一种有效的用于疲劳驾驶检测的人眼定位算法

对疲劳驾驶检测系统来说,人眼定位对眼睛状态的正确判别起着关键作用。文中提出一种灰度图像中改进型眼睛定位算法。首先采用水平和垂直积分投影法大致定位出双眼窗口,然后综合运用动态阈值的模板卷积法和形态学操作来定位眼部黑块。随后通过黑斑验证,精确定位出眼球中心。实验图片全部取自CAS—PEAL和ORL双人脸数据库,结果表明该算法速度快,准确率高,稳定性强,对一定程度的头部旋转和戴眼镜等情况有较强的适应性,能应用于疲劳驾驶检测等需要快速定位人眼的场合。     

基于局部方差和后验概率分类的快速模板匹配算法

具有旋转不变性的模板匹配算法在工业制造上具有广泛的应用。为解决传统的模板匹配方法在目标旋转、匹配速度上的问题，提出一种基于局部方差和后验概率分类的模板匹配方法。为减少计算量，在匹配中通过局部方差过滤掉部分候选窗口，并在后验概率分类模块中通过对比不同区域稳定特征点对的灰度来计算窗口相关性。使用后验概率分类计算窗口相关度能在预处理过程实现旋转不变性，并保证准确率在95%以上。实验结果表明，该算法在80万像素级的任意角度匹配图像上选择合适的窗口移动步长后，可将匹配时间减少到10 ms以内，相较于现有算法速度更快。     

基于多尺度自商图和改进积分投影法的人眼定位

针对传统的投影方法在人眼定位时易受光照干扰以及难以获得精准的人眼中心点的问题,提出一种基于多尺度自商图和改进的积分投影法的人眼定位算法.首先利用多尺度自商图消除人脸图像的光照影响;然后分析眼睛在水平方向上灰度分布的特点,采用两个行梯度算子对积分投影法进行了改进,以提升眼睛区域特征并初步定位人眼区域;接着采用Sobel算子对人眼区域进行滤波得到人眼滤波图,并对人眼滤波图的垂直积分投影曲线进行高斯函数拟合,根据拟合结果分割出左眼窗口和右眼窗口;最后,计算左眼窗口和右眼窗口的尺寸,获取左眼窗口和右眼窗口的中心点,即为人眼中心点.在YaleB人脸数据库和JAFFE人脸数据库上测试表明,本文方法对复杂光照、人脸边缘以及人脸表情适应性强,可以获得较为精准的人眼中心点.     

自适应平滑自商图与多层分块的人眼定位算法

针对光照对眼睛定位产生的影响,提出了一种基于自适应平滑自商图像与多层分块的人眼定位算法。首先进行光照评估,利用自适应平滑自商图像（ASSQI）对光照条件差的进行处理,消除人脸图像的光照影响;然后运用眼睛区域梯度复杂度大的特征并结合积分图分块处理获得眼睛粗定位;最后对粗定位区域继续分块并利用质心得到准确的瞳孔中心。在JAFFE数据库、Yale B数据库和BioID数据库上测试表明该文算法有较高的定位正确率,对光照的鲁棒性较强。     

复杂背景下的多阈值人眼定位新算法*

提出了一种基于复杂背景下的多阈值人眼定位算法。该算法首先对图像进行光线补偿,减小由于光照不均等因素造成的影响;然后根据对人眼灰度特征的分析来确定3个人眼二值化阈值,从而分离出人眼候选区域;最后根据人脸的几何特征、人眼位置判定准则以及计算二维相关系数来排除非人眼区域,从而定位双眼。实验结果表明,该算法能在不同条件下准确定位人眼,且具有较快的定位速度和较高的检测率。     

基于生物形状知识的人眼定位方法

准确地定位出人眼位置并分离出虹膜、眼睑等区域对虹膜识别、人脸识别等生物特征识别技术具有重要意义.但是,在非理想环境下,人眼图像分辨率通常较低,并且容易受到光照条件、睫毛、阴影等噪声影响,对人眼区域进行正确分割是一项非常具有挑战性的工作.因此,本文针对姿态幅度较小的无遮挡人眼图像分割存在的一些问题,利用Hough圆变换和形态学算法改进低分辨率下人眼的定位.该方法首先利用现有的人脸对齐方法分割出人眼感兴趣区域,采用双线性插值法对人眼图像进行预处理,去除镜面反射光斑;然后根据人眼图像中各区域的灰度分布规律,利用带约束的Hough圆检测算法定位出虹膜;之后结合全局动态阈值、局部自适应阈值及形态学算法分别定位出人眼上下眼睑,并利用最小二乘法拟合上下眼睑,最终分割出人眼虹膜、上下眼睑、巩膜等区域;最后在UBIRIS v1.0数据库及低分辨率人脸图像上对本文提出的算法进行测试.实验结果表明,本文提出的方法对实验室环境下高清虹膜图像及低分辨率人脸图像上的人眼定位均具有较强的鲁棒性.     

基于AdaBoost算法和模板匹配的人眼定位

以驾驶员疲劳检测为背景,针对人眼的定位问题,提出一种基于AdaBoost算法和模板匹配的人眼定位的方法;该方法首先使用3×3中值滤波去除噪声和光照对图像的影响,然后通过对AdaBoost算法的强分类器训练算法改进、级联分类器优化实现人脸的快速检测,最后在检测到的人脸区域,通过从粗到细改进的模板匹配方法对人眼进行准确定位;实验结果表明,该方法在保证定位准确的情况下,大幅的提高了人眼定位时间;该方法兼具了良好的实时性和鲁棒性。     

基于形态学方法的虹膜快速定位算法

为提高虹膜的定位速度,提出一种粗定位与精定位相结合的虹膜快速定位算法。首先,利用阈值对人眼图像进行分割提取瞳孔,对二值化瞳孔区域进行形态学开运算去除瞳孔区域外睫毛等噪声点;然后选用一系列半径递增的结构元素对瞳孔区域进行形态学腐蚀操作,根据腐蚀结果粗略定位虹膜内边缘;最后利用圆梯度算子对虹膜内外边缘进行精确定位。对CASIA（version 1.0）虹膜数据库中100多幅虹膜图像进行定位实验,文中算法平均耗费时间为1.22秒,圆梯度算子耗时10.8秒,Hough变换方法耗时15.7秒。定位结果表明,文中算法对不同质量的虹膜图像定位速度快,精度高,鲁棒性强。     

协同目标性指导下的多图像联合分割算法

提出一种协同分割算法,使包含同类目标的多幅图像相互作用,从而将目标从各自图像的背景中分离出来。首先,分别从单幅图像自身角度和多幅同类目标图像相互作用的角度出发,计算出图像中每个像素或区域属于前景或背景的似然概率,从而得到协同目标性映射图。这个映射图描述了目标的位置和几何形状信息,然后阈值化这个映射图作为图像分割真值来训练一个关于超像素的二值分类器,用训练好的分类器预测出每个超像素的前背景似然概率作为外观先验信息,与几何先验信息一并送入条件随机场模型,从而实现对图像目标的分割。在MSRC和iCoseg两个数据库上的测试结果表明该算法的分割效果优于同类方法。     

基于canny的人脸眨眼检测

基于canny边缘检测与积分图相结合的方法,进行眨眼检测。通过canny边缘检测,计算出人眼区域的边缘,然后对具有噪声的干扰的边缘进行分析,判定是否属于眨眼,进行检测之前,分别计算眼睛区域在当前的光照条件下眨眼和睁眼的积分图,并计算判定为眨眼的阈值。积分图的核心思想是针对一块图像区域,计算像素值的和。其具体实现要先计算出人脸在图像中的区域和人眼在人脸图像中的区域,使用了ASM(Active Shape Model)算法作为人眼区域的检测方法。这种眨眼检测算法取得98.9%的准确率,错检的部分主要为睁眼检测为眨眼,基本没有漏检,并且能够达到视频的实时计算。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

基于QTE的蒙古文显示机制研究与实现

蒙古语言是中国蒙古族使用的通用语言,由于蒙古文区别于其他文字的书写方式和其自身变形机制等特点,在很多通用的文字处理引擎中都不被支持。在嵌入式产品开发与应用领域中Linux加QTE已经成为流行方式。该文给出了一种在QTE环境上实现基于标准Unicode的蒙古文点阵显示和变形算法, 并自定义了支持蒙古文的QTE组件,扩展了QTE功能,为在Linux加QTE方式的嵌入式体系结构中处理蒙古文提供了一种解决方法。