固体颗粒对三相气升式环流反应器流动特性的影响

将液相视为连续相,气相和固相视为分散相,同时考虑各相之间的相互作用,结合气液固三相流体的动力学理论,建立气液固三相环流反应器三流体湍流流动的Eulerian模型.采用计算模拟软件Fluent对三相环流反应器的流动状况进行模拟,考察表观气速、固含率、颗粒大小对反应器的气含率以及液体流动速度的影响.模拟结果较好地解释了气升式环流反应器内的三相流体行为,模型与实验结果较好地吻合,表明了模型的可行性.     

环隙气升式气固环流反应器内颗粒速度特性

针对中心气升式气固环流反应器在工业化中暴露出来的问题,提出了一种新型的环隙气升式气固环流反应器,并建立了一套大型的冷态实验装置（装置总高4．56m,环流反应器筒体外径300mm）来考察环隙气升式气固环流反应器内颗粒速度特性。操作条件为环隙区表观气速0.10-0.54m／s,导流筒区表观气速0.059-0.200m／s。分别测量了环流反应器环流段内颗粒的密度和速度,基于实验数据对催化剂颗粒的运动速度和环流推动力进行系统分析。结果表明,环隙区颗粒分布形式为“中心稀两边浓”;环隙气升式气固环流反应器内,颗粒环流速度随着环隙区表观气速的增大而增大,而环流速度梯度逐步减小。随着导流筒高径比H／D的增大,环隙气升式气固环流反应器的环流推动力增大而颗粒环流速度减小。     

非牛顿流体在气升式反应器中的流动特性

以非牛顿型流体在气升式内环流反应器中流动特性为研究对象，考察了在气－液－固三相体系中气含率和液体循环速度随不同的表观气速、固体颗粒粒径和浓度、设备结构尺寸的变化规律。对实验数据进行了回归处理得到气含率和循环速度的经验关联式，并对非牛顿型流体和牛顿型流体在同一反应器中的流动特性作了比较     

环隙气升式气固环流反应器内流体力学特性的理论分析

环流反应器的研究与应用一直局限于气液与气液固体系,将环流反应器移植到气固体系是一个具有独创性的探索。针对工业化中气固环流反应器的缺陷,提出了一种新型的环隙气升式气固环流反应器。并对床层空隙率、颗粒流动速度进行了实验研究与理论分析。建立了环隙区床层空隙率模型,发现环隙区床层空隙率随着环隙区表观气速的增加而增加;环隙区靠近导流筒外壁一侧颗粒流动速度明显大于靠近反应器内壁一侧,导流筒区颗粒流动速度沿径向的分布受气体分布器结构影响较大;环隙区颗粒流动速度基本不随轴向位置的变化而变化,导流筒区颗粒的流动属于密相输送,颗粒环流所受到的阻力主要集中在底部区域,其次为气固分离区,底部区域阻力大小由床层流化质量和导流筒下端距反应器底部的间隙所决定;建立了颗粒环流速度模型,发现环流速度随环隙区表观气速的增加而增加。     

气升式三相内环流生物反应器内流体力学和传质性能的实验研究

本文通过实验研究了气升式三相内环流反应器在非牛顿流体中的流体动力学特性和传质性能.考察了表观气速、导流筒与反应器截面积之比、固体粒子加入量及CMC溶液浓度等操作条件对气升式三相内环流生物反应器中导流筒与环隙内液体循环速度、气含率、固含率及气-液体积传质系数等流动与传质特性参数的影响.     

底部间隙对多室环流反应器流动特性的影响

在空气-水-石英砂三相多室气升式环流反应器(MALR)中,调节底部转角连接处间隙高度分别为18,28,38mm,在表观气速1.2～4.2cm/s范围内,实验研究了底部阻力系数、相含率、循环液速随反应器底部间隙的变化规律。结果表明,随着底部间隙的增大,底部转角处的局部阻力系数减小,循环液速增大,流体夹带进入下降室的气泡和固体颗粒均增多,下降室的气含率和固含率均增大。     

中心气升式气固环流反应器中的能耗分布

基于能量平衡,推导出计算中心气升式气固环流反应器中不同区域内气固混合物流动能耗的理论模型,测量了不同区域内固相颗粒速度、气固混合物密度及床层压降,并根据实验数据确定出相应的模型参数,模型计算与实验结果吻合较好. 模型计算表明,中心气升式气固环流反应器内环隙区和气固分离区的能耗分别占反应器总能耗的近40%和30%,颗粒环流受到的阻力主要集中在这2个区域;而导流筒区及分布器影响区能耗较小,共占总能耗的近30%. 随导流筒区表观气速增加,环隙区能耗占总能耗的比重减小,气固分离区能耗所占比重增大,导流筒区和分布器影响区能耗基本保持不变. 气体分布器的安装位置对反应器内能量消耗的分布影响较大,中心气升式气固环流反应器内流动阻力更小.     

纳米TiO2在环隙流化床中流动特性的实验研究

在环隙流化(AFB)床中,应用实验测量技术研究了床层压降和床层膨胀曲线以及最小流化速度的变化规律.研究结果显示,在升速流化时,随着气速增大,床层压降和床层膨胀比也随之增大,当气速超过一定值时,纳米TiO2颗粒完全流化,压降波动和床层膨胀比趋于平稳.最小流化速度随着纳米TiO2质量的增加而增大.     

中心气升式气-固环流反应器与自由流化床流动特性对比

对中心气升式气固环流反应器和自由床流化反应器的流动特性进行了对比. 结果表明,在同样的操作条件下,在轴向高度h=112~512 mm范围内,环流反应器导流筒区的径向不均匀指数RNI比自由床的RNI减小27%~36%;与自由床相比,环流反应器导流筒区的局部不均匀指数减小20%~59%,整体不均匀指数减小17%~43%,环流反应器的流化质量较高;环流反应器导流筒区和自由床内均存在气体返混现象,导流筒区各采样点示踪气体的浓度和轴向扩散系数Da,g比自由床均有所降低,在表观气速0.2~0.4 m/s范围内,导流筒区Peclet准数的绝对值比自由床增大12%~58%,说明导流筒区气体返混程度小于自由床,气-固两相流向上的宏观流动可有效抑制气体的轴向返混.     

空气-SRNA-4催化剂磁稳定床的流动特性

床层压降、最小流化速度、固含率及其分布和气相返混系数是气固磁稳定反应器放大与优化所必需的基础数据.采用压降法、光电法及瞬态点源示踪技术试验研究了以SRNA-4催化剂为固相的气固磁稳定床的流动特性.试验结果表明:最小流化速度、最小流化状态下的床层空隙率与磁场强度无关;固含率的径向分布基本均匀;磁场强度的增大抑制了颗粒的运动,使得局部固含率略微增加;空塔气速的增加促进了气固磁稳定床的膨胀,使得固含率减小;粒径较小时,随磁场强度及气速的变化贝克来数(Pe)变化不大;粒径较大情况下,Pe随气速增大而减小,随着磁场强度的增大,先增大后减小.试验获得了最小流化速度、固含率和床层高度的关联式,预测值与试验值吻合良好.     

Hydrodynamic behaviour of a magneto airlift column in a transverse magnetic field

The hydrodynamics of a three‐phase airlift reactor of magnetic particles has been investigated in the presence of a transverse magnetic field. Experiments were carried out in two modes: applying the magnetic field to a static bed then increasing the field flow, and applying the magnetic field to a fluidized bed then increasing the magnetic field intensity. In magnetizing the first mode and parallel to the increasing gas superficial velocity, several bed regimes were observed, including: initial packed, stabilized, and fluidized beds. On the other hand, in magnetizing last mode and while increasing the magnetic field intensity, the fluidized bed changes from a fluidized to a stabilized to frozen bed. Bed expansion before the onset of fluidization increases as the magnetic field intensity increases. Minimum fluidization velocity was found to be strongly dependent on the magnetic field intensity and the minimum stabilization intensity was also strongly dependent on the gas velocity. The magnetic field intensity also affects the bed expansion hysteresis and the liquid circulation velocity. A photocell was used to measure the water circulation rate in the downcomer of the reactor.     

生物质快速热解流化床反应器气力进料特性

为探究不同工况下热解流化床反应器的气力进料特性,设计并搭建了流化床反应器气力进料冷态试验装置。生物质原料和床料分别采用落叶松颗粒和石英砂颗粒,通过试验测得了本装置的最小流化速度,研究了流化气速、喷动气速、流量比、初始静床高、石英砂粒径、落叶松粒径对流化床反应器气力进料特性的影响。试验结果表明：流化气速和喷动气速的增加均会提高进料率;流化气使床料流化并为落叶松颗粒提供进料空间,喷动气为落叶松颗粒提供动能,并平衡一部分床层压力;落叶松与石英砂粒径的增加对进料效果不利;流量比在1.9~2.7范围内进料率高且稳定性好。本文构建了生物质、床料与气体的三相流物理及数学模型,开展试验对模型进行验证,结果表明其预测误差为±13%。     

提升管-环流床耦合反应器环流床内的固含率分布

针对催化汽油辅助反应器改质降烯烃技术,在提升管-环流床耦合反应器大型冷模实验装置上,研究了上部环流床内局部固含率分布及操作条件的影响,采用径向不均匀指数分析比较了提升管上端耦合环流床及耦合常规流化床的流化质量. 结果表明,环流床内固含率随表观气速增加而减小,导流筒底部固含率随外循环强度增加而增加,中上部固含率受外循环强度影响较小,环隙内固含率随外循环强度增加略有降低. 当导流筒内表观气速Ug,d<0.85 m/s时,固含率径向分布的均匀性沿轴向向上逐渐变好,当Ug,d≥0.85 m/s时,则沿轴向向上先变好,在导流筒出口处又变差;环隙内固含率分布趋于均匀的程度依次为环隙中部>环隙下部>环隙上部. 相同条件下,环流床内固含率分布的径向不均匀指数小于常规流化床.     

气液固三相循环流态化

<正>由于三相流化床反应器在石油化工、湿法冶金、环境工程和煤的液化等工业领域得到越来越广泛的应用,近年来对传统的三相流化床进行了大量的基础研究并取得了很大进展。以往的研究大部分是针对低液速(u_l相似文献   

Regime classification of macroscopic gas—solid flow in a circulating fluidized bed riser

A conceptual flow regime diagram for a circulating fluidized bed riser is proposed, combining existing investigations with experimental data obtained under idealized conditions in which a fully independent control of gas velocity and solid circulation rate was conducted by use of a screw feeder for solid feed into the riser. The diagram classifies the flow state into five regimes by qualitative transition lines which describe the relationship between gas velocity and solid circulation rate. These regimes are particulate fluidization, bubbling fluidization, turbulent fluidization, dense-phase transport and dilute-phase transport. The diagram suggests that S-shaped bed-density distribution or dense/dilute region interface appears only at limited conditions in the bubbling and turbulent fluidization regimes. These experimental findings were generalized by further experiments in a conventional circulation system with a ball valve between the riser and the downcomer which permits changes in the solid circulation rate and the bed height in the downcomer. The experimental results showed that the bed height in the downcomer has no particular effect on the bed density distribution or the height of the dense/dilute region interface, but an appreciable effect on the lowest gas velocity to maintain steady solid circulation at a given rate. These results are consistent with the above diagram.     

Hydrodynamics of an inverse liquid–solid circulating conventional fluidized bed

An inverse liquid–solid circulating conventional fluidized bed (I-CCFB) is realized by injecting particles from the top of a conventional liquid–solid fluidized bed (0.076 m ID and 5.4 m height) that is operated in a newly developed circulating conventional fluidization regime located between the conventional and circulating fluidization regimes. The I-CCFB can achieve a higher solids holdup compared to both conventional and circulating liquid–solid fluidized beds. A new parameter, the bed intensification factor, is defined to quantify the increased solids holdup observed with external solids circulation. The Richardson–Zaki equation is shown to be applicable to the I-CCFB regime and can be used to correlate the slip velocity and solids holdup, both of which increase with the solids circulation rate. A new flow regime map is presented, including the I-CCFB and a variety of other liquid–solid fluidized beds.     

Characterization of fluidization regime in circulating fluidized bed reactor with high solid particle concentration using computational fluid dynamics

The hydrodynamics inside a high solid particle concentration circulating fluidized bed reactor was investigated using computational fluid dynamics simulation. Compared to a low solid particle reactor, all the conventional fluidization regimes were observed. In addition, two unconventional fluidization regimes, circulating-turbulent and dense suspension bypassing regimes, were found with only primary gas injection. The circulating-turbulent fluidization regime showed uniformly dense solid particle distribution in all the system directions, while the dense suspension bypassing fluidization regime exhibited the flow of solid particles at only one side system wall. Then, comprehensive fluidization regime clarification and mapping were evaluated using in-depth system parameters. In the circulating-turbulent fluidization regime, the total granular temperature was low compared to the adjacent fluidization regimes. In the dense suspension bypassing fluidization regime, the highest total granular temperature was obtained. The circulating-turbulent and dense suspension bypassing fluidization regimes are suitable for sorption and transportation applications, respectively.     

Characterization of an airlift reactor with helical flow promoters

The helical flow promoter (HFP), inserted in the downcomer of an airlift reactor (ALR), generates a helical flow pattern in the circulating gas–liquid (solid) mixture. Data on the fluidization capacity, gas holdup, liquid velocity and mass transfer rate for two- and three-phase systems with two different carboxymethylcellulose solutions collected in a 58 L ALR-HFP are presented and compared with those of common pneumatic reactors. Generally, an increasing solid concentration led to a slight decrease in gas holdup and liquid velocity but to a considerable decrease in mass transfer rates. Insertion of HFPs produced a significantly enhanced fluidization capacity of solid particles compared to the common systems.     

气-固微型流化床压降特性及最小流化速度的实验研究

在内径3～20 mm的4个气-固微型流化床中,分别考察了A类和B类两种类型颗粒的流化特性,同时研究了床几何结构、操作条件、物相性质等各因素对其最小流化速度的影响.结果 表明,气-固微型流化床中的床层压降特性与颗粒类型密切相关,不同的流动状态下两种类型颗粒的流动特性存在显著地差异.在固定床阶段,与B类颗粒相比,A类颗粒与...     

气-液-固三相逆流化床动力学研究

在内径0.152 m,高2.5 m的气-液-固三相逆流化床中系统研究了动力学特性。获得了气体和液体速度及聚乙烯和聚丙烯颗粒密度对各相含率和最小液体流化速度的影响规律。研究发现随着气体速度的增加,液体最小流化速度降低;随着气体或液体速度增加,气体、液体和固体含率均增加。