM analysis, it could be concluded that the tungsten carbide was thioresistant in our operating conditions (50 ppm of S, pressure = 6 MPa, 553 < T < 653 K, H₂/feed volumic ratio = 600). In the case of Mo₂C, molybdenum sulphide was observed as single slabs. The activity of catalysts was determined during the hydrodenitrogenation of carbazole at the wide range of temperature (553–653 K) and under a 6 MPa total pressure of H₂. The comparison of tungsten carbide and molybdenum carbide has shown higher activity of Mo₂C than W₂C at the same condition. However, W₂C leads to higher amount of isomers of main products, and have higher hydrogenation activity.     

MoO3/ZrO2催化剂的丙烷氧化脱氢制丙烯催化性能

以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为表面活性剂,采用溶剂热法制备系列MoO_3/ZrO_2催化剂,采用H2-TPR、N_2吸附-脱附、X射线衍射等对其进行表征,并评价MoO_3/ZrO_2催化剂的丙烷氧化脱氢制丙烯催化性能。结果表明,MoO_3负载于ZrO_2载体上制备的催化剂催化活性增加,MoO_3负载质量分数为20%的MoO_3/ZrO_2催化剂,在反应温度为600℃时,丙烷转化率27.45%,丙烯选择性44.78%,丙稀收率12.29%。     

MgO-supported Mo, CoMo and NiMo sulfide hydrotreating catalysts

The most common preparation of high surface area MgO (100–500 m² g⁻¹) is calcination of Mg(OH)₂ obtained either by precipitation or MgO hydration or sol–gel method. Preparation of MoO₃/MgO catalyst is complicated by the high reactivity of MgO to H₂O and MoO₃. During conventional aqueous impregnation, MgO is transformed to Mg(OH)₂, and well soluble MgMoO₄ is easily formed. Alternative methods, that do not impair the starting MgO so strongly, are non-aqueous slurry impregnation and thermal spreading of MoO₃. Mo species of MoO₃/MgO catalyst are dissolved as MgMoO₄ during deposition of Co(Ni) by conventional aqueous impregnation. This can be avoided by using non-aqueous impregnation. Co(Ni)Mo/MgO catalysts must be calcined only at low temperature because Co(Ni)O and MgO easily form a solid solution. Literature data on hydrodesulfurization (HDS) activity of MgO-supported catalysts are often contradictory and do not reproduced well. However, some results suggest that very highly active HDS sites can be obtained using this support. Co(Ni)Mo/MgO catalysts prepared by non-aqueous impregnation and calcined at low temperature exhibited strong synergism in HDS activity. Co(Ni)Mo/MgO catalysts are much less deactivated by coking than their Al₂O₃-supported counterparts. Hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) activity of Mo/MgO catalyst is similar to the activity of Mo/Al₂O₃. However, the promotion effect of Co(Ni) in HDN on Co(Ni)Mo/MgO is lower than that on Co(Ni)Mo/Al₂O₃.     

纳/微复合结构TiO2负载催化剂的加氢脱硫性能

以传统固相烧结法制备的不稳定的层状K₂Ti₂O₅为前驱体, 直接将钛酸钾晶须进行离子交换得到具有纳微复合结构的TiO₂载体, 等体积浸渍法制备出MoO₃/TiO₂催化剂, 运用SEM、XRD、BET、TEM等技术手段对载体和催化剂进行表征, 并考察了该TiO₂复合结构负载催化剂的加氢脱硫催化活性。SEM和XRD分析显示:该纳微米复合结构是由纳米颗粒与微米晶须构成的特殊结构, 拥有不同形貌和尺寸的TiO₂却具有相同的锐钛矿相。与单独TiO₂纳米粒子和TiO₂晶须相比, TiO₂复合结构负载催化剂表现出更佳的脱硫催化能力, 在温度310℃、压力2.1 MPa、体积空速6 h^-1、氢/油体积比600条件下, 催化剂表现出优异的DBT脱硫性能。     

MoO_3-CeO-Co_3O_4催化剂CO催化氧化及耐硫性能

采用共沉淀法和浸渍法联用制备不同Mo质量分数的x MoO_3-6CeO-Co_3O_4催化剂,测试催化剂催化氧化CO效率及其耐硫性能,并对催化剂进行BET、SEM、FT-IR和H2-TPR等表征。结果表明,MoO_3的添加可以提高催化剂低温活性,5.61MoO_3-6CeO-Co_3O_4催化剂低温活性最佳,40℃时CO去除率达98%,耐硫性能达90 min。