B2O3负载量对MoO3/CeO2-Al2O3耐硫甲烷化性能的影响

考察B₂O₃负载量对于MoO₃/CeO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂对耐硫甲烷化活性的影响,利用BET、XRD、TEM、NH₃-TPD等手段对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,催化剂的耐硫甲烷化活性随B₂O₃负载量增加呈现先升高后降低的变化规律;当B₂O₃负载量为0.5%时,催化剂的耐硫甲烷化活性最高,CO转化率达到55%。结合表征分析,发现添加B₂O₃会影响催化剂载体的结构和表面酸度,从而影响活性组分的分散程度,进而影响MoO₃/CeO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂的耐硫甲烷化性能。催化剂的晶化程度太高或单位面积上的强酸量太多均不利于甲烷化反应;较好的活性组分分散度有利于催化剂甲烷化活性的提高。     

ZrO2-Al2O3复合载体负载Ni基催化剂COx甲烷化性能

采用浸渍和粉末压片的方法制备了两种ZrO₂-Al₂O₃复合载体并用于负载Ni基催化剂，并利用氮气等温物理吸附、X射线粉末衍射（XRD）、H₂程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）等分析手段对催化剂物化性质进行表征，考察了ZrO₂-Al₂O₃复合载体制备方法及ZrO₂的引入对Ni基催化剂在CO、CO₂和CO-CO₂共存的3种体系下甲烷化反应活性的影响。材料表征和活性测试结果表明，在CO甲烷化体系中，与单一Al₂O₃载体相比，引入ZrO₂的复合载体能有效提高催化剂中Ni物种的分散度从而增强CO甲烷化过程中催化剂活性，且粉末压片法较浸渍法制备的复合载体能有效提高催化剂的还原度，降低还原温度，但前者会大大降低催化剂的比表面积；在CO₂甲烷化体系中，当载体形貌和制备方法相同时，载体的变化对催化剂活性的影响较小，CO₂转化率主要受到制备方法不同引起的物理性质如比表面积变化的影响；在CO-CO₂共存体系中，由于CO在竞争吸附中比CO₂更容易占据活性位点，所以呈现出优先进行CO甲烷化再进行CO₂甲烷化、CO₂的含量先增多后减少的规律。     

耐硫甲烷化反应的研究进展

耐硫甲烷化工艺对含硫气氛和低H₂/CO比均有良好的适应性,是甲烷化技术发展的重要方向。其中Mo基催化剂是研究最为广泛的耐硫甲烷化催化剂。重点介绍了Al₂O₃、ZrO₂、CeO₂和CeO₂-Al₂O₃载体以及CoO、NiO助剂对Mo基催化剂耐硫甲烷化性能的影响;分析了催化剂的硫化机理以及CoO、NiO助剂和CeO₂载体在硫化过程中的作用,指出硫化温度是影响催化剂的物种分布和催化性能的重要因素;阐述了耐硫甲烷化反应的机理;对甲烷化催化剂的研究方向进行展望。     

制备方法对钼基耐硫甲烷化催化剂性能的影响

合成气甲烷化是煤制天然气工艺的主要过程之一。与传统的镍基催化剂相比,钼基催化剂用于耐硫甲烷化可以省去精脱硫过程和水汽变换过程,具有一定的技术和成本优势。但是钼基催化剂活性相对较低,尤其是低温活性和高温稳定性有待提高。对比研究不同方法制备的MoO₃/ZrO₂催化剂在固定床反应器上的耐硫甲烷化性能,发现采用溶液燃烧法制备的催化剂在相同条件下具有较高的耐硫甲烷化活性,当空速为5000 h^-1、反应压力为3MPa、反应温度为300℃和400℃时其CO转化率可分别达到26%和79%。催化剂的N₂物理吸附、透射电镜、X射线衍射和Raman光谱等表征结果表明,溶液燃烧法制备的催化剂具有较小的ZrO₂晶粒尺寸和较大的比表面积,活性组分Mo物种在ZrO₂载体上的分散性更好。而采用共沉淀法和浸渍法制得的MoO₃/ZrO₂催化剂存在不同程度的Mo物种团聚现象,导致其耐硫甲烷化活性较低。     

不同载体负载的Mo基甲烷化催化剂

研究γ-Al₂O₃、CeO₂和ZrO₂负载的Mo基催化剂性质及其甲烷化性能。采用N2物理吸附、H₂程序升温还原、X射线衍射和透射电镜对催化剂进行表征,使用固定床,在550 ℃、3 MPa、5 000 h^-1、V(H₂)∶V（CO）=1.0且含有H2S的合成气中对催化剂甲烷化性能进行测试。结果表明,3种载体中,Mo在ZrO₂载体上分散度最高,甲烷化反应中Mo/ZrO₂催化剂活性最高; CeO₂负载的Mo相抗烧结能力最强,甲烷化反应中Mo/CeO₂催化剂稳定性最好。     

V2O5-MoO3/TiO2 催化剂的NOx选择性催化还原及SO2氧化活性

采用浸渍法以TiO₂为载体制备V₂O₅-MoO₃/TiO₂ 选择性催化还原催化剂,研究V₂O₅和MoO₃负载量对于催化剂选择性催化还原反应及SO₂氧化活性的影响,并考察氧含量、氨氮物质的量比和反应空速对3%V₂O₅-6%MoO₃/TiO₂催化剂选择性催化还原脱硝活性的影响。结果表明,随着催化剂中V₂O₅负载质量分数增加,V₂O₅-MoO₃/TiO₂ 催化剂的选择性催化还原活性和SO₂氧化活性均呈上升趋势。MoO₃的负载对催化剂的SO₂氧化活性有明显抑制作用。MoO₃负载质量分数超过9%,制备的催化剂既保持较高的低温选择性催化还原活性,又使选择性催化还原反应中的SO₂转化率小于1%。     

一维TiO2-Al2O3载体的制备及其在加氢脱氮中的应用

为提高现有负载型NiMoS催化剂的加氢活性,以碳纳米管为结构导向剂,分别采用浸渍法和溶胶-凝胶法制备了2种一维TiO₂-Al₂O₃载体,并采用共浸渍法制备了相应的负载型NiMoS催化剂,探究了不同结构的载体对NiMoS/TiO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂加氢脱氮性能的影响。结果表明,当选择以溶胶-凝胶法制备的一维TiO₂-Al₂O₃为载体时,NiMoS/TiO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂上的加氢脱氮活性较高,在350℃、氢压为3 MPa、转速为400 r/min的条件下反应4 h,喹啉的转化率达到99%以上,脱氮率达到40.75%。     

ZrO2-Al2O3复合氧化物催化反应精馏合成碳酸二甲酯

采用共沉淀法制备了一系列不同Al₂O₃含量的ZrO₂-Al₂O₃复合氧化物,并在催化精馏实验装置中考察了该催化剂在碳酸丙烯酯（PC）与甲醇酯交换制备碳酸二甲酯（DMC）过程中的催化性能。通过X射线衍射（XRD）、红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、CO₂程序升温脱附（CO₂-TPD）和NH₃程序升温脱附（NH₃-TPD）等手段对所制备的催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,催化剂表面存在的酸碱性位点是制约PC与甲醇酯交换性能的重要因素。复合氧化物中Al₂O₃含量可以有效调控催化剂的结构特征和表面的酸碱性质,不同于ZrO₂或Al₂O₃单金属催化剂,复合氧化物ZrO₂-Al₂O₃在合成过程中形成了稳定的固溶体结构,导致催化剂表面弱酸量增加,并产生了强碱位点。数据分析表明,催化剂表面的强碱和弱酸含量高时,其催化活性高,说明该反应具有酸碱协同催化作用。当Zr/Al比为1时,弱酸和强碱量均达到最大值,PC的转化率和DMC选择性可达到98.14%和99.96%。催化剂在经过12次循环使用后依旧保持较高的活性,具有良好的结构稳定性。     

低温耐硫甲烷化催化剂硫化过程

采用燃烧法制备MoO₃/ZrO₂催化剂,该催化剂由于具有比表面积大、粒径小的优点,表现出很高的低温耐硫甲烷化活性。通过考察硫化工艺条件的影响发现,硫化过程中硫化时间、硫化压力、硫化氢浓度的影响不大,而硫化温度的影响较明显,300℃下恒温硫化效果最佳,表征结果表明,300℃下恒温硫化可以使催化剂完全硫化,得到较多的MoS₂晶格条纹,有利于提高催化剂的甲烷化活性。恒温硫化时,硫化温度低于300℃时,催化剂硫化不完全,形成的MoS₂晶格条纹较少;硫化温度过高会导致催化剂过度硫化并发生团聚,从而导致催化剂的耐硫甲烷化活性降低。分步硫化时目标温度为400℃时效果最佳,且与300℃恒温硫化的效果接近,对于MoO₃/ZrO₂催化剂,可选择300℃恒温硫化,适宜的硫化条件为：硫化压力0.1 MPa,硫化温度300℃,硫化氢浓度3% H₂S/H₂,硫化时间4 h。     

焙烧及还原条件对Ni2P/TiO2-Al2O3催化剂加氢脱硫性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了TiO₂-Al₂O₃复合载体, 以柠檬酸(CA)为络合剂采用浸渍法制备了Ni₂P负载的TiO₂-Al₂O₃复合载体催化剂, 并用 X 射线衍射(XRD)、N₂吸附比表面积(BET)测定技术对催化剂的结构和性质进行了表征, 考察了载体焙烧温度、催化剂焙烧温度、还原温度、还原压力对其进行的二苯并噻吩(DBT)加氢脱硫(HDS)性能的影响。结果表明, 升高载体焙烧温度有利于催化剂表面上活性物种的分散, 但焙烧温度过高会导致催化剂烧结, 适宜的载体焙烧温度为550℃。当还原温度为500～550℃时, 磷化镍主要以Ni₁₂P₅相形式存在, 且随着还原温度的升高, Ni₁₂P₅的衍射峰强度逐渐增强, 还原温度为700℃时, 可得到单一的Ni₂P物相。载体焙烧温度为550℃, 催化剂焙烧温度为500℃, 还原温度为700℃, 常压还原制备的Ni₂P/TiO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂具有最好的活性。在360℃、3.0MPa、氢油体积比500、液时体积空速2.0h^-1的条件下, 反应4h时, DBT转化率为99.5 %。     

Support effects on structure and activity of molybdenum oxide catalysts for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane

The structural and catalytic properties of MoO₃ catalysts supported on ZrO₂, Al₂O₃, TiO₂ and SiO₂ with Mo surface densities, n_s, in the range of 0.5–18.5 Mo/nm² were studied for the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of ethane by in situ Raman spectroscopy and catalytic activity measurements at temperatures of 400–540 °C. The molecular structure of the dispersed surface species evolves from isolated monomolybdates (MoO₄ and MoO₅, depending on the support) at low loadings to associated MoO_x units in polymolybdate chains at high loadings and ultimately to bulk crystalline phases for loadings exceeding the monolayer coverage of the supports used. The nature of the oxide support material and of the Mo–O–support bond has a significant influence on the catalytic behaviour of the molybdena catalysts with monolayer coverage. The dependence of reactivity on the support follows the order ZrO₂ > Al₂O₃ > TiO₂ > SiO₂. The oxygen site involved in the anchoring Mo–O–support is of relevance for the catalytic activity.     

TiO2-coated on Al2O3 support prepared by the CVD method for HDS catalysts

Mo---Co or Mo---Ni catalysts supported on alumina (Al₂O₃) have been widely used for hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of heavy petroleum fractions. In order to enhance the catalytic activities for HDS, a composite type support (TiO₂-Al₂O₃) prepared by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method has been studied. We found that Mo catalyst supported on TiO₂-Al₂O₃ showed much higher catalytic activity for HDS of dibenzothiophene derivatives than the catalysts supported on Al₂O₃.     

Deep HDS over NiMo/Zr-SBA-15 catalysts with varying MoO3 loading

In the present work, with the aim of searching for new, highly effective catalysts for deep HDS, a series of NiMo catalysts with different MoO₃ loadings (6–30 wt.%) was prepared using SBA-15 material covered with ZrO₂-monolayer as a support. Prepared catalysts were characterized by N₂ physisorption, small- and wide-angle XRD, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, temperature-programmed reduction, SEM-EDX and HRTEM, and their catalytic activity was evaluated in the 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene hydrodesulfurization (HDS). It was observed that ZrO₂ incorporation on the SBA-15 surface improves the dispersion of the Ni-promoted oxidic and sulfided Mo species, which were found to be highly dispersed, up to 18 wt.% of MoO₃ loading. Further increase in metal charge resulted in the formation of MoO₃ crystalline phase and an increase in the stacking degree of the MoS₂ particles. All NiMo catalysts supported on ZrO₂-modified SBA-15 material showed high activity in HDS of 4,6-DMDBT. The best catalyst having 18 wt.% MoO₃ and 4.5 wt.% NiO was almost twice more active than the reference NiMo/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst. High activity of NiMo/Zr-SBA-15 catalysts and its evolution with metal loading was related to the morphological characteristics of the MoS₂ active phase determined by HRTEM.     

A study on the preparation of supported metal oxide catalysts using JRC-reference catalysts. I. Preparation of a molybdena–alumina catalyst. Part 1. Surface area of alumina

This is the first report of a group study on the preparation of a MoO₃/Al₂O₃ catalyst to find predominant preparation parameters for better and reproducible catalyst preparations. Variously prepared MoO₃/Al₂O₃ catalysts possessing 13 wt% MoO₃ were subjected to multiprong characterizations and catalytic tests. It was found that the surface area of the support was the most predominant preparation parameter for the dispersion of Mo oxide species; the dispersion increased as the surface area of the support increased. The formation of crystalline MoO₃ was observed at a surface Mo concentration higher than 3.2 Mo nm⁻². With sulfided MoO₃/Al₂O₃, it was established that the dispersion of Mo sulfide species increased with increasing surface area of the support and was in proportion to that of Mo oxide precursor species. The hydrodesulfurization activity of sulfided MoO₃/Al₂O₃ was proportional to the NO adsorption capacity. It is suggested that a homogeneous distribution of Mo oxide species is attained by an equilibrium adsorption technique. However, it was revealed that the surface area of the catalyst and Mo distribution were considerably modified by preparation parameters, such as drying processes, other than the surface area.     

Enhancing the activity of MoS2/SiO2-Al2O3 bifunctional catalysts for suspended-bed hydrocracking of heavy oils by doping with Zr atoms

Developing catalysts with not only hydrogenation activity but also cracking activity is very important for the advancement of suspended-bed hydrocracking technology. Within this respect, MoS₂/SiO₂-Al₂O₃ bifunctional catalyst is a kind of typical catalysts with both hydrogenation and cracking activity. Herein, a series of Zr-doped SiO₂-Al₂O₃ mixed oxides were synthesized by a sol-gel coupled with hydrothermal method. The synthesized mixed oxides were characterized for chemical structures and acidic properties. It is found that doping SiO₂-Al₂O₃ with Zr atoms significantly increases the numbers of acidic sites. The Zr-doped SiO₂-Al₂O₃mixed oxides were then combined with dispersed MoS₂, which was in-situ produced from oil-soluble Mo precursors, to fabricate a novel kind of bifunctional catalysts for suspended-bed hydrocracking of heavy oils. Owing to the significantly increased numbers of acidic sites in Zr-doped SiO₂-Al₂O₃ mixed oxides, corresponding bifunctional catalysts demonstrate much enhanced activity for suspended-bed hydrocracking of heavy oils in relative to MoS₂/SiO₂-Al₂O₃ bifunctional catalysts.     

CO_2 methanation over TiO_2–Al_2O_3 binary oxides supported Ru catalysts

TiO_2 modified Al_2O_3 binary oxide was prepared by a wet-impregnation method and used as the support for ruthenium catalyst. The catalytic performance of Ru/TiO_2–Al_2O_3catalyst in CO_2 methanation reaction was investigated. Compared with Ru/Al_2O_3 catalyst, the Ru/TiO_2–Al_2O_3catalytic system exhibited a much higher activity in CO_2 methanation reaction. The reaction rate over Ru/TiO_2–Al_2O_3 was 0.59 mol CO_2·(g Ru)1·h-1, 3.1 times higher than that on Ru/Al_2O_3[0.19 mol CO_2·(gRu)-1·h-1]. The effect of TiO_2 content and TiO_2–Al_2O_3calcination temperature on catalytic performance was addressed. The corresponding structures of each catalyst were characterized by means of H_2-TPR, XRD, and TEM. Results indicated that the averaged particle size of the Ru on TiO_2–Al_2O_3support is 2.8 nm, smaller than that on Al_2O_3 support of 4.3 nm. Therefore, we conclude that the improved activity over Ru/TiO_2–Al_2O_3catalyst is originated from the smaller particle size of ruthenium resulting from a strong interaction between Ru and the rutile-TiO_2 support, which hindered the aggregation of Ru nanoparticles.     

Ethylene dimerization over NiSO4 supported on Fe2O3-promoted ZrO2 catalyst

The NiSO₄ supported on Fe₂O₃-promoted ZrO₂ catalysts were prepared by the impregnation method. Fe₂O₃-promoted ZrO₂ was prepared by the coprecipitation method using a mixed aqueous solution of zirconium oxychloride and iron nitrate solution followed by adding an aqueous ammonia solution. No diffraction line of nickel sulfate was observed up to 20 wt.%, indicating good dispersion of nickel sulfate on the surface of Fe₂O₃–ZrO₂. The addition of nickel sulfate (or Fe₂O₃) to ZrO₂ shifted the phase transition of ZrO₂ (from amorphous to tetragonal) to higher temperatures because of the interaction between nickel sulfate (or Fe₂O₃) and ZrO₂. 15-NiSO₄/5-Fe₂O₃–ZrO₂ containing 15 wt.% NiSO₄ and 5 mol% Fe₂O₃, and calcined at 500 °C exhibited a maximum catalytic activity for ethylene dimerization. NiSO₄/Fe₂O₃–ZrO₂ catalysts was very effective for ethylene dimerization even at room temperature, but Fe₂O₃–ZrO₂ without NiSO₄ did not exhibit any catalytic activity at all. The catalytic activities were correlated with the acidity of catalysts measured by the ammonia chemisorption method. The addition of Fe₂O₃ up to 5 mol% enhanced the acidity, surface area, thermal property, and catalytic activities of catalysts gradually, due to the interaction between Fe₂O₃ and ZrO₂ and due to consequent formation of Fe–O–Zr bond.