卷积编码及译码在数字通信系统中的仿真

本文介绍了利用点对点（哪）数字通信系统模型，推导卷积编码和Viterbi译码的非线性传输函数的方法以及对Viterbi译码软判决和硬判决的性能分析。通过Matlab中的Simulink仿真模块，对系统模型进行了建模，其仿真结果表明。增大卷积编码和Viterbi译码的约束长度可以提高误码性能。最后，得到了Viterbi译码在软判决和硬判决条件下的误码曲线。     

Performance analysis of Viterbi decoding for 64-DAPSK and 64-QAMmodulated OFDM signals

The multilevel modulation techniques of 64-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and 64-differential amplitude and phase-shift keying (DAPSK) have been proposed in combination with the orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme for digital terrestrial video broadcasting (DTVB). With this system a data rate of 34 Mb/s can be transmitted over an 8-MHz radio channel. A comparison of these modulation methods in the uncoded case has been presented by Engels and Rohling (see European Trans. Telecommun., vol.6, p.633-40, 1995). The channel coding scheme proposed for DTVB by Schafer (see Proc. Int. Broadcasting Convention, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, p.79-84, 1995) consists of an inner convolutional code concatenated with an outer Reed-Solomon (RS) code. In this paper the performance of the convolutional codes is analyzed for the two modulation techniques. This analysis includes soft decision Viterbi (1971) decoding of the convolutional code. For soft decision decoding of DAPSK modulated signals a new metric is developed     

Performance analysis of Viterbi decoder using channel stateinformation in COFDM system

This paper relates to the application method of channel state information (CSI) to the Viterbi (maximum likelihood) decoder in the digital terrestrial television broadcasting system. The proposed Viterbi decoder uses the CSI derived from the pilots inserted in the transmitter of the COFDM (coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) system. The CSI is calculated by interpolation using the pilots in the receiver. The active real (I) and imaginary (Q) data after equalization are transferred to the branch metric calculation block that decides the euclidean distance for soft decision decoding and also the estimated CSI values are transferred to the same block. After calculating the euclidean distance for the soft decision decoding, the euclidean distance of the branch metric is multiplied by CSI. To do so, new branch metric values that consider each carrier state information are obtained. We simulated this method in Rayleigh fading defined in the ETSI standard. From the simulation, this method has better performance of about 0.15 dB to 0.7 dB and 2.2 dB to 2.9 dB in the Rayleigh channel than that of conventional soft decision Viterbi decoding with or without a bit interleaver where the constellation is QPSK, l6-QAM and 64-QAM     

A constraint-length based modified Viterbi algorithm with adaptiveeffort

A modified Viterbi (1971) algorithm for convolutional codes is described that provides for signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) adaptive computational effort. The algorithm has three levels of prioritized effort. Movement from one level to the next is controlled by parameters that can be selected according to desired output bit error rate performance. For 3-bit soft decision detected signals, a coding gain within 0.06 dB of Viterbi at a 3-dB SNR is achieved for the same constraint-length code with modest parameter values and computational effort. At values of SNR above 6 dB, the algorithm decodes with very low computational effort. Effort levels are controlled by spanning the decoding trellis in steps that are one constraint-length long     

改进型全并行Viterbi译码器设计与实现

卷积码作为一种重要的前向纠错信道编码方式,广泛应用于现代无线通信系统之中。Viterbi译码方式在约束长度较小的前提下能够最大限度地发挥出卷积码的优异性能。对(2,1,5)最佳非系统卷积码的Viterbi译码器的误码率进行了Matlab仿真。针对传统Viterbi译码设计上的不足进行了改进和优化,给出了硬件实现的逻辑原理框图,并利用EDA设计工具基于FPGA来设计实现Viterbi译码模块。最后分析了译码器综合后的资源占用情况并通过时序仿真验证了译码可靠性。     

An integrated error correction and detection system for digitalaudio broadcasting

Hybrid in-band on-channel digital audio broadcasting systems deliver digital audio signals in such a way that is backward compatible with existing analog FM transmission. We present a channel error correction and detection system that is well-suited for use with audio source coders, such as the so-called perceptual audio coder (PAC), that have error concealment/mitigation capabilities. Such error mitigation is quite beneficial for high quality audio signals. The proposed system involves an outer cyclic redundancy check (CRC) code that is concatenated with an inner convolutional code. The outer CRC code is used for error detection, providing flags to trigger the error mitigation routines of the audio decoder. The inner convolutional code consists of so-called complementary punctured-pair convolutional codes, which are specifically tailored to combat the unique adjacent channel interference characteristics of the FM band. We introduce a novel decoding method based on the so-called list Viterbi algorithm (LVA). This LVA-based decoding method, which may be viewed as a type of joint or integrated error correction and detection, exploits the concatenated structure of the channel code to provide enhanced decoding performance relative to decoding methods based on the conventional Viterbi algorithm (VA). We also present results of informal listening tests and other simulations on the Gaussian channel. These results include the preferred length of the outer CRC code for 96-kb/s audio coding and demonstrate that LVA-based decoding can significantly reduce the error flag rate relative to conventional VA-based decoding, resulting in dramatically improved decoded audio quality. Finally, we propose a number of methods for screening undetected errors in the audio domain     

A 40 Mb/s soft-output Viterbi decoder

Soft-output decoding has evolved as a key technology for new error correction approaches with unprecedented performance as well as for improvement of well established transmission techniques. In this paper, we present a high-speed VLSI implementation of the soft-output Viterbi algorithm, a low complexity soft-output algorithm, for a 16-state convolutional code. The 43 mm² standard cell chip achieves a simulated throughput of 40 Mb/s, while tested samples achieved a throughput of 50 Mb/s. The chip is roughly twice as big as a 16-state Viterbi decoder without soft outputs. It is thus shown with the design that transmission schemes using soft-output decoding can be considered practical even at very high throughput. Since such decoding systems are more complex to design than hard output systems, special emphasis is placed on the employed design methodology     

BER performance with soft and hard decision decoder for coherentoptical DPSK systems corrupted by phase noise

The performance of coherent optical communication systems is significantly degraded by semiconductor laser phase noise. A rate 1/2, constraint length K=7, convolutional error correcting code with Viterbi decoding is used to improve a 3.5-10 Mbit/s DPSK system. Error correcting coding demonstrates the reduction of the influence of phase noise on BER performance, and significantly lowers the BER floor. Soft decision decoding and hard decision decoding performance is investigated and compared     

CD3-OFDM: a novel demodulation scheme for fixed and mobilereceivers

This paper describes a novel channel estimation scheme identified as coded decision directed demodulation (CD3) for coherent demodulation of orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) signals making use of any constellation format [e.g., quaternary phase shift keying (QPSK), 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), 64-QAM]. The structure of the CD3-OFDM demodulator is described, based on a new channel estimation loop exploiting the error correction capability of a forward error correction (FEC) decoder and frequency and time domain filtering to mitigate the effects of noise and residual errors. In contrast to the conventional coherent OFDM demodulation schemes, CD3-OFDM does not require the transmission of a comb of pilot tones for channel estimation and equalization, therefore yielding a significant improvement in spectrum efficiency (typically between 5-15%). The performance of the system with QPSK modulation is analyzed by computer simulations, on additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and frequency selective channels, under static and mobile reception conditions. For convolutional coding rate 1/2, the results indicate that CD3-OFDM allows one to achieve a very fast adaptation to the channel characteristics in a mobile environment (maximum tolerable Doppler shift of about 80 Hz for an OFDM symbol duration of 1 ms, as differential demodulation) and an E_b /N₀ performance similar to coherent demodulation (e.g., E_b/N₀=4.3 dB at bit-error rate (BER)=2·10 ^-4 on the AWGN channel). Therefore, CD3-OFDM can be suitable for digital sound and television broadcasting services over selective radio channels, addressed to fixed and vehicular receivers     

级联卷积码的性能评估

本文给出了三个采用卷积码的数字通信系统,并对其性能进行了评估.其中两个系统采用了用两个短的卷积码进行级联的方式(称为级联系统). 而另一个则是现在普遍使用的卷积编码方式,它采用一个长的卷积码(称为基联系统),三个系统的编码效率和约束长度分别采用R=2/3和K=3,R=3/4和K=2,以及R=1/2和K=7.前两个系统在Viterbi译码器进行硬件判决之前采用了软判决.两个级联系统中最为突出的特点是它们的译码器的复杂程度被大大降低,整个系统的复杂程度比基联系统改变了25%到50%.     

级联纠错编码DS/BPSK系统性能分析与仿真

为了研究级联编码对DS/BPSK系统性能的影响,设计了一种基于RS与卷积码级联编码的DS/BPSK系统,分析了该级联编码直扩系统的性能,仿真了在纠错编码参数发生改变时的系统性能。仿真结果表明,级联编码的DS/BPSK系统性能比单码编码的DS/BPSK系统性能要好。在RS码参数保持不变时,降低卷积码的码率,采用软判决方式译码以及多比特软判决,能有效提升系统性能;同时,交织在一定程度上能改善系统的性能。     

High-Rate Punctured Convolutional Codes for Soft Decision Viterbi Decoding

The high-rate punctured codes of rates 2/3 through 13/14 are derived from rate 1/2 specific convolutional codes with maximal free distance. Coding gains of derived codes are compared based on their bit error rate performances under soft decision Viterbi decoding.     

Error statistics of 64-QAM signal in AM/64-QAM hybrid optical transmission

This paper describes the performance of an error correction system based on the DAVIC specifications. It also presents an error statistics property and its analytical model for the impulse noise induced by clipping in amplitude modulation (AM)/64 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) hybrid optical transmission (hybrid transmission). We found in hybrid transmission that the errors cannot be completely corrected by the error correction of DAVIC after hit error rate (BER) measurement with error correction, and then the error statistics of the 64-QAM channel were evaluated. It was confirmed that errors occasionally occur in long bursts that exceed an interleaver block length of the error correction when the impulse noise degrades the 64-QAM signal's BER. We believe that the error burst is caused by the slowed fluctuation of the envelope of a frequency division multiplex (FDM) signal in hybrid transmission. Once a portion of the envelope amplitude reaches the clipping level, the duration of maintaining such a condition is much longer than the 64-QAM symbol time. Accordingly, the errors occasionally run for more than 100 symbols. We apply Rice's fading duration distribution model to explain this error burst occurrence mechanism and its statistical manner and discuss this model's validity by comparison between the theoretical and measurement data of error statistics property. Consequently, we found that the theoretical value by the proposed model is in excellent agreement with the measurement data and confirmed that the proposed model is valid for analyzing the error manner for the clipping induced error.     

Convolutionally coded frequency-hopping communications withnonideal interleaving

The interleaving span of coded frequency-hopped (FH) systems is often constrained to be smaller than the decoder memory length, i.e. nonideal interleaving is performed. An upper bound on the performance of a Viterbi decoder of a convolutional code with nonideal interleaving is presented. A soft decision diversity combining technique is introduced, and the performance of combined convolutional and diversity coding subject to worst-case partial band noise jamming is investigated. Optimization of the FH system performance subject to constraints of allowed delay and synthesizer settling time provides the best combination of interleaving span and hopping rate. The FH system considered employs M-ary frequency-shift key (MFSK) modulation and noncoherent demodulation with 2-b soft decision based on Viterbi's ratio-threshold technique     

The Impact of Pulsed RFI on the Coded BER Performance of the Nonlinear Satellite Communication Channel

The coded bit error rate (BER) performance of a satellite communications system, wherein the satellite repeater contains an arbitrary nonlinearity and the system operates in the presence of pulsed radio frequency interference (RFI), is examined. A major result is an analytic method for determining soft decision statistics of the receiver demodulator output in which pulsed RFI effects are accounted for. It is further demonstrated how this result can be analytically applied to the approximate determination of the BER at the output of the Viterbi decoder when convolutional coding is employed. Computed results specialize the nonlinearity to either a hard limiter or clipper, in conjunction with an arbitrarily specified AM/PM characteristic. Performance curves examine BER sensitivity to RFI duty cycle, form of RFI (CW or noise), and various coding/decoding conditions.     

Simulation and performance of the pan-European land mobile radiosystem

The introduction of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute/Groupe Special Mobiles (ETSI/GSM) digital land mobile radio system has required the study and application of advanced transmission techniques, necessary to meet the quality objectives in very demanding environments. In particular, the authors consider the performance of the compact-spectrum constant-envelope modulation chosen by ETSI/GSM, together with concatenated block and convolutional coding, Viterbi adaptive equalization, and soft-decision Viterbi decoding to cope with the severe time- and frequency-selective distortions caused by propagation phenomena, properly modeled for computer simulation. Channel coding and adaptive equalization techniques, supported also by frequency hopping and diversity reception, are fundamental to operate the system with the required quality     

一种应用于LTE系统的Viterbi译码算法

LTE(long term evolution,长期演进)系统中采用了咬尾卷积码和Turbo码来实现前向纠错,Viterbi译码是卷积码的一种杰出的译码算法,它是一种最大似然译码方法。本文基于LTE系统中的咬尾卷积码,详细分析了几种较成熟的Viterbi译码算法,并综合现有算法,提出了一种改进算法,减小了译码计算的复杂度。仿真结果表明,改进算法在降低译码计算复杂度的同时还降低了译码误比特率,因此非常适合LTE系统的译码要求。     

OFDM-based turbo-coded hierarchical and non-hierarchicalterrestrial mobile digital video broadcasting

The feasibility of terrestrial digital video broadcast (DVB) to mobile receivers is studied and turbo coded performance enhancements are proposed. Initially, the MPEG-2 codec is subjected to a rigorous bit error sensitivity investigation, in order to assist in designing various error protection schemes for wireless DVB transmission. The turbo codec is shown to provide signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) performance advantages in excess of 5-6 dB over conventional convolutional coding both in terms of bit error rate and video quality. Our experiments suggested that-despite our expectations-multi-class data partitioning did not result in error resilience improvements, since a high proportion of relatively sensitive video bits had to be relegated to the lower integrity subchannel, when invoking a powerful low-rate channel codec in the high-integrity protection class. Nonetheless, DVB transmission to mobile receivers is feasible, when using turbo-coded OFDM transceivers at realistic power-budget requirements under the investigated highly dispersive fading channel conditions. It is interesting to note furthermore that the 5-6 dB SNR improvement due to turbo coding allows us to invoke for example the double-throughput 16-level quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) mode instead of the standard convolutional-coded 4-QAM mode. This facilitates doubling the bit rate and hence improving the video quality     

Channel coding for satellite mobile channels

The deployment of channel coding and interleaving to enhance the bit-error performance of a satellite mobile radio channel is addressed for speech and data transmissions. Different convolutional codes (CC) using Viterbi decoding with soft decision are examined with inter-block interleaving. Reed-Solomon (RS) codes with Berlekamp-Massey hard decision decoding or soft decision trellis decoding combined with block interleaving are also investigated. A concatenated arrangement employing RS and CC coding as the outer and inner coders, respectively, is used for transmissions via minimum shift keying (MSK) over Gaussian and Rayleigh fading channels. For an interblock interleaving period of 2880 bits, a concatenated arrangement of an RS(48,36). over the Galois field GF(256) and punctured PCC(3,1,7) yielding an overall coding rate of 1/2, provides a coding gain of 42dB for a BER of 10^?6, and an uncorrectable error detection probability of 1–10^?9.     

Real-Time Minimal-Bit-Error Probability Decoding of Convolutional Codes

A recursive procedure is derived for decoding of rateR = 1/nbinary convolutional codes which minimizes the probability of the individual decoding decisions for each information bit, subject to the constraint that the decoding delay be limited to Δ branches. This new decoding algorithm is similar to, but somewhat more complex than, the Viterbi decoding algorithm. A "real-time," i.e., fixed decoding delay, version of the Viterbi algorithm is also developed and used for comparison to the new algorithm on simulated channels. It is shown that the new algorithm offers advantages over Viterbi decoding in soft-decision applications, such as in the inner coding system for concatenated coding.