How do Individual‐Level Factors Affect the Creative Solution Formation Process of Teams?

The generation of creative solutions involves nonlinear dynamic procedures that can only be achieved through the creativity of individual team members. Thus, it is important to understand how the formation of individual‐level creativity factors influence the creative solution formation process. The creative solution formation process can be divided into four phases: idea generation, idea screening, idea development and solution verification. Prior research suggests that the creative process may be affected by motivation (intrinsic and extrinsic), knowledge stock (explicit and tacit), individual creativity (intelligence and divergent thinking), and pressure (challenge and time). We tested the effects of these eight factors on performance in the idea generation and idea development phases by conducting an experiment. Our results indicate that intrinsic motivation, intelligence and divergent thinking have a significant positive effect on both idea generation and idea development. Tacit knowledge and challenge pressure have a significant positive effect on idea generation. Time pressure has a significant negative effect on idea development. We also show that both idea generation and idea development have a significant impact on the quality of the final creative solution.     

How Sustainable is the Familial Support of Elderly in Asia?

This paper examines the extent of familial monetary support for the elderly in China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, the Philippines, and Thailand, representing diverse public social security and assistance programs for the elderly across Asian countries. Using the National Transfer Accounts framework, Japan was found to experience the highest and China the lowest lifecycle deficit (LCD). Except Indonesia, the consumption of public and private goods and services at old ages is fast increasing in the Asian countries. In Japan public transfer supports 39.4% of the LCD of the 60 plus population and private asset-based reallocation, which includes liquidation and sale of assets, finances 33.7%. On the other in Indonesia and India LCD of elderly is largely 70.5 and 63.9% respectively are met by private asset-based reallocation. Public support for the 60 plus population in South Korea constitutes 22.9% of the LCD, whereas 52.6% is met by asset-based reallocation. The corresponding figures for China are 41.3 and 32.2% respectively.     

Does a Creative Designer Necessarily Translate into the Creative Design of a Product? Exploring Factors Facilitating the Creativity of a New Product

Product creativity is a rarely studied topic in the area of new product development; nevertheless, its importance has been recognized by many researchers in a variety of fields. In this research, two studies were conducted: the first was quantitative and the second was qualitative. These studies examined the relationships among five variables: analogical thinking ability, creative self‐efficacy, length of experience, team climate for creativity and product creativity. The results of a multiple regression indicated that analogical thinking ability is an antecedent of design creativity, and that creative self‐efficacy is a mediator between them. The results also showed that length of experience and team climate for creativity have significant moderating effects. These findings indicate that both person‐based (i.e., ability, self‐efficacy and length of experience) and situation‐based (team climate) variables are key factors in developing the creative design of a new product.     

Does Test-Driven Development Really Improve Software Design Quality?

Support for test-driven development [TDD] is growing in many development contexts beyond its common association with extreme programming. By focusing on how TDD influences design characteristics, we hope to raise awareness of TDD as a design approach and assist others in decisions on whether and how to adopt TDD. Our results indicate that test-first programmers are more likely to write software in more and smaller units that are less complex and more highly tested. We weren't able to confirm claims that TDD improves cohesion while lowering coupling, but we anticipate ways to clarify the questions these design characteristics raised. In particular, we're working to eliminate the confounding factor of accessor usage in the cohesion metrics.     

Does Age Have an Impact on Having Ideas? An Analysis of the Quantity and Quality of Ideas Submitted to a Suggestion System

Demographic changes in recent years indicate that the personnel structure of the workforce will change considerably, as will typical career patterns. The need to innovate in order to guarantee the effective functioning and long‐term survival of firms will remain unchanged. Suggestion systems are one means to actively solicit voluntary constructive ideas from employees. Based on the deficit model and SOC theory, this paper explores the role of age in the quantity and quality of ideas submitted through suggestion systems. Data from the suggestions systems of two German locations of a large European company were analysed. A total of 633 submitted ideas led to a monetary reward between summer 2005 and February 2007. To test the hypotheses, linear regression analysis was used. The results of the current study do not support the deficit model as all hypotheses based on the deficit model were rejected. In one location, an increase in the quality of ideas with age was observed, in contrast to the hypothesized relationship. Consequently, managers should question assumptions of declining innovativeness with age when it comes to assessing their employees.     

On the Development of Applications of Logic in Programming

1.Preliminary RemarksBy Logic we mean the discipline which includes proof theory,model theory,recur-sion thoery and axiomatic set theory.In recent years there is a growing recognition of therelevance of logic to computer programming.The close relationship between these twofields seems to be aptly capsuled in the formula proposed by Patrick Hayes among others     

Progress in the Development of National Knowledge Infrastructure

This paper presents the recent process in a long-term research project,called National Knowledge Infrastructure(or NKI).Initiated in the early 2000,the project aims to develop a multi-domain shareable knowledge base for knowledge-intensive applications.To develop NKI,we have used domain-specific ontologies as a solid basis,and have built more than 600 ontologies.Using these ontologies and our knowledge acquisition methods,we have extracted about 1.1 millions of domain assertions.For users to access our NKI knowledge,we have developed a uniform multi-modal human-knowledge interface.We have also implemented a knowledge application programming interface for various applications to share the NKI knowledge.     

Cognitive mismatches in the cockpit: will they ever be a thing of the past?

Changes in aviation over the last 30 years have dramatically affected the way that flight crews fly aircraft. The implementation and evolution of the glass cockpit, however, has happened in an almost ad hoc fashion, meaning that it does not always properly support the flight crew in carrying out their tasks. In such situations, the crew's mental model of what is happening does not always match the real state of affairs. In other words, there is a cognitive mismatch. An initial taxonomy of cognitive mismatches is defined, and the problem illustrated using an example from an aviation accident. Consideration is then given to how cognitive mismatches can be managed. A call is made for the development of an integrated cockpit architecture that takes better account of human capabilities and allows for new developments to be added to the cockpit in a more seamless manner.     

The Design of Human–Machine Interface for Accident Support in Nuclear Power Plants

As feedback from Three Mile Island No. 2, a large amount of human–machine interface (HMI) design has been proposed to support operators during accidents by presenting information on plant status, some of which is implemented in commercial nuclear power plants (NPPs). However, it has not yet been discussed what role HMI should play under conditions where operators must take action as instructed under emergency operating procedure. Regarding this principal issue, an HMI design is proposed together with specific screen images. The advantage of this design is based on the involvement of an ex-operator in NPP in this paper. The participation of users in the design of HMI has been rare. Accordingly the proposed HMI is comprehensive for average operators and is expected to be acceptable for future implementation in commercial NPPs. The effectiveness of the proposed HMI has been examined in a small experiment.     

Does the cosmological principle exist in the rotating Universe?

We find the probability density distribution of torque orientations in the Universe for the entire period of its evolution. It is shown that in the early Universe the orientation of its spin is random, and the cosmological principle is satisfied. This result is naturally consistent with the CMBisotropy. In the modern Universe the rotation axis direction becomes anisotropic, and the cosmological principle, strictly speaking, is not satisfied. This is confirmed by the large-scale anisotropy in the distribution of space objects and by the torque alignment direction. But since the value of the angular velocity of our Universe is \(\omega_{U_{n}}\sim10^{-19}\;\text{Hz}\), finding of such rotation and its influence on the natural processes is extremely difficult. So today dominates the view that the Universe is isotropic, and the cosmological principle is satisfied in it.     

Does ease-of-use contributes to the perception of enjoyment? A case of gamification in e-banking

The success of online games encouraged the development of gamification software in e-banking. Beside the growing trend of gamification, it is important understand how bank customers face the gamified applications, particularly as enjoyment and ease-of-use. To assess the determinants that influence the adoption of gamification in e-banking, we developed a research to propose a conceptual model that illustrates the adoption of gamified business applications by bank customers, in e-banking context. We conducted two quantitative studies (A and B) to understand how bank customers represent a gamified business software and its changes (or improvements) over time. Study A was performed in 2012 (N = 183), and study B in 2015 (N = 219). Online bank customers were invited to rate the importance of variables related to: socialness, ease-of-use, usefulness, enjoyment and intention to use e-banking systems with game features and social cues. The results show that ease-of-use and enjoyment are interrelated, and both have influence in e-banking usage. This study present theoretical ground of the conceptual model, and discuss two empirical studies, aiming to analyse the ease-of-use and enjoyment influence on bank customers. These findings will contribute directly to explain of adoption hedonic business software in e-banking.     

Who Controls the Technology in Group Support Systems? Determinants and Consequences

Student groups completed a rank-ordering task in a "low-structure" computerized meeting room where all group members had equal access to a shared computer with a large monitor. Strategies used by the groups to distribute control over the public monitor, determinants of which members took control, and the consequences of control strategies were examined. Groups adopted either a dedicated-scribe strategy, in which one member had control throughout the session, or a non-dedicated-scribe strategy, in which control of the public monitor passed among members. Groups with at least one member who had low proficiency with the technology were very likely to adopt a dedicated-scribe strategy. Social influence within the group, proficiency with the computer system, and gender predicted which group members would take control of the public monitor. The results suggest that a group's social structure may be altered by the use of low-structure computer support, depending on the distribution of technical proficiency in the group. Dedicated-scribe groups had marginally better task performance but reported less increase in satisfaction (over previous work together) than non-dedicated-scribe groups. The implications of this research for the design and use of group computer support are discussed.     

Does training in the cold improve cold performance?

Despite the well-described physiological response to cold, little is known about how to best train persons to perform motor tasks in cold conditions. It is unclear if principles of training specificity would apply to motor skill training when cold because cold exposure reduces tactile sensitivity and cognitive function, which may reduce rather than enhance training efficacy. The purpose of this study is to determine whether training in the cold facilitates performance in the cold. To do this, we investigated the effect of cold or thermoneutral training on performance of the Grooved Pegboard Task. Twenty persons (11M, 9F, mean age 31.2 ± 5.44 years) visited the lab on two separate days and were randomly assigned to either a cold (5M, 5F) or thermoneutral (6M, 4F) training group. On day one, participants were tested at baseline and then performed 20 repetitions of the task according to their respective group assignment. Prior to each task repetition during training, the cold training group immersed their hand in cold water (2 °C) while the thermoneutral group immersed their hand in thermoneutral water (34 °C). Following training, participants were tested once again (immediate retention test). During testing, participants performed the task twice; once after immersing their hands in cold water and once after immersing their hands in thermoneutral water. On day two, delayed retention tests were performed. Time to completion and number of errors were recorded during testing. There were no differences in time to completion at delayed retention tests between thermoneutral and cold-trained groups (p = 0.434). The incidence of errors was significantly less in the cold-trained group than the thermoneutral training group at delayed retention testing (p = 0.035). The main finding of this study was that dexterity but not speed was improved by cold training. Further research is required but the findings presented here suggest that industries that require motor tasks in the cold could benefit from training employees in cold conditions.     

How Does Corporate Reputation Affect Customer Loyalty in a Corporate Crisis?

It is widely accepted that corporate reputation plays an important role in determining the impact of crises on firms. Crises may erode corporate reputation. However, reputation may also attenuate the negative effects of crises. This study investigates how corporate reputation moderates the relationship between crisis occurrence and customer loyalty which is expected to decrease given a crisis. Drawing on opposing theories, namely dissonance theory and expectancy‐violation, we conduct a scenario experiment set in the airline industry. Results demonstrate that the moderating effect is weaker in the case of a favourable corporate reputation. This may indicate that a pre‐existing favourable reputation does not shield the firm from the negative effects of the crisis, but may rather present a liability because customers have higher expectations with regard to well‐reputed firms. Contrary to that, ill‐reputed firms have less to lose in the case of a crisis and suffer comparatively smaller decreases in customer loyalty. Marketing management might take into account the role of crisis and reputation management for customer bonding strategies while crisis management should recognize the importance of reputation effects in crises given their impact on customer loyalty and firm profitability.     

How does organisational absorptive capacity matter in the assimilation of enterprise information systems?

Extant literature offers two mostly distinct perspectives on enterprise systems assimilation – driven either by internal expertise and learning capability or by external institutional pressures. This study combines the two perspectives and subscribes to the view that organisations’ learning capability moderates their acquiescence to institutional pressures. The study then anchors organisational learning capability to the concept of absorptive capacity and proposes that its two dimensions – potential absorptive capacity (PACAP) and realised absorptive capacity (RACAP) – affect enterprise systems assimilation through different pathways. Our survey‐based empirical study of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems in the post‐implementation stage reveals that while both PACAP and RACAP have a positive direct impact on assimilation, PACAP positively moderates the impact of mimetic (institutional) pressures, but not normative (institutional) pressures, on assimilation; whereas RACAP positively moderates the impact of normative pressures, but not mimetic pressures, on assimilation. Thus, our theoretical contribution lies in understanding the distinct ways in which PACAP and RACAP moderate the influence of external institutional pressures on enterprise systems assimilation.     

Design and Implementation of the Security Subsystem in Payroll Management System

［1］D. E. Denning. Cryptography and Data Security. AddisonWesley Publishing Company, 1983 ［2］L. Olson,A. Marshall. Computer access Control Policy Choices. Computers ＆ Security,1990, 9(8) ［3］D. E. Bell. Lattices, Policies, and Implementations. In:Proc.13t     

Does the Use of E-Mail Change Over Time?

Many empirical studies of the use of e-mail have been performed, but longitudinal studies are not common. In this article a longitudinal study is presented, with data collected during 1994, 1995, and 1998. The research question was as follows: How does the use of e-mail change over time concerning problems experienced with e-mail, the flow of messages, and time to handle mail (i.e., to send and receive a response)? Results show that the flow of messages was stable (sent mail per day) or doubled (received messages per day). Time to handle mail was stable over the 5 years, but the experienced amount of time to handle mail changed from not being sufficient to sometimes sufficient depending on the total work situation. Experienced problems with e-mail decreased during the 5-year study period. The time for respondents to reply to a message changed during this period from immediately to in a day or even a week. Respondents accepted not receiving replies to their own messages, but they used strategies to get answers to the most important messages.     

How to Measure the Meanings of Words? Amour in Corneille’s Work

We present a new method to describe the contextual meaning of a key word in a corpus. The vocabulary of the sentences containing this word is compared to that of the entire corpus in order to highlight the words which are significantly overutilized in the neighbourhood of this key word (they are associated in the author’s mind) and the ones which are significantly underutilized (they are mutually exclusive). This method provides an interesting tool for lexicography and literary studies as is shown by applying it to the word amour (love) in the work of Pierre Corneille, the most famous French playwright of the 17th century.     

Nomadicity and the Care of Place—on the Aesthetic and Affective Organization of Space in Freelance Creative Work

While information and communication technology enables freelancers to work “anytime anywhere”, it has become apparent that not all places seem to be equally suitable for their work. Drawing from CSCW literature on the practical accomplishment of mobile work and theoretical literature on creativity, insights from ethnographic studies in New York, Berlin and Wiesbaden are discussed. The paper follows workers in their everyday attempts to seek out and enact work environments, which enable them to be creative and productive. In these processes, mobility features both as a problem and a resource. The search for the right place makes these workers restless, but sometimes restlessness and nomadicity can inspire creativity. Similarly, new mobile, social and collaborative technologies allow a new balancing of solitude and sociality. I call this emerging nexus of practices which entails aesthetic, affective, social and socio-political dimensions the care of place. A conjoint theoretical and empirical analysis aims to draw attention to everyday lived practices of nomadicity and the care of place in a wider discursive and socio-political context to inform CSCW design.