国产冻干人用狂犬病疫苗(Vero细胞)的接种反应及其免疫原性

目的观察国产冻干人用狂犬病疫苗(Vero细胞)的接种反应及其免疫原性。方法观察组200例和对照组50例暴露后,按照0、3、7、14、28d免疫程序,分别接种国产、进口冻干人用狂犬病疫苗(Vero细胞)。观察组接种疫苗后,观察全身和局部反应情况。采用快速荧光灶抑制试验(RFFIT)检测观察组和对照组接种后的血清中和抗体水平。结果观察组疫苗接种后,局部红肿、硬结、疼痛、瘙痒发生率分别1.4%、0.8%、17.1%和2.4%;全身反应发热、皮疹、头痛、疲劳乏力和其他反应发生率分别为1.2%、0.4%、2.4%、4.2%和0.3%,且在第7天完全消失。观察组与对照组疫苗首剂接种后7d,抗体阳转率分别为40.3%和37.0%,14d分别为95.5%和97.7%,差异无统计学意义;且首剂接种后45d,抗体阳转率均为100%。观察组和对照组疫苗首剂接种后7、14、45d,血清中和抗体GMT差异无统计学意义,14、45d血清中和抗体GMT均大于0.5IU/ml。结论国产冻干人用狂犬病疫苗(Vero细胞)接种反应轻微,并具有良好的免疫原性。     

国产冻干人用狂犬病纯化疫苗(Vero细胞微载体)的接种反应和免疫原性

目的观察国产冻干人用狂犬病纯化疫苗(Vero细胞微载体)的接种反应和免疫原性。方法在山东省高密市按临床方案的入选标准选取年龄在10~60岁,身体健康,无犬伤史、狂犬病疫苗接种史及该疫苗接种禁忌证的志愿者,分Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期进行临床试验,按照免疫程序,接种国产冻干人用狂犬病疫苗,Ⅱ期临床试验以进口同类疫苗作为对照,进行接种反应和免疫原性观察。结果试验组疫苗接种后,不良反应发生率低,以人数计Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期不良反应发生率分别为6.1%、7.8%和7.7%,未见中、强反应,反应均为注射部位疼痛,不伴有局部红肿和硬结,为局部弱反应,未出现体温升高等全身反应,72 h时疼痛消失。Ⅱ、Ⅲ期临床免疫后,血清抗体阳转率14和45 d均为100%。试验组与对照组不良反应发生率和免疫后血清抗体阳转率差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论国产冻干人用狂犬病纯化疫苗(Vero细胞微载体)接种反应轻微,且具有良好的免疫原性。     

人用冻干无佐剂狂犬病疫苗的临床观察

目的观察人用冻干无佐剂狂犬病疫苗(武生欣宁)接种人体后的临床反应和免疫效果。方法40名健康者分别于0、3、7、14和28d接种疫苗,观察接种者副反应,并于接种后采血,用快速荧光灶抑制试验检测血清中和抗体水平。结果第1针和第2针接种后副反应率分别为2.5%和7.9%,后3针副反应率为0。免疫前抗体均为阴性,接种后第7天抗体阳转率为76%,第14天抗体水平GMT为9.42IU/ml,阳转率100%,第28天抗体水平GMT为9.83IU/ml,阳转率100%。结论人用冻干无佐剂狂犬病疫苗反应轻微,效果良好。     

不同年龄人群接种人用狂犬病疫苗的接种反应及免疫应答

目的观察不同年龄人群接种人用狂犬病疫苗的接种反应及免疫应答。方法选择身体健康、无犬伤史及狂犬病疫苗接种史的627名观察对象进行免疫原性检测,按生理发育状态分为5组:1～3岁组、4～6岁组、7～16岁组、17～40岁组和≥4l岁组,分别于免疫前、首针免疫后14和45 d,抽取静脉血,分离血清,采用快速荧光灶抑制试验(Rapid fluorescence focusinhibition test,RFFIT)检测血清中抗狂犬病病毒抗体效价,并计算抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)。在所有免疫原性受试者中随机抽取225名,进行接种反应观察。结果 225名观察对象接种人用狂犬病疫苗后的局部总反应率为5.15%,全身总反应率为4.42%,反应程度均为弱、中反应,无高强度及严重不良反应的病例报告。免疫前所有样本血清抗体GMT均≤0.2 IU/ml,抗体均为阴性;首针接种人用狂犬病疫苗后14 d,各年龄组人群抗体阳转率均达100%,但抗体GMT各组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中4～6岁组和7～16岁组较高,分别为9.42和9.01 IU/ml,1～3岁组和≥41组较低,分别为6.11和6.35 IU/ml,而4～6岁组与7～16岁组及1～3岁组与≥41岁比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>O.05);首针接种人用狂犬病疫苗后45 d,各年龄组人群的抗体阳转率仍为100%,各年龄组平均GMT在14.8～16.40 IU/ml之间,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论不同年龄组人群接种人用狂犬病疫苗后临床反应轻微,免疫应答良好。但3岁以下婴幼儿及老年人抗体产生的时间有延迟的趋势,建议老年人及婴幼儿在接种人用狂犬病疫苗第l、2针时,应适当增加剂量,以提高血清抗体阳转率及免疫成功率。     

冻干人用狂犬病疫苗(Vero细胞)在10～60岁健康人群中的安全性及免疫原性

目的评价冻干人用狂犬病疫苗(Vero细胞)在10~60岁健康人群中的安全性及免疫原性。方法在广西岑溪市和苍梧县选择1 200名10~60岁健康人群,采用随机、盲法、同类制品阳性对照的试验设计,将1 200名受试者按1∶1随机配对,分别接种试验及对照疫苗(市售国产同类制品)。按0、3、7、14、28 d免疫程序接种,观察首剂疫苗接种后42 d随访期内全身和局部不良反应;于首次接种后14及42 d采集静脉血,通过快速荧光灶抑制试验检测狂犬病病毒中和抗体,计算抗体几何平均浓度(GMC)。结果共有1 199名受试者完成安全性观察,试验疫苗组(600名)和对照疫苗组(599名)的全身反应发生率分别为12.33%和18.03%(P0.05),常见症状均为发热(发生率分别为8.00%和13.19%);局部反应发生率分别为5.33%和10.52%(P0.05),均以疼痛为主(发生率分别为4.17%和8.85%)。1 147名受试者完成免疫原性观察,试验疫苗组(571例)和对照疫苗组(576例)首剂疫苗免后14 d抗体阳转率分别为100.00%和99.83%,42 d均达100.00%,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);14 d抗体GMC分别为8.94和7.96 IU/ml,42 d分别为17.26和15.04 IU/ml,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论冻干人用狂犬病疫苗(Vero细胞)具有良好的安全性及免疫原性。     

国产CTN-1V株人用狂犬病疫苗(Vero细胞)在健康人群中的安全性及免疫原性

目的评价国产CTN-1V株人用狂犬病疫苗(Vero细胞)在10~60岁健康人群中的安全性和免疫原性。方法采用随机、盲法、同类制品平行对照的设计,将900名受试者按2∶1随机配对分别接种试验疫苗及对照疫苗,观察安全性;所有受试者于首剂免前和免后14及45 d采集静脉血,通过快速免疫荧光灶抑制试验(RFFIT)测定血清中狂犬病病毒中和抗体滴度,计算几何平均浓度水平(GMC)。结果试验组与对照组不良反应发生率分别为32.33%和38.67%,试验组明显低于对照组(P0.05)。局部反应主要为接种部位疼痛、发红、肿胀、瘙痒,全身反应主要为发热、头痛、乏力等,大部分为轻度(1级)。免后14、45 d试验组的狂犬病病毒中和抗体阳转率均为100.00%,抗体GMC分别为9.96和28.83 IU/m L,且与对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论国产CTN-1V株人用狂犬病疫苗(Vero细胞)具有良好的安全性和免疫原性。     

国产冻干水痘减毒活疫苗在印度的安全性及免疫原性分析

目的观察国产冻干水痘减毒活疫苗在印度的安全性及免疫原性。方法采用单盲、平行、随机(1∶1)、对照的方法,在印度选择104名1~12岁无水痘病史、水痘疫苗接种史及接种禁忌的健康儿童,按照免疫程序,接种国产冻干水痘减毒活疫苗,并以水痘减毒活疫苗Varilrix誖作为对照疫苗,接种疫苗后30 min、0~6 d观察受试者局部和全身反应,采集受试者免疫前及免疫后42~47 d双份静脉血样,分离血清,采用膜抗原荧光抗体(fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen,FAMA)法检测血清中抗水痘-带状疱疹病毒(varicella-zoster virus,VZV)抗体水平,并计算抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)。结果实验组和对照组各52名(100%)受试者全程接种了相应的水痘疫苗,接种疫苗后30 min及0~6 d,均未见严重的局部副反应和全身不良反应,也未见疫苗接种者的密切接触者出现疫苗相关疾病;实验组和对照组免疫后血清抗体阳转率分别为92.31%和80.77%,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);实验组和对照组免疫后血清抗体GMT分别为58.30和52.40,GMT增长倍数分别为6.21和5.36,两组免疫前及免疫后血清抗体GMT差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论国产冻干水痘减毒活疫苗在印度1~12岁儿童中接种,具有良好的安全性和免疫原性。     

无佐剂狂犬病疫苗的反应及免疫效果观察

目的观察无佐剂狂犬病疫苗的反应及免疫效果。方法以巴斯德PV2061为生产毒株,以143代以内的Ve-ro细胞为培养基质,采用生物反应罐灌流方式培养,连续收获病毒液,经浓缩、灭活、纯化,制成无佐剂Vero细胞狂犬病纯化疫苗。作为受试疫苗,按暴露后程序接种,无佐剂疫苗502人(A组),进口疫苗100人(对照组B组),观察反应和免疫效果。结果所有接种对象均未出现局部和全身强副反应。首剂免疫后14d,A组与B组抗体阳转率均达100%,中和抗体几何平均滴度为5.2IU/ml和5.6IU/ml。第45天A组抗体几何平均滴度上升到9.5IU/ml,B组9.8IU/ml。结论无佐剂狂犬病疫苗具有良好的安全性和免疫原性。     

黄芪多糖对人用狂犬病疫苗免疫原性的影响

目的研究黄芪多糖对狂犬病疫苗免疫应答的影响。方法将BALB/c小鼠和昆明小鼠各自随机分为2组,即试验组与对照组,分别于0、7d接种冻干人用狂犬病疫苗(Vero细胞)。对照组疫苗用灭菌注射用水稀释,试验组疫苗用10%黄芪多糖(APS)溶液稀释,每只腹腔免疫0·5ml。BALB/c小鼠于15d无菌取脾,进行淋巴细胞转化实验;昆明小鼠在免疫前和第1针免疫后4、7、14、30、45和60d眶静脉采血,分别进行外周血淋巴细胞CTL试验和小鼠中和抗体水平测定。结果试验组疫苗诱导小鼠产生的中和抗体和细胞免疫水平均高于对照组疫苗,二者差异有显著意义。结论黄芪多糖能提高狂犬病疫苗的免疫原性。     

无明胶冻干水痘减毒活疫苗的安全性和免疫原性

目的观察无明胶冻干水痘减毒活疫苗接种后的安全性和免疫原性。方法采用随机、双盲、对照的方法,将1 398名1～12岁儿童分为试验组和对照组,分别接种无明胶和含明胶冻干水痘减毒活疫苗,观察接种后的安全性;并对其中733名接种者采用膜抗原荧光抗体(Fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen,FAMA)法检测水痘抗体水平,观察疫苗的免疫原性。结果试验组与对照组接种后全身反应的总发生率分别为11.49%和14.96%,组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。全身反应以发热为主,试验组中度发热反应(37.6～39.0℃)的发生率(0.57%)显著低于对照组(1.71%)(P<0.05);试验组(3.02%)与对照组(2.99%)局部反应的发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),主要表现为疼痛、红肿和瘙痒。试验组和对照组接种前的抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)分别为1∶5.83和1∶6.04;接种后的GMT分别为1∶89.15和1∶94.44,抗体阳转率分别为98.91%和98.37%,组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论无明胶冻干水痘减毒活疫苗的免疫原性等同于含明胶冻干水痘减毒活疫苗,且能明显降低中度发热反应的发生率。     

Study of human cortical bone and demineralized human cortical bone viscoelasticity

The knowledge of human bone viscoelasticity is an important issue for defining semirigid calcified tissues implants. A very sensitive technique was used to investigate bone viscoelasticity: the thermally stimulated creep method. A study of demineralized human bone was performed to determine the molecular origin of bone viscoelasticity. The thermally stimulated creep spectra of bone and demineralized bone, at the hydrated state, present a similar shape with one main retardation mode located at −133 and −120°C, respectively. This mode is shifted toward higher temperatures after dehydration, revealing the existence of another mode at around −155°C. The analysis of elementary spectra of bone and demineralized bone has shown that retardation times follow an Arrhenius equation, and that two compensation phenomena are observed with comparable compensation parameters. The first compensation phenomenon, which corresponds to the main retardation mode, was attributed to motions of water molecules located inside the collagen triple helix. The second compensation phenomenon, which reveals the existence of another relaxation mode at higher temperatures, was assigned to movements of hydrophilic side chains bound to water molecules. As for the mode observed at around −155°C, it was associated with motions of aliphatic side chains. Overall, bone viscoelasticity originates from the organic matrix. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 79: 2527–2533, 2001     

Lipids in human milk

I have reviewed recent (March 1995–December 1997) papers on human milk lipids including many on fatty acid (FA) composition. The effects of maternal diets on the profiles are apparent. However, more data on the composition of milk lipids are needed. It is noteworthy that so few papers on milk FA composition have reported analyses using high-resolution gas-liquid chromatography columns. Two of these were on milk from women in North America. The diets in North America are varied and the number of analyses few. We do not have a reliable data base showing the ranges of biologically important acids. Except for the gangliosides, few new data on the other lipids appeared during this period.     

静注人免疫球蛋白制剂抗巨细胞病毒中和抗体效价的筛查

目的筛查国内、外静注人免疫球蛋白(human intravenous immunoglobulin,IVIG)和静注巨细胞病毒人免疫球蛋白(human intravenous cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin,CMV-IVIG)制品抗CMV中和抗体效价。方法采用微量细胞病变法检测国内、外IVIG制品及CMV-IVIG抗CMV中和抗体效价,并进行比较。结果国外CMV-IVIG制品Cytogam(3 648 U/g IgG)和Cytotect(3 104 U/g IgG)抗CMV中和抗体效价分别是IVIG制品Privigen(1 048 U/g IgG)和Intratect(980 U/g IgG)的3.5和3.2倍;国内CMV-IVIG制品抗CMV中和抗体平均效价(7 195 U/g IgG)是国内13家企业19批IVIG制品(1 836 U/g IgG)的3.9倍;国内IVIG制品抗CMV中和抗体平均效价是国外IVIG制品Privigen和Intratect的1.8和1.9倍,国内CMV-IVIG制品抗CMV中和抗体平均效价是国外CMV-IVIG制品Cytogam和Cytotect的2.0和2.3倍。结论国内、外的CMV-IVIG制品抗CMV中和抗体效价均为相应IVIG制品3倍以上,采用微量细胞病变法筛查血浆用于制备CMV-IVIG具有可行性,为CMV相关疾病的被动免疫制剂的制备提供了实验依据。     

Paf-acether in human skin

Paf is a phospholipid mediator present in human skin which induces inflammatory events such as neutrophil infiltration and increased vascular permeability. Recent data suggest that cutaneous cells, such as fibroblasts and keratinocytes, produce paf and that paf is released during allergic cutaneous reactions. It is tempting to speculate that paf may contribute to the development of various skin disorders with acute and chronic skin inflammation. Paf antagonists may help in bringing answers to this hypothesis and may offer new prospects for the treatment of cutaneous inflammatory diseases. Based on a paper presented at the Third International Conference on Platelet-Activating Factor and Structurally Related Alkyl Ether Lipids, Tokyo, Japan, May 1989.     

Glycosphingolipids of human thyroid

Glycosphingolipids were isolated from total lipids of female and male human thyroids by alkaline hydrolysis, silicic acid, diethylaminoethyl-celluose and thin layer chromatography and analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. On the basis of their mobility in two dimensions on thin layer chromatography, IR analysis, and of sugar molar ratio, four neutral glycolipids, a sulfatide, and a hematoside fraction were identified. Glucosyl, plus galactosyl ceramide, and trihexosyl ceramide were the major fractions and accounted for 33% and 28% of total neutral glycolipids, respectively. Dihexosyl ceramide was a mixture of lactosyl and digalactosyl ceramide. The acidic lower phase glycolipids comprised ceramide galactosyl sulfate as the major component of male thyroids. Hematoside was identified tentatively as a minor component of the thyroids of both sexes. Major fatty acids of all neutral glycolipid fractions were 20∶0, 22∶0, 24∶0, and 24∶1; 24∶0 and 24∶1 for sulfatides. Low proportions of α-hydroxy fatty acids were identified. Total neutral glycosphingolipids of male thyroids were comparable in quantities with human liver but lower than kidneys, leucocytes, and platelets. Male thyroids comprised higher quantities of neutral glycosphingolipids (4.04±0.32 μmoles/g total lipid) as compared to females (2.34±0.21 μmoles/g total lipid), and much higher sulfatide than the females. These marked differences may suggest that the biosynthesis of the glycosphingolipids in the thyroid gland is under hormonal control. Similarities in glycosphingolipid composition of human thyroid and kidney are discussed in relation to a possible role played by glycolipids in ion transport, which is a common feature of the two organs.     

Lipids and human milk

To support the growth and development of the breast‐fed infant, human milk provides the dietary essential fatty acids, linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n‐6), α‐linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n‐3), as well as longer‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids including arachidonic acid (20:4n‐6) and docosahexanoic (DHA 22:6n‐3). The linoleic acid, alpha‐linolenic acid, DHA and arachidonic acid concentration of pasteurized and unpasteurized human milk remains stable during the first month of storage at –20°C and –80°C. However after the first month, a slow decrease in concentration progresses until the end of 6 months of storage at both temperatures. The levels of n‐6 and n‐3 fatty acids, particularly linoleic acid, alpha‐linolenic acid and DHA, in human milk vary widely within and among different populations, and are readily changed by maternal dietary intake of the respective fatty acid. The present paper reviews recent understanding from key researchers of maternal diet and human milk fat composition and form our work the effect of milk fat composition on storage conditions. It is important to understand that maternal diet can affect human milk fat composition and subsequently infant development and growth.     

Color and human response

Color has played an important role in human life and culture since the beginnings of recorded history. Here are random notes drawn from widely different sources.     

Lipids of human myocardium

The major lipid classes, including some phospholipids, and their fatty acid profiles have been measured in portions of left ventricular muscle and psoas muscle obtained at autopsy. Atrial appendages and ventricular muscle removed during cardiac surgery were examined also. The proportions of the individual phospholipids were the same in all the muscles, having an excess of phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl serine compared with the serum. Their fatty acid profiles resembled those obtained from other locations. The triglyceride content of the myocardium was relatively constant (except in the atrial appendage) but did rise slightly with increasing obesity. The free fatty acid concentration in the myocardium was relatively high and had a variable fatty acid profile.     

Fats in human nutrition

Summary Dietary fats represent the most compact chemical energy available to man. They contain twice the caloric value of an equivalent weight of sugar. However dietary fats should not be thought of solely as providers of unwanted calories as fats are as vital to cell structure and biological function as protein. If an individual consumes food items of high fat content, an adequate protein and vitamin intake should be assured in order to provide the lipotropic factors necessary for normal fat metabolism. It may be more judicious to control the total caloric intake under such circumstances rather than to resort to periods of semi-starvation or to drastically decrease the dietary fat intake which could result in an increase in hunger pangs and an actual increase in total caloric intake. If the excess calories furnished by carbohydrates are converted to fatin vivo, the problem of obesity could not be solved under conditions of increased total caloric intake. The problem could be solved by a curtailed intake of a diet which includes meat, milk, eggs, vegetables, fruits, and sufficient cereals and bread to provide for an adequate protein, vitamin, and caloric intake. Dietary fats provide the essential linoleic acid which seems to have both a structural and functional role in animal tissue. Although the optimum total intake of linoleic acid by man has not been established, it is evident that the level of intake in the American dietary pattern could be increased. However the indiscriminate substitution of soft for hard fats seems undesirable as an excess consumption of highly unsaturated fatty acids may change the functional value of the triglycerides in the depot fats and may put an undue stress on the antioxidant supply availablein vivo.