四步法三维编织预制件的渗透率

采用径向法测量了三维编织预制件的渗透率, 利用修正注入半径的循环方法, 基于Visual C + + 计算了渗透率的大小, 主渗透率方向分两步确定: 一是通过选择阈值的图像处理运算提取流动前沿; 二是采用Matlab中的非线性最小二乘法将所得轮廓进行椭圆拟合, 并计算该椭圆长轴方向与编织方向的夹角。结果表明: 编织参数影响渗透率, 当编织角一定时, 随着纤维体积含量的增加, 主渗透率降低; 当纤维体积含量一定时, 随着编织角的增加, 主渗透率降低, 但主渗透率的方向不随编织角的变化而改变, 始终保持与编织轴向一致。      

Analytical and experimental studies on mechanical behavior of composites under high strain rate compressive loading

An analytical method is presented for the prediction of compressive strength at high strain rate loading for composites. The method is based on variable rate power law. Using this analytical method, high strain rate compressive stress–strain behavior is presented up to strain rate of 5000 s⁻¹ starting with the experimentally determined compressive strength values at relatively lower strain rates. Experimental results were generated in the strain rate range of 472–1957 s⁻¹ for a typical woven fabric E-glass/epoxy laminated composite along all the three principal directions. The laminated composite was made using resin film infusion technique. The experimental studies were carried out using compressive split Hopkinson pressure bar apparatus. It was generally observed that the compressive strength is enhanced at high strain rate loading compared with that at quasi-static loading. Also, compressive strength increased with increasing strain rate in the range of parameters considered. Analytically predicted results are compared with the experimental results up to strain rate of 1957 s⁻¹.     

三维四向编织复合材料的黏弹性能

基于均匀化理论建立了预测具有微观周期性结构复合材料黏弹性能的力学模型。利用此模型并结合有限元法分别研究了纤维束和三维编织复合材料的黏弹性能。通过对计算结果的分析, 给出了三维编织复合材料黏弹性能随工艺参数变化的规律。结果表明, 三维编织复合材料编织方向的黏弹性效应随编织角的增大而增强, 随纤维体积比的增大而减弱, 此规律与实验结论一致。     

Finite element calculation of 4-step 3-dimensional braided composite under ballistic perforation

The ballistic perforation test results of 4-step 3-dimensional (3D) braided Twaron^®/epoxy composites, which were subjected to impact by conically cylindrical steel projectile, are presented. The residual velocities of projectile perforated composites target at various strike velocities were measured and also compared with that from finite element calculation. ‘Fiber inclination model’ for 3D textile composites was adopted to decompose the 3D braided composite at quasi-microstructure level for the geometrical modeling in preprocessor of FEM. The material modeling was also based on this simplified model. The finite element code of Ls-Dyna was used to simulate the impact interaction between projectile and inclined lamina. The residual velocity of projectile perforating the entire 3D braided composite can be calculated from the sum of kinetic energy loss of the projectile that obtained from FEM. From the simulation of ballistic penetration process and comparison between numerical results and experimental results, it proves that the analysis scheme of quasi-microstructure level in this paper is valid and reasonable. The simplified method in this paper could be extended to model other kinds of 3D textile composites under ballistic impact.     

板状三维四向编织复合材料压缩细观破坏机理的实验研究

通过对三维四向编织复合材料薄板试件的宏观压缩破坏实验及其声发射信号的分析, 研究了该材料的抗压力学性能及其失效机理。实验结果表明: 材料的编织角对其压缩力学性能的影响很大, 随编织角的变化, 编织复合材料的压缩破坏机制发生了变化, 编织角小时, 材料表现为脆性特征; 当编织角大于某个临界角时, 材料的应力-应变曲线趋于非线性, 更多地表现为屈曲破坏。试验过程中采集到的声发射信号能有效地监测材料内部损伤演化过程。      

High strain rate mechanical behavior of epoxy under compressive loading: Experimental and modeling studies

Investigations on high strain rate behavior of epoxy LY 556 under compressive loading are presented. Compressive Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) apparatus was used for the experimental investigations. The studies are presented in the strain rate range of 683-1890 per second. It was generally observed that the compressive strength is enhanced at high strain rate loading compared with that at quasi-static loading. During SHPB testing of the specimens, it was observed that the peak force obtained from the strain gauge mounted on the transmitter bar is lower than the peak force obtained from the strain gauge mounted on the incident bar. Further, an analytical method is presented based on variable rate power law for the prediction of compressive strength at high strain rate loading for epoxy LY 556. Using the analytical method, high strain rate compressive stress-strain behavior is presented up to strain rate of 10,000 per second.     

三维四向编织复合材料有效性能的预报

根据三维四向编织复合材料中纤维束的空间几何结构特征, 建立了比较合理的三胞模型。模型中考虑了3种单胞各自纤维束的空间结构和弯曲, 同时引入纤维束填充因子来描述各类单胞中纤维束的不同截面形状对材料弹性常数的影响。基于刚度体平均方法, 建立了相应的刚度预报模型, 得到了三维四向编织复合材料的工程弹性常数。用细观力学方法分析了工艺参数和尺寸效应对材料有效性能的影响规律。不同尺寸试件的数值预报结果和实验结果吻合较好。      

The prediction on mechanical properties of 4-step braided composites via two-scale method

The two-scale method (TSM) is successfully applied to the prediction for the mechanics parameters of 4-step three dimensional braided composites, including stiffness parameters and strength parameters. The two independent micro-structure parameters, the braiding angle and the fiber volume fraction, are investigated in this paper. Both of them are implicitly included in the fabric of the unit cell of 4-step braided composites with 1 × 1 pattern. They directly influence the strength of 4-step braided composites, including tensile strength, bending strength and torsion strength. And then, the curves of the strength along with the braiding angle and the fiber volume fraction are illustrated. By the comparisons with experimental data, the two-scale method is validated to predict the mechanics parameters of 4-step braided composite materials.     

三维编织碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料横向压缩性质的温度效应

采用实验和有限元方法,研究了三维编织碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料在低温场（20、0、-50、-100℃）中横向压缩性质温度效应。研究结果表明：温度对碳纤维/环氧树脂横向压缩模量、屈服应力及切向模量均有不同程度影响。三维编织碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料横向压缩后,试样表面形貌受温度影响显著。低温场中,表面鳞纹现象减弱,且纱线-树脂间界面出现开裂。温度降低导致碳纤维/环氧树脂内部产生热应力。热应力对碳纤维/环氧树脂力学性能影响有限,不是温度效应的主导因素。基体性质随温度变化是三维编织碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料横向压缩性质温度效应的主要机制。     

Evaluation of elastic properties of 3-D (4-step) regular braided composites by a homogenisation method

In this article a homogenisation method that considers the internal interface condition of a heterogeneous medium is established. The relevant formulae are developed based on a specific stratified medium with plane interfaces, but they can be obtained for more general cases in which curved interfaces are considered. A 3-D 4-step regular braid is studied, and its elastic properties are evaluated in terms of the homogenisation scheme. The present theoretical prediction shows a good agreement with experimental data.     

High strain rate characteristics of 3-3 metal-ceramic interpenetrating composites

3-3 interpenetrating composites (IPCs) are novel materials with potentially superior multifunctional properties compared with traditional metal matrix composites. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the high strain rate performance of the metal-ceramic IPCs produced using a pressureless infiltration technique through dynamic property testing, viz. the split Hopkinson's pressure bar (SHPB) technique and depth of penetration (DoP) analysis, and subsequent damage assessment. Though the IPCs contained rigid ceramic struts, the samples plastically deformed with only localised fracture in the ceramic phase following SHPB. Metal was observed to bridge the cracks formed during high strain rate testing, this latter behaviour must have contributed to the structural integrity and performance of the IPCs. Whilst the IPCs were not suitable for resisting high velocity, armour piercing rounds on their own, when bonded to a 3 mm thick, dense Al₂O₃ front face, they caused significant deflection and the depth of penetration was reduced.     

Effect of weaving processes on compressive behavior of 3D woven composites

This work is an attempt to examine the effect of weaving process on the compressive failure behavior of 3D carbon/epoxy composites. Three weaving processes were designed and studied: unidirectional, bi-directional, and symmetric weaving. They result in 3D fabrics with the same three-axis, orthogonal yarn structure in the interior but with different interlacing patterns on surface. To manifest the influence of the transverse yarns, a unidirectional composite with the same axial fiber content and a monolithic epoxy material are also tested. Resin transfer molding was employed to impregnate and consolidate the fabrics. Since the specimens are relatively thick, an end-supported, end-loaded fixture was used to apply the compressive load. The strength was measured and the induced damage was examined. The symmetric weaving results in composites with the least fiber undulation in axial yarns. Two prevailing failure modes of different dimensional scales were observed in the materials. One is the microscopic fracture band, consisting of fiber kink-bands in axial yarns and matrix cracks in the transverse yarns. The other is the miniscopic fracture band, consisting of the fracture of yarns in all three directions. The microscopic bands are intensive but less detrimental, while the miniscopic fracture band is more crucial and is responsible for the major drop in load. The onset and growth of these modes are discussed, and how these modes relate to the interlacing loops on surface is also examined.     

Influence of strain-rate on the uniaxial compressive behavior of 2-D braided textile composites

The uniaxial compressive stress–strain response and the associated observed micro-structural deformation mechanisms of three braided textile composite sheets were experimentally investigated at quasi-static and high-strain-rates. The compressive loads were applied in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the textile composites. For quasi-static loading, the three composites exhibited a non-linear elastic response followed by a load-drop at the on-set of matrix failure. With further increase in load, the axial and bias braids were stretched in the matrix damaged zones resulting in inelastic deformation at a constant stress level. Under high-strain-rate loading conditions, the yield strength increased upto 60%, and the overall stress did not unload as a function of strain. Composites with a greater number of lay-ups exhibited nonuniform deformation along the thickness direction in the form of shear fracture through several lay-ups.     

编织角和承载方向对三维四向编织复合材料动态压缩性能的影响

利用分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）装置对三维四向编织碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料的动态压缩性能进行了研究。通过对编织角为20°、30°和45°的试验件分别进行沿纵向、横向和厚度方向的动态压缩试验,得到材料在800~2 000/s应变率范围内的应力-应变曲线,并与准静态压缩试验结果进行对比,研究了应变率、压缩方向及编织角对材料极限强度和弹性模量的影响。结合高速摄影记录的动态压缩过程,进一步分析了不同情况下材料的破坏模式与破坏过程。结果表明：应变率越高,材料的极限强度和弹性模量越大,材料在受压的三个方向上均具有一定的应变率强化效应,且高应变率下表现出比准静态压缩时更明显的脆性;编织角的改变对材料在三个方向上的动态压缩性能均有影响,其中对纵向的影响最为明显;不同方向受压时材料的失效形式不同,且准静态和高应变率下的失效形式也有区别。     

三维编织碳纤维复合材料电阻率的估算

从影响材料电阻率的主要因素——碳纤维体积分数入手,主要分析了材料的电阻率这一电气特性,根据材料表面测量的数据,估算出材料内部碳纤维的体积分数。再根据多个试件测量的数据,拟合出材料的碳纤维体积分数和电阻率的关系曲线。根据估算出的碳纤维体积分数,估算出材料的电阻率。利用三维编织碳纤维复合材料的编织角和花节长度,估算出材料的电阻率。根据材料的电阻率这一电气特性,便于以后对材料进行涡流无损检测分析。      

三维编织复合材料损伤容限性能试验

为研究三维编织复合材料的损伤容限性能,首先,利用同种纤维、基体和工艺分别制作了4种三维编织复合材料和1种层合复合材料;然后,进行了相同复合材料在不同冲击能量下的及不同复合材料在相同冲击能量下的低速冲击试验和冲击后压缩试验;最后,进行了冲击后的C扫描损伤检测,并对比了冲击后凹坑深度、损伤面积和损伤宽度。结果显示:层合复合材料的损伤形貌主要呈椭圆状,且分层损伤严重,而三维编织复合材料的损伤形貌主要呈十字状,三维编织复合材料的整体性较好;层合复合材料和三维编织复合材料冲击能量的拐点均出现在30 J附近;三维编织复合材料的剩余压缩强度较高,其损伤容限性能优于层合复合材料。所得结论可为三维编织复合材料的工程应用提供指导。      

三维编织复合材料悬臂梁的振动特性

基于三维四向和五向编织复合材料的细观结构和单胞模型, 对三维四步法矩形截面编织复合材料悬臂梁的振动阻尼性能进行了理论分析, 研究了编织角、 纤维体积分数等工艺参数对材料振动阻尼特性的影响, 并与实验结果进行了对比。对三细胞模型进行了改进, 采用混合律得到了材料的总体刚度, 进而得到一阶固有频率。此外, 还分别计算了一个周期内不同走向纱线和基体振动消耗的能量, 以及总振动能量, 得到了材料的损耗因子。结果表明, 对于三维四向和五向编织复合材料, 一阶固有频率随编织角的增加而减小, 随纤维体积分数的增加而增大; 而损耗因子随编织角的增加而增大, 随纤维体积分数的增加而减小, 并表现出明显的非线性变化规律。      

三维六向编织复合材料单剪搭接连接结构在拉伸载荷下的力学性能

通过试验测试与数值模拟相结合的方法对三维六向编织复合材料的螺栓连接性能进行了研究。首先,通过拉伸试验对不同侧向约束螺接方式连接件的连接强度进行了测试。测试结果表明:单搭连接结构的二次弯曲现象明显,连接强度与侧向约束有一定的关系,使用垫片可有效提高连接强度,螺栓拧紧力矩增加对连接强度影响不大;连接结构的破坏模式包括挤压破坏和拉伸破坏,在孔径较小时其主导破坏模式是挤压破坏。随后,基于测试中发现的破坏模式,建立了基于点应力准则的分析模型,并使用升温法实现螺栓拧紧力矩的施加。通过数值结果与试验结果的比较验证了分析模型的可靠性。最后,利用得到验证的分析模型,分析了单搭连接的二次弯曲现象,获得了侧向约束面积、螺栓拧紧力矩及连接平板厚度对单搭单螺栓连接结构力学性能的影响规律。分析结果表明:当侧向约束应力增加时,连接强度表现为先增加后降低的规律。     

三维四向编织碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料在热环境中的拉压力学性能实验

针对不同编织角度的三维四向编织碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料,进行了热环境下的轴向拉伸和压缩力学性能实验研究,讨论了温度对三维四向编织复合材料的轴向拉伸和压缩力学性能的影响,并根据宏观断裂形貌和SEM图像分析了材料的破坏和断裂机制。结果表明,随着测试温度的升高,三维四向编织碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的纵向拉伸强度有小幅提高,而纵向压缩强度显著降低。在室温条件下,编织角对材料的纵向拉伸破坏特征没有影响,而对材料的纵向压缩破坏特征有较大影响。随着测试温度的升高,不同编织角度复合材料的纵向拉伸和压缩的损伤破坏形态均与室温条件下明显不同。      

光纤用于3-D编织复合材料结构失效分析的实验研究

针对编入光纤光栅的三维编织复合材料试件进行了拉伸实验,从宏观角度研究了各部分的力学行为,并对拉伸后试件断口进行了电镜扫描,从细观角度分析了结构的破坏机制,实验结果表明在光纤光栅失效后不久,编织结构预制件即开始从弹性区域进入到塑性区域。这有利于对编织结构失效位置和趋势的判定。从而也为今后从所编入光纤角度考虑来研究编织复合材料强度预估和失效判据奠定了实验基础。