国外生物质快速热解反应器现状

介绍了国外快速热解反应器如流化床、引流床、烧蚀反应器、旋转锥和真空移动床等的现状。评述了生物质快速热解的商业化状况。     

生物质快速热解技术现状

生物质能源是可再生能源的重要组成部分,有丰富的资源和低污染的特点,它的开发与利用已成为21世纪研究的重要课题。本文概述了生物质转化利用的方法,并重点阐述了生物质热化学转化法中的快速热解技术,同时综述了国内外快速热解反应器的现状,以及其产物———生物油的收集与特征分析,并提出了我国在快速热解研究方面应采取的有关措施。     

生物质热解技术研究进展

生物质是地球上最丰富的可再生资源,通过热解实现生物质高效转化是一种前景广阔的工艺技术。生物质热解技术是把低能密度生物质能转化为高能密度产物以及高附加值化学品的一种新型生物质能利用技术。论述了国内外对热解技术的研究现状,分析了生物质的热解机理,并且指出了热解技术中需要解决的问题以及今后的主要研究方向。     

导向喷动流化床生物质快速热解技术

综述了生物质在导向喷动流化床反应器中快速热解的理论基础与过程特征,分别从反应机理、流体动力学特性与传热传质、二次裂解、气相和固相停留时间、操作相图、热解产物的收集与处理等方面进行阐述。比较了喷动流化床与其它流化床在快速热解上的异同,概述了导向喷动流化床生物质热解特性, 并提出了导向喷动流化床生物质快速热解技术的发展方向。     

生物质快速热解液化工艺研究进展

对近期国内外快速热解液化工艺研究进展进行了回顾。分别对生物质原料、反应器类型、生物质炭与灰分的分离、热解产物收集以及生物油产品特性等方面的研究进行了论述和分析,指出了生物质快速热解液化的研究方向。     

生物质热解反应装置研究现状及展望

生物质热解是实现生物质能源化利用的重要途径,对解决日益严重的能源问题有着重要意义。着重介绍了几种典型的生物质热解反应器的研究现状,并列举了近期开发出的几种新型热解反应装置,总结了不同种类的热解反应器的工作原理及各自优缺点和适用情况。对催化热解和生物质原料预处理及反应器进行了综述,指出开发新型高效、高活性热解催化剂和加大对原料预处理技术的基础理论探索力度是未来生物质热解研究的发展方向。     

稻壳快速热解制取生物质油的试验研究

目前生物质快速热解高温热解气主要利用间壁式冷却器进行冷凝,容易造成冷却管道的结焦堵塞问题,本试验根据流化床稀相输送特点、生物质的热解特性以及生物质油的冷凝收集特点,设计了生物质快速热解反应装置,改进生物质物快速冷凝系统,以稻壳为原料进行快速热解制取生物质油的试验研究,分别考察单因素反应温度、流化气量以及进料速度对生物质油产率的影响。试验表明:稻壳热解气能够快速顺利地得到冷凝,反应系统能够连续顺利运行,随着反应温度、流化气量、进料速度的增大,生物质油的产率都呈现先增大后减小的趋势。另外对产出的生物质油用气质联用设备进行了成分分析,得出了生物质油的主要成分,其中酸类、酮类、脂类以及酚类的含量相对较高。     

生物质热解研究进展

当今社会面临着能源短缺和环境破坏日益严重等问题,生物质能源作为可再生绿色能源,大量开发利用对于工业和社会生活中具有重要的意义。生物质热解技术是将生物质转化成生物质能的有效可行方法之一。为实现生物质能源工业化、规模化生产,必须要完善热解反应技术及其核心热解反应器装置。在分析了生物质热解机理的基础上,着重介绍了热解反应器的类型以及其特点。     

生物质快速热解流化床反应器气力进料特性

为探究不同工况下热解流化床反应器的气力进料特性,设计并搭建了流化床反应器气力进料冷态试验装置。生物质原料和床料分别采用落叶松颗粒和石英砂颗粒,通过试验测得了本装置的最小流化速度,研究了流化气速、喷动气速、流量比、初始静床高、石英砂粒径、落叶松粒径对流化床反应器气力进料特性的影响。试验结果表明：流化气速和喷动气速的增加均会提高进料率;流化气使床料流化并为落叶松颗粒提供进料空间,喷动气为落叶松颗粒提供动能,并平衡一部分床层压力;落叶松与石英砂粒径的增加对进料效果不利;流量比在1.9~2.7范围内进料率高且稳定性好。本文构建了生物质、床料与气体的三相流物理及数学模型,开展试验对模型进行验证,结果表明其预测误差为±13%。     

生物质快速热解下行式流化床反应器研究进展

在碳中和目标下,未来发展之路是从化石能源的原料体系转变到可再生能源的原料体系。作为化石资源的重要替代品,生物质是唯一能够大规模取代化石资源的可再生碳资源。生物质快速热解技术是实现生物质资源转化为液体燃料的重要途经,其技术核心是反应器。下行式循环流化床反应器具有产物停留时间短、近平推流性能等优点,在生物质快速热解方面具有广阔的应用前景。本文介绍了流化床反应器的特点及其中试和示范/商业级装置的研究现状,详细总结了下行床反应器的特点、结构、分类及流体力学特性,并分析了目前下行床反应器放大过程中的瓶颈问题以及进一步研究的方向,为推动下行床反应器在生物质快速热解工业应用提供参考。     

Detailed CFD modelling of fast pyrolysis of different biomass types in fluidized bed reactors

In the present study, an Eulerian‐Eulerian computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, combined with a comprehensive biomass reaction scheme, was used to simulate fast pyrolysis of four different biomass types in the fluidized bed reactors. The study focuses on the influence of biomass components of different biomass types on the yields, formations, and contents of compositions of pyrolysis products. The result showed that the bio‐oil yield of cellulose‐rich biomass was higher than other biomass types, and char was mainly produced by the fast pyrolysis of LIG‐C of biomass. Moreover, the contents of bio‐oil components were affected by the fast pyrolysis of biomass components. Further, the energy recovery coefficient (ERC) of bio‐oil obtained from pyrolysis of different biomass types was also calculated and analyzed in this paper.

     

Modelling fast pyrolysis of biomass in a fluidized bed reactor

A compartmental one-dimensional model of a fluidized bed pyrolytic converter of biomass is presented. Reference conditions are those of non-catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass in a shallow fluidized bed with external regeneration of the bed material. The fate of biomass and of the resulting char has been modelled by considering elutriation of biomass and char particles, char attrition as well as bed drain/regeneration. The course of primary and secondary pyrolitic reactions is modelled according to a semi-lumped reaction network using well-established kinetic parameters taken from the literature. A specific focus of the present study is the role of the heterogeneous volatile–char secondary reactions, whose rate has been modelled by borrowing a kinetic expression from the neighbouring area of tar adsorption/decomposition over char. The results of computations highlight the relevance of heterogeneous volatile–char secondary reactions and of the closely associated control of char loading in the bed. The sensitivity of the reactor performance to char elutriation and attrition, to proper management of bed drain/regeneration, and to control of gas phase backmixing is demonstrated. Model results provide useful guidelines for optimal design and control of fluidized bed pyrolyzers and pinpoint future research priorities.     

生物质热裂解双仓式气力输送喂料装置输料特性

设计制造了一套生物质热裂解用双仓式气力输送喂料装置,研究流化气速、喷动气速、有效喷射距离（s=50mm、100mm、150mm、200mm）、输料管内径（d ₁=21mm、24mm、29mm）和生物质颗粒粒径对进料率的影响。试验结果表明,进料率随着流化流速、喷动气速、输料管内径、生物质颗粒粒径的增大而增大。在有效喷射距离为100mm时,进料率最高。固气比随着流化气或喷动气速的增加先增加后降低,在流化气和喷动气的共同作用下,随着气体流速的增加固气比一直在降低。为了描述进料率与喷动气速、流化气速、有效喷射距离、输料管内径以及生物质颗粒粒径之间的关系,采用多元线性回归分析,建立了多元线性回归模型。开展了额外试验验证模型的准确性,结果表明试验值和预测值误差在±10.2%以内,表明所建立的模型可靠,可以利用该模型预测喂料器的进料率。     

Modeling the thermochemical degradation of biomass inside a fast pyrolysis fluidized bed reactor

A fast pyrolysis process in a bubbling fluidized bed has been modeled, thoroughly reproduced and scrutinized with the help of a combined Eulerian/Lagrangian simulation method. The 3‐D model is compared to experimental results from a 100 g/h bubbling fluidized bed pyrolyzer including such variables as particle composition at the outlet and gas/vapor/water yields as a function of fluidization conditions, biomass moisture concentrations, and bed temperatures. Multiprocessor simulations on a high‐end computer have been carried out to enable the tracking of each of the 0.8 million individual discrete sand and biomass particles, making it possible to look at accurate and detailed multiscale information (i.e., any desired particle property, trajectory, particle interaction) over the entire particle life time. The overall thermochemical degradation process of biomass is influenced by local flow and particle properties and, therefore, accurate and detailed modeling reveals unprecedented insight into such complex processes. It has been found, that the superficial fluidization velocity is important while the particle moisture content is less significant for the final bio‐oil yield. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 3030–3042, 2012     

Catalytic upgrading of woody biomass derived pyrolysis vapours over iron modified zeolites in a dual-fluidized bed reactor

In this paper, the influence of the proton forms of beta, Y and ferrierite zeolites and their iron modified counterparts during upgrading of pine wood pyrolysis vapours under nitrogen atmosphere was investigated. A dual-fluidized bed reactor was used where in the first bed pyrolysis of pine wood occurred, and in the second upgrading of the pyrolysis vapours over zeolites was conducted. The temperature for pyrolysis and upgrading was 400 and 450 °C, respectively. De-oxygenation reactions over the proton form and iron modified zeolites increased compared to the non-catalytic pyrolysis. The increased selectivity towards organic compounds through de-oxygenation could be noticed as a higher water yield and CO formation.     

Kinetic study of fast pyrolysis of sawdust in a conical spouted bed reactor in the range 400–500 °C

An original reactor (a conical spouted bed reactor) is used for the kinetic study of Pinus insignis sawdust pyrolysis in the range 400–500 °C under the usual conditions of this reactor for pyrolysis in a continuous regime. The equipment meets the requirements for pyrolysis kinetic study (bed isothermality, high mass and heat transfer between phases and short residence time of gaseous products). The results of yield of products are evidence of the good performance of the conical spouted bed reactor for obtaining a liquid product, with a maximum yield of 70 wt% in the range 440–460 °C. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

生物质热解炭化反应设备研究进展

生物质热解炭化技术作为生物质能源开发利用的一种重要途径,已经得到国内外广泛关注。文章介绍了生物质热解炭化反应设备的两大类型,即窑式炭化炉和固定床式热解炉。详细论述了各种典型设备的结构特点和适用范围,认为与窑式炭化炉相比,固定床式热解炭化炉炭化周期短、对生物质原料适应性和可操作性更强、产炭品质更有保障。最后指出了高效、稳定、机械化是生物质热解炭化设备未来的研究和发展方向。     

生物质流化床快速裂解模型

研究了流化床内的生物质快速裂解模型,其特点是考虑了原料粒子在下部密相区和上部稀相区的不同反应历程.模型的计算结果表明,原料粒子和产物气体在反应器内的停留时间有较大的区别,其变化情况对裂解产物的分布有很大影响.由该模型得到的计算结果能和实验值很好吻合,表明它能较好地描述流化床反应器内生物质快速裂解的反应过程.结合计算数据对影响裂解结果的一些因素进行了分析.