反应合成六钛酸钾晶须的研究

采用分析纯K2CO3(K)和TiO2(T)为原料,按不同摩尔配比混合配料．采用不同的合成温度和保温时间反应合成钛酸钾晶须,并利用SEM和X射线衍射仪对其形貌及相组成进行了分析。结果表明：原料配比是影响合成产物的相组成及相对含量的主要因素,而合成温度和保温时间对钛酸钾晶须形态的影响较为显著。当K／T的摩尔比为1：5～6时,1000℃保温1h炉冷即可制备出高质量的钛酸钾(以K2Ti6O13为主)晶须,且晶须的收率高。     

KCl熔盐法合成六钛酸钾晶须的研究

为降低合成温度,制备纯度高及结晶性好的六钛酸钾(K2Ti6O13)晶须,以分析纯的K2CO3、TiO2和KCl为原料,按照三者物质的量比为1:5.5:5.5配比称取原料,分别经过研磨、过0.25 mm(60目)筛后,放入球磨罐中干混。将混合好的物料放入刚玉坩埚分别加热至650～1 100℃保温2 h,然后随炉冷却至室温。利用TG-DSC、XRD、SEM等分析了合成条件对晶须生长过程和形貌的影响。结果表明,采用KCl熔盐法在900℃可以合成纯度较高的K2Ti6O13单晶,晶须生长质量好、分散性高;KCl在合成过程中不参与反应,但能够降低体系液相形成温度,促进K2CO3的熔化、分解以及钛酸钾的合成速度。     

KCI熔盐法合成六钛酸钾晶须的研究

为降低合成温度,制备纯度高及结晶性好的六钛酸钾(K2Ti6 O13)晶须,以分析纯的K2 CO3、TiO2和KCI为原料,按照三者物质的量比为1:5.5:5.5配比称取原料,分别经过研磨、过0.25 mm(60目)筛后,放入球磨罐中干混.将混合好的物料放入刚玉坩埚分别加热至650～1 100℃保温2h,然后随炉冷却至室温.利用TG-DSC、XRD、SEM等分析了合成条件对晶须生长过程和形貌的影响.结果表明,采用KCI熔盐法在900℃可以合成纯度较高的K2Ti6O13单晶,晶须生长质量好、分散性高;KCI在合成过程中不参与反应,但能够降低体系液相形成温度,促进K2CO3的熔化、分解以及钛酸钾的合成速度.     

钛酸钾晶须的高温热稳定性

用分析纯K2CO3和TiO2为原料,按摩尔比n（K2CO3）／n（TiO2）为1：3.5混料均匀后,用烧结法反应合成钛酸钾晶须。通过X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜分析不同煅烧工艺下钛酸钾晶须的微观结构,研究钛酸钾晶须的高温热稳定性。结果表明：四钛酸钾（K2Ti4O9）的热稳定性低于六钛酸钾（K2Ti6O13）的。K2Ti4O9在高温煅烧时将向K2Ti6O13转变,其转变的临界温度约为1100℃。K2Ti6O13在1200℃煅烧的热稳定性略有下降。     

烧结法制备六钛酸钾晶须的工艺研究

用慢冷烧结法一次煅烧合成了长径比大干10、形貌优良的六钛酸钾(K2O·6TiO2)晶须.通过正交试验设计及结果分析,得出反应温度、保温时间以及升温速率对产物的影响主次关系,并对各项参数进行了优化.结果表明:反应温度影响最大,以1000℃为宜;其次为升温速率,在800℃之后保持3℃/min为宜;保温时间影响较小,以1h1.5h为宜.     

偏钛酸为钛源制备六钛酸钾晶须

以偏钛酸和碳酸钾为原料,采用烧结法制备了六钛酸钾晶须.利用X射线衍射(XRD)和场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究了产物的物相和形貌特征.结果表明,n(TiO2)/n(K2O)摩尔比对产物的物相组成影响明显,n(TiO2)/n(K2O)摩尔比为3.5时产物较纯,基本为六钛酸钾;焙烧温度从1050℃提高至1150℃,产物组成无明显变化.随着焙烧时间的增加,产物的物相种类越少,六钛酸钾的结晶度越好、含量越多.焙烧温度对六钛酸钾晶须的长径比影响不大,n(TiO2)/n(K2 O)摩尔比为3.3时六钛酸钾晶须的长径比可达100.     

四钛酸钾晶须的高温亚稳性

为了研究烧结法合成钛酸钾晶须的机理,利用X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜分析其相变和显微形貌.实验发现:在约950℃,四钛酸钾(K2Ti4O9)开始出现亚稳转变,1100℃以上保温2h后,其临界转变基本完成,说明K2Ti4O9是高温亚稳相,低于临界反应温度合成的六钛酸钾(K2Ti6O13)是由K2Ti4O9的亚稳相转变获得的.利用K2Ti4O9的高温亚稳性可以降低烧结法合成K2Ti6O13晶须的合成温度,对于确定烧结工艺参数具有重要意义.     

2MgO·TiO2的固相反应合成与烧结

在2MgO.TiO2的热力学计算基础上,将97电熔镁砂(<0.088 mm)和钛白粉(<0.044 mm)按n(MgO):n(TiO2)=2:1的配比共磨并预烧(1 000℃保温3 h)后,将预烧料破碎并预压造粒,成型为44 mm×44 mm的试样,然后在1 250~1 700℃(间隔50℃)共10个温度点下分别煅烧5 h。对煅烧后的试样进行XRD和SEM分析以及显气孔率、体积密度、常温耐压强度的测定,在此基础上研究了2MgO.TiO2的合成与烧结。结果表明:以97电熔镁砂和钛白粉为原料,按n(MgO):n(TiO2)=2:1配料,在1 400℃保温5 h就可以合成高含量的2MgO.TiO2,但合成2MgO.TiO2的烧结温度应控制在1 650℃保温5 h。     

硼酸铝-六钛酸钾晶须复合隔热材料制备与性能

以硼酸、氢氧化铝、六钛酸钾晶须(PTW)等为主要原料,采用固相烧结法制备了硼酸铝-六钛酸钾晶须复合隔热材料,研究了预合成硼酸铝晶须(ABW)对材料显微结构、力学性能及隔热性能等方面的影响。结果表明:随着制备温度的提高,ABW与PTW由点接触转变为晶须间通过K_1.5(Al_1.5Ti_6.5)O₁₆相结合,提高了复合隔热材料的致密度和耐压强度;细小的ABW在PTW之间形成了尺寸更小的孔隙,通过减少对流和辐射传热,显著提高了晶须复合隔热材料的隔热性能。控制PTW、预合成ABW、炭黑质量比为9∶1∶3,在1 100 ℃可制得体积密度为1.11 g/cm³、耐压强度为3.5 MPa、导热系数为0.11~0.16 W/(m·K)(200~800 ℃)的硼酸铝-六钛酸钾晶须复合隔热材料。     

一步酯交换法合成碳酸二甲酯非均相催化剂的研究

以KI和K2CO3为双活性组分,分别以4A分子筛、硅胶、活性炭和活性氧化铝为载体,采用浸溃法制备了非均相催化剂.结果表明,在水溶液中浸溃制备的非均相催化剂比在甲醇溶液中浸渍的具有更高的催化活性,KI和K2CO3负载于4A分子筛的催化剂活性最高.采用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、热重分析(TG)和差热分析(DTA)等多种手段对催化剂进行结构表征,发现分子筛负载KI-K2COa后晶型趋向规整化,KI和K2CO3在分子筛孔壁分散性良好,K2CO3分解产生的KOH增强了催化剂的碱性.以KI-K2CO3/4A分子筛为催化剂,考察了载体粒径、活性组分负载量、催化剂用量和反应时间对一步酯交换法合成碳酸二甲酯(DMC)的影响.结果表明.分子筛粒径为75～80 μm及KI.K2CO3和分子筛质量配比为1: 1.5:10的非均相催化剂催化性能较好.在以环氧丙烷、甲醇和CO2为原料,催化剂与P0的质量比为1.25,140℃和7.5 MP8条件下一步合成DMCt反应5.5 h,PO转化率达100%,DMC收率达75%.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。