Large area pulsed corona discharge in water for disinfection and pollution control

To investigate the efficiency of submerged pulse corona (SPC) discharges in water we built a laboratory scale, parallel-plate reactor that is part of a closed loop water circulation system. A pulsed voltage is applied across the electrodes. One of the electrodes is coated with a porous ceramic layer to create local field enhancements to initiate corona discharges. For energization of the SPC reactor a pulse generator was developed which is based on a capacitor discharge initiated by a semiconductor switch. A pulse transformer, followed by two magnetic pulse compression stages, produces voltage pulses with amplitudes of up to 30 kV at a pulse width of 0.3 μs. Simulation of the circuit behavior leads to good agreement with voltage and current measurements. Details of the pulse generator and first experimental results concerning the efficiency of radical production are presented. Depending on the conductivity of the water to be treated, pulse currents of > 600 A at a voltage of 20 kV to > 30 kV are obtained for electrode sizes of around 50 cm². The efficiency of the radical production is measured in terms of the hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) concentration, which is formed by recombination of hydroxyl radicals (OH.) at sufficiently high concentrations downstream of the plasma reactor. At pulse repetition rates of 20 to 100 Hz, H₂O₂ concentrations of several mg/l are produced, at efficiencies in the range of up to ?1 g/kWh.     

Energy Efficiency of Corona Discharge Reactor Driven by Inductive Energy Storage System Pulsed Power Generator

Characteristics of a pulse corona reactor driven by an inductive energy storage (IES) pulsed power generator are described in this paper with focusing on the influence of streamer-to-glow transition on NO removal efficiency. A pulsed high voltage with a short rise time of under 30 ns is employed to generate streamer discharges homogeneously in whole the discharge region. Fast recovery diodes are used as semiconductor opening switch (SOS) to shorten the rise time. The various resistors are employed as dummy load to clarify a suitable circuit parameter such as the capacitance of a primary energy storage capacitor and/or the inductance of a secondary energy storage inductor. The energy transfer efficiency of the pulsed power generator has a maximum value of 50% at 714 Omega dummy load resistance. A co-axial cylinder type discharge chamber was used as the corona discharge plasma reactor driven by the IES pulsed power generator. The pulsed power generator supplies 30 kV pulse with 300 pps repetition rate. The co-axial cylinder plasma reactor consists of 1 mm diameter tungsten wire and 19 mm i.d. copper tube with 30 cm length. NO removal from the simulated diesel engine exhaust gas (N₂:O₂=9:1, Initial NO concentration=200 ppm) increased with input energy into the reactor. The energy efficiency for NO removal was obtained to be 25 g/kWh at 30 % removal in gas flow rate of 2 L/min. However, the energy efficiency decreased to 5 g/kWh with increasing capacitance of the primary capacitor from several hundreds pF to several nF. This decrease was caused by a streamer-to-glow transition. The efficiency was affected by oxygen concentration in the gas mixture.     

High Voltage Pulsed Power Supply Using IGBT Stacks

High voltage pulsed power supply using IGBT (insulated gate bipolar transistor) stacks and pulse transformer for plasma source ion implantation is proposed. To increase voltage rating, twelve IGBTs are used in series at each IGBT stack and a step-up pulse transformer is utilized. To increase the current rating, the proposed system makes use of synchronized three pulse generator modules composed of diodes, capacitors and IGBT stacks. The proposed pulsed power supply uses semiconductor switches as main switches. Hence, the system is compact, and has semi-infinite lifetime. In addition, it has high flexibility in parameters such as voltage magnitude (10-60 kV), pulse repetition rate (PRR) (10-2000 pps), and pulse width (2-5 muS).     

Pulsed streamer discharge characteristics of ozone production indry air

Experimental investigation of HV short pulsed streamer discharges in dry air-fed ozonizers under various operating conditions are reported. Ozone concentration, energy input and ozone production yield (efficiency) were measured at various voltages (14 to 37 kV), pulse repetition rates (25 to 400 pulses per second, pps), flow rates (1.5 to 3.0 1/min) and different gap spacings (10 to 20 mm) at a pressure of 1.01×10⁵ Pa in dry air. A spiral copper wire (1 mm in diameter) made to a cylindrical configuration (18 to 38 mm in diameter) in a concentric coaxial electrode system of various dimensions was employed. A magnetic pulse compressor provided the HV and current pulses. Higher voltage and higher repetition rates yielded higher concentrations of ozone at a fixed air flow rate. The present investigation was extended to assess the performance of this pulsed ozone generator using dry air under desired conditions of high concentration and high yield of ozone for industrial applications     

Ozone generation in dry air using pulsed discharges with andwithout a solid dielectric layer

Energy efficient generation of ozone is very important because ozone is being used increasingly in a wide range of industrial applications. Ozonizers usually use dielectric barrier discharges and employ alternating current (ac) with consequent heat generation, which necessitates cooling. In the present study, very short duration pulsed voltage is employed resulting in reduced heating of the gas and discharge reactor. A comparison of ozone generation in dry air using a coaxial concentric electrode system with and without a solid dielectric layer is reported. Two types of dielectric layers were employed, ceramic and polyvinylchloride (pvc). The effects of peak pulsed voltage (12.5 to 62 kV), reactor length (0.1 to 1 m), pulse repetition rate (25 to 400 pulses per second, pps), gas flow rate (1.5 to 3.0 1/min) and variation of the pitch length of the spiral wire forming the central electrode (5 to 10 mm) on the concentration and production yield of ozone (g/kWh) are reported. A comparison is made between the performance of discharge reactors with (ceramic reactor Type IIC and pvc reactor Type IIP) and without (reactor Type I) a dielectric layer, using the same electrode gap separation (15 mm) and reactor lengths (0.157 and 1 m). High production yields of ozone in dry air of ~125 52 and 60 g/kWh were obtained when using, respectively ceramic, pvc, and no dielectric layer, for a fixed pulse rate of 100 pps, 15 1/min now rate and for a relatively short length of the reactor of 157 mm     

Diode Opening Switch Based Nanosecond High Voltage Pulse Generators for Biological and Medical Applications

Studies of short (few ns) pulse cell electroperturbation require high-voltage nanosecond pulses delivered to low-impedance (10 Omega) electroporation cuvette loads. Here we present two pulse generators for these applications. The generators comprise of three stages of pulse modulation: an LC resonant stage switched by IGBT/MOSFET; a magnetic pulse compression stage; and a diode opening switch output stage. The all-solid-state design results in reproducible pulses and reliable, long-life operation. Pulses produced by the LC resonant stage are compressed using nonlinear properties of the magnetic material. The compressed pulses are fed to the diode opening switch, which is constructed by series and parallel connecting ordinary automotive rectifying diodes. Two versions of the pulse generator are described: The first version is capable of generating 20 ns wide, 4.5 kV amplitude pulses of 20 Hz repetition rate. A second version generates 5 ns, 7.5 kV amplitude pulses into the same 10 Omega cuvette load.     

Pollution control of actual flue gas using pulsed power at a thermal power plant

There are several important environmental problems in the world. One of them is acid rain caused by combustion flue gases from thermal power plants, factories, and automobiles. Different kinds of gas discharges, such as surface discharge, dc and ac corona discharge, silent discharge, and electron beam controlled discharge, have been studied for the removal of NO_x and SO₂ from flue gases. The recent development of repetitive pulsed power generators gives the pulsed steamer corona discharges a chance of success in the removal of NO_x and SO₂. In this paper, the experimental results of NO_x and SO₂ removal by a repetitive pulse power generator are described. The actual flue gas at a thermal power plant was used. It is shown that about 90% of the NO was removed at a flow rate of 0.8 liters/min and a repetition rate of 7 pps. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 134(4): 28–35, 2001     

陡前沿纳秒脉冲电源的研制

介绍一种陡脉冲前沿的脉冲电源系统,其脉冲前沿<６０ｎｓ,脉冲半高宽约２５０ｎｓ,重复频率０～２００Ｈｚ可调,工作电压７０～１２０ｋＶ,系统效率＞７０％,累计运行时间已>Ｍ２００ｈ,它是电厂烟气脱硫工程的关键技术。     

脉冲放电能量传输的实验研究

针对脉冲电压Up沿放电线传播发生流光电晕放电,脉冲能量注入反应器内产生活性自由基进行烟气脱硫脱硝过程中,沿线Up波形的变形及脉冲能量的衰减会影响活性自由基产生的问题,为给设计工业应用反应器的几何尺寸提供依据,研究了Up及脉冲能量沿放电线变形、衰减的特性,且研究了电压、脉冲成形电容Cp、线径d及线长l等因素对能量传输、衰减的影响。实验结果表明脉冲电压沿放电线传输时,电压波形发生衰减,随着传输距离的增大,电压波形变形严重;电压、Cp、d和l对能量衰减有一定的影响,增大电压、Cp和d,沿线脉冲能量的衰减速度增大;l越短,能量衰减越快。实验得出最佳l≤10 m。     

Ozone production using pulsed dielectric barrier discharge inoxygen

The production of ozone was investigated using a dielectric barrier discharge in oxygen, and employing short-duration pulsed power. The dependence of the ozone concentration (parts per million, ppm) and ozone production yield (g(O₃)/kWh) on the peak pulsed voltage (17.5 to 57.9 kV) and the pulse repetition rate (25 to 400 pulses/s, pps) were investigated. In the present study, the following parameters were kept constant: a pressure of 1.01×10⁵ Pa, a temperature of 26±4°C a gas flow rate of 3.0 1/min and a gaseous gap length of 11 mm. A concentric coaxial cylindrical reactor was used. A spiral copper wire (1 mm in diameter) was wound on a polyvinylchloride (PVC) cylindrical configuration (26 mm in diameter) and placed centrally in a concentric coaxial electrode system with 4 mm thick PVC dielectric layer adjacent to a copper outer electrode of 58 mm in internal diameter. HV and current pulses were provided by a magnetic pulse compressor power source     

纳秒脉冲表面放电等离子体影响因素的实验研究

在大气环境条件下,以环氧为介质阻挡材料,基于单极性ns脉冲电源进行了表面介质阻挡放电实验,研究了电压幅值、电极宽度、电极间距和重复频率对放电等离子体的影响。结果表明ns脉冲表面介质阻挡放电是丝状放电,放电发生在电压脉冲的上升沿阶段;放电电流主要包括两部分脉冲,与放电丝分布的均匀性有着一定的内在关系,外加电压对放电的均匀性以及产生等离子体的长度起作用;电极宽度和间距对放电电流和产生等离子体的发光强度影响不大,电极宽度和间距越小,放电丝分布越均匀,电极宽度存在一个最优值,使得激励器的放电稳定且产生等离子体相对均匀;脉冲重复频率仅对等离子体强度起作用,对放电特性的影响较复杂,不同电极参数下这些影响与放电丝的分布状态有关。     

An efficient, repetitive nanosecond pulsed power generator with ten synchronized spark gap switches

This paper describes an efficient, repetitive nanosecond pulsed power generator using a Transmission-Line-Transformer (TLT) based multiple-switch technology. Within this setup, a 10-stage TLT and ten high-pressure spark-gap switches are adopted. At the input side, ten spark-gap switches are interconnected in series via the TLT, so that all the spark-gap switches can be synchronized automatically. At the output side, all the stages of the TLT are connected in parallel, thus a low output impedance (5 ?) is obtained, and a large output current is realized by adding the currents through all the switches. Experimental results show that 10 spark-gap switches can be synchronized within about 10 ns. The system has been successfully demonstrated at repetition rates up to 300 pps (Pulses Per Second). Pulses with a rise-time of about 11 ns, a pulse width of about 55 ns, an energy of 9-24 J per pulse, a peak power of 300-810 MW, a peak voltage of 40-77 kV, and a peak current of 6-11 kA have been achieved with an energy conversion efficiency of 93-98%.     

用于产生非平衡等离子体的纳秒级脉冲电源研制

为了给非平衡等离子体相关实验提供ns级高压脉冲,研制了一台基于传输线变压器(transmission linetransformer,TLT)原理的高压重频ns脉冲电源,通过在传输线外套加磁环增加二次阻抗,提高TLT的输出电压和能量传输效率。同时设计了一种电容-开关-传输线的紧凑化同轴结构。实验表明,在连接匹配负载条件下,电源输出脉冲电压峰值可以达到26kV,脉宽100ns,上升时间25ns,可在500Hz频率下稳定运行。同时成功地将其应用于大气压氩气等离子射流实验,发现与正弦电压相比,相同电压峰值下,脉冲电源作用下的等离子体射流长度更长,但2种电源作用下的射流长度均出现饱和现象,同时电源频率对射流长度无明显影响。     

常压下重频纳秒脉冲气体放电试验研究

气体介质在重频(PRF)纳秒脉冲作用下的绝缘特性是高重频脉冲功率技术研发的基础。采用SPG200重频纳秒脉冲电源，通过测量常压空气介质间隙(5、10、15、20mm)，在不同重复频率(1、10、100、500、1000Hz)、不同电压幅值(60、80、100kV)作用下的击穿电压、电流、击穿延时及耐受时间，研究了空气的绝缘特性。结果显示重频脉冲常压下空气的击穿场强比单次脉冲时低得多；随击穿场强的增大，击穿时延、重频耐受时间均有减小的趋势，高PRF时减小趋缓。低PRF下的放电发展过程与单次时的放电发展过程差别不大，而与高PRF下的不同。最后对纳秒脉冲下击穿时延及放电机理等进行了一些讨论。     

Performance Characteristics of Alpha-Particle Corona-Streamer Counter

Alpha-particle wire-plate corona counters in air can be operated either in the spark or in the corona-streamer modes. The streamer mode is preferred over the spark mode since it has the advantages of low dead time and the absence of electrode corrosion by sparking. An analysis of the alpha-particle corona-streamer counter is described. The alpha-particle triggered corona pulse characteristics (e.g., pulse shape, amplitude, repetition rate, etc.) are calculated. Not only the pulse characteristics but also the inception voltages of the corona-mode regime are determined. For each wire diameter, a transition gap length between corona and spark modes exists, which is termed ``critical gap length.' The counting rate characteristics have been obtained for wire diameters 0.05-0.1 mm. All the theoretical findings are confirmed by experiment.     

基于现场可编程门阵列的全固态高压ns脉冲发生器

为研究ns脉冲电场诱导肿瘤细胞的凋亡效应,结合Marx发生器原理和全固态开关技术,研制了一套基于现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)的多参数可调全固态高压ns脉冲发生器。该发生器主要包括高压直流电源、Marx电路、FPGA控制电路和负载4部分。Marx电路采用金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(MOSFET)作为控制开关代替传统的火花间隙开关,用二极管代替电阻。FPGA产生多路同步触发脉冲信号,通过光纤进行隔离后可作为MOSFET的原始控制信号,同步驱动多个MOSFET。FPGA控制电路控制充电电压和输出脉冲的宽度、频率,并具有保护功能。实验结果表明,该脉冲发生器可产生幅值(0～8kV)连续可调、脉宽(200～1 000ns)灵活可变、频率(1～1 000Hz)独立可控,前沿35ns的高压ns脉冲,为进一步探索ns脉冲电场生物医学效应奠定了基础。     

脉冲等离子体反应器放电特性研究

脉冲放电等离子体被广泛用于气态污染物处理的研究,放电参数直接影响反应器内等离子体状态,进而影响污染物的去除效果,研究不同条件下的放电特性可为脉冲等离子体技术的应用提供参考.本文利用线板式脉冲等离子体反应器, BPFN型高压脉冲电源供电, 研究了电源电容、极板间距及介质阻挡对放电特性的影响.结果表明:增大电源电容可以有效地提高电源能量效率;增大极板间距,峰值电压VP增大,峰值电流IP减小,脉宽减小,波形更加理想;陶瓷板阻挡放电可解决间隙火花放电,使脉冲电晕放电空间分布均匀,在大范围内提高电源能量效率.     

脉冲电晕法中的双脉冲电源的研制

研制设计了脉冲电晕法脱硫脱硝重要组成部分的双脉冲电源 ,它由高压发生、控制、火花间隙开关 3部分组成 ,可产生 6 0kV的脉冲高压 ,改变电容器容量可改变脉冲宽度。该实验所选电机转速 4 0 0 0r/min ,容性负载 30pF ,脉宽 <2 0 0ns,上升沿 <5 0ns,频率调节范围 0 相似文献   

大气压空气中纳秒脉冲弥散放电实验研究

为了能够在大气压下获得大面积高能量密度的低温等离子体,近年来弥散放电的研究与应用受到广泛关注。采用基于磁脉冲压缩系统的重复频率ns脉冲电源来激励大气压空气中尖板电极结构放电,通过电压电流测量和发光图像拍摄研究了弥散放电的特性。实验结果表明,在常温常压和高重复频率下能够获得大面积均匀的弥散放电,气隙距离增大或减小时,弥散放电分别向电晕放电与火花放电转换。重频ns脉冲放电存在极性效应,电极的小曲率半径处施加负脉冲时需要比正脉冲更高的电场强度才能获得弥散放电。此外,弥散放电的强度随着脉冲上升时间的增大而减弱。因此合适的气隙距离、极不均匀电场的强场处施加正极性脉冲和较陡的脉冲上升时间有利于获得较为强烈的弥散放电。     

kV/ MHz 高重频可重构脉冲产生技术研究

针对当前超快脉冲和超高重频脉冲产生技术需求,基于固态半导体开关技术和脉冲合成技术,提出了一种基于延时触发控制的高重频可重构脉冲产生方法,研制了kV/MHz高重频可重构脉冲源原理型装置。测试结果表明,该脉冲源能够稳定输出幅度为1 kV、重复频率1 MHz、前沿时间约700 ps的亚纳秒脉冲,通过精确调节各脉冲触发时间顺序还可灵活改变脉冲前沿、脉宽和波形等参数,并能实现1～50 MHz重复频率的参数调节,可有效满足电子对抗、超宽带探测及通信等行业领域的应用需求。