黄连木油脂基生物柴油的合成及其性能分析

以黄连木油脂为原料,对预酯化和酯交换两步法制备生物柴油的工艺进行了研究.通过正交实验,得出预酯化最佳工艺条件为:醇油摩尔比8∶1、催化剂加入量为0.8%、反应时间为3 h;酯交换最优工艺为:催化剂用量为0.6%、醇油摩尔比6∶1、反应时间为2 h、反应温度为50℃;此条件下制备的生物柴油得率达到92.3%;通过二聚化反应,所得生物柴油的主要性能指标均达到了国家标准GB/T 20828-2007.     

响应面法优化阴香籽油制备生物柴油的研究

在单因素的基础上,通过响应面法优化阴香籽油制备生物柴油的工艺条件。结果表明,阴香籽油制备生物柴油的优化工艺条件为:油醇摩尔比1∶6.5,催化剂用量为油质量的1.0%,反应时间125 min,反应温度61℃,理论转化率为92.79%。实际验证值为93.10%。以阴香籽油为原料通过酯化反应制取的生物柴油与0#柴油及国标GB/T20828—2007主要性能相似,阴香籽油生物柴油可以全部或部分替代0#柴油,是一种安全的可再生绿色生物能源。     

响应面法优化阴香籽油制备生物柴油的研究

在单因素的基础上,通过响应面法优化阴香籽油制备生物柴油的工艺条件。结果表明,阴香籽油制备生物柴油的优化工艺条件为:油醇摩尔比1∶6.5,催化剂用量为油质量的1.0%,反应时间125 min,反应温度61℃,理论转化率为92.79%。实际验证值为93.10%。以阴香籽油为原料通过酯化反应制取的生物柴油与0#柴油及国标GB/T20828—2007主要性能相似,阴香籽油生物柴油可以全部或部分替代0#柴油,是一种安全的可再生绿色生物能源。     

生物柴油制备方法的试验研究

通过正交试验得到制备生物柴油的最佳工艺条件为：反应温度25℃,催化剂用量2．1gKOH／200mL原料,反应物配比40mL甲醇／200mL原料,反应时间25min左右。制得的生物柴油的主要性能指标符合0#柴油标准（GB252-1994）。     

以单体酸为原料制备生物柴油

研究了以单体酸为原料制备生物柴油的方法,反应以对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,单体酸与甲醇进行酯化反应获得脂肪酸甲酯。分别考察了酯化反应条件如甲醇与脂肪酸的摩尔比、反应时间、催化剂浓度以及反应温度对酯化率的影响。通过正交实验得到最佳酯化反应参数：醇酸摩尔比3∶1,反应时间3 h,对甲苯磺酸用量6%,反应温度60 ℃,该条件下单体酸酯化率达98.25%。实验制得的单体酸甲酯生物柴油的主要性能指标符合ASTM质量标准,并与0^#柴油性质接近。     

固体碱法制备生物柴油及其性能

用共沉淀法制备了水滑石,焙烧后得到Mg-Al复合氧化物,以此为催化剂进行菜籽油的酯交换反应,正交实验表明该酯交换反应的小试最佳工艺条件为： 反应温度65 ℃、醇油摩尔比6∶1、反应时间为3 h,催化剂加入量为菜籽油质量的2%,脂肪酸甲酯（生物柴油）含量为95.7%.得到的生物柴油低温流动性能好,闪点高达170 ℃,氧化安定性好,主要性能指标符合0#柴油标准,可以和0#柴油以任何比例调和.     

泔水油两次酯化法制备生物柴油的研究

以泔水油为原料制备生物柴油,利用2次酯化过程,通过正交实验优化,得到最佳的酯化条件为:醇油摩尔比为5∶1,催化剂用量为1.0%,反应温度为110℃,一次酯化反应时间3.5 h,二次酯化反应时间1 h,处理后的原料油酸值为2.6570mg/g。利用两次酯化的中性油为原料,在醇油摩尔比为7∶1,催化剂用量为1.0%,反应温度为65℃,反应时间75 m in的条件下,醇解反应的转化率为94%以上,总体指标达到、部分指标超过0#柴油的质量要求。     

响应面法优化东京野茉莉油制备生物柴油的工艺研究

研究了响应面法优化东京野茉莉油制备生物柴油的工艺。通过单因素实验,对影响转化率的四个主要因素:油醇摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度进行考察,并根据Box-Behnken中心组合进行4因素3水平的实验设计,以东京野茉莉生物柴油转化率为响应值,进行响应面分析(RSA)。结果表明,东京野茉莉生物柴油的最佳工艺条件为:油醇摩尔比1∶8、催化剂用量为油质量的0.78%、反应时间2.2 h、反应温度60℃,理论转化率为95.81%。实际验证值为95.32%,理论值与实际值相对误差为0.49%,说明通过响应面法能得到一个预测试验结果的模型方程。以东京野茉莉油为原料通过酯化反应制取的生物柴油与0#柴油及国标GB/T 20828-2007主要性能相似,通过与石油柴油调和或添加降凝剂等方法,可改善低温流动性。     

高酸值油料活塞流反应器制备生物柴油试验研究

建立了一套200t/a的生物柴油中试系统,包括固定床反应器、活塞流反应器、蒸馏系统和自动控制系统4个部分,对菜籽油、桐油、地沟油制备生物柴油进行了试验评价.活塞流反应器的最佳工艺条件为催化剂加载量为i.2%,反应停留时间17 min,反应温度65℃,醇油摩尔比为61.以菜籽油为原料,反应后甲酯质量分数可达到96.33%;在固定床反应器中应用一种阳离子交换树脂作为酯化反应催化剂,以桐油为原料,测试的固定床最佳反应条件为反应温度65℃,醇油摩尔比61,停留时间88 min,酸值从7.0mg/g降到0.8 rag/g;同样,以酸值高达114.0mg/g的地沟油为原料,经中试系统生产的生物柴油也能完全达到中国柴油0#标准.     

利用地沟油制备生物柴油技术的研究

本文提出了由地沟油,餐厨废油,食品厂废油等废弃油脂为原料生产生物柴油的工艺,即在复配酸催化剂(主要是硫酸和对甲苯磺酸的混合物)的作用下与甲醇进行预酯化反应来降低废油的酸值,待达到条件后再与甲醇进行转酯化,将地沟油转化成生物柴油。分析采用气相色谱法,测定了生物柴油中脂肪酸甲酯的成分及含量。探讨了醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应温度和反应时间等工艺条件对生物柴油得率的影响。实验结果表明,预酯化反应的最佳条件为:醇油质量比为0.35∶1,催化剂量为油质量的0.45%,反应温度110℃,反应时间为30min.转酯化反应的最佳条件:醇油摩尔比为9.6∶1,催化剂量为油质量的0.5%,反应温度63℃,反应时间为45min.为在此反应条件下,生物柴油得率高达92%-94%.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。