The interactive effects of type of deprivation and sucrose concentration on the acquisition and extinction performance in the rat.

In a discrete-operant barpress situation with 128 female albino Sprague-Dawley rats, 4 types of deprivation (food, water, water plus food, and no deprivation) were combined factorially with 4 levels of reward (0, 4, 16, and 64% sucrose concentration). In acquisition, water (0% sucrose) served as an effective reinforcer only when Ss were deprived of water alone. Higher sucrose concentrations tended to produce correspondingly higher levels of performance when food, water plus food, and no deprivation were used. No such differences were obtained with water deprivation. Resistance to extinction was an increasing function of sucrose concentration when Ss were deprived of food and water plus food. No differences were observed under the other 2 deprivation conditions. (French summary) (21 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Residual effects of food deprivation on food consumption and runway performance in the satiated rat.

2 experiments studied the residual effects of prior food deprivation in 35 female and 28 male Holtzman rats as measured by probability to eat and acquisition of a running response under satiated conditions. Although the effects were positively related to the severity of prior deprivation (Exp II), a drive-conditioning interpretation was questioned because of 3 findings: (a) effects were not dependent on exposure to the test situation when Ss were deprived (Exp I and II); (b) prolonged testing during satiation increased rather than decreased the effects (Exp I and II); and (c) the instrumental response decreased only when reward was withheld (Exp I). (21 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sex differences and residual effects of food deprivation in the satiated rat.

Following 100 days of food deprivation, during which 9 male and 9 female albino rats received acquisition and extinction training in a runway, and following 2 mo of ad lib feeding, Ss were given a reacquisition test under satiated conditions. Results indicate that females were significantly superior in running speed and frequency of food consumption during satiated reacquisition; while there was a large performance decrement in males following the drive shift, females performed at about the same level during satiation as during food deprivation. (French summary) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The consequences of gustatory nerve transection on taste-guided licking of sucrose and maltose in the rat.

Lick responses to sucrose and maltose (0.01–1.0 M) were measured in nondeprived rats during brief-access taste trials before and after histologically confirmed gustatory neurotomy. Pronounced decreases in sugar responsiveness occurred after combined section of the chorda tympani (CT) and greater superficial petrosal nerves. The additional section of the glossopharyngeal nerve (GL) flattened the sucrose concentration-response function. Extirpation of the sublingual and submaxillary salivary glands also attenuated sugar responsiveness. Section of the CT or GL alone or in combination caused less severe or no decreases in sugar licking. There were signs of licking impairments after some of these neurotomies, but the data suggest that changes in sugar responsiveness were not solely motor in origin. Thus the 7th nerve is necessary and most likely sufficient for the maintenance of normal unconditioned appetitive responsiveness to sucrose and maltose. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Licking behavior in the rat: measurement and situational control of licking frequency

OBJECTIVE: In a preliminary report, the authors observed that clozapine was superior to haloperidol in the treatment of positive and negative symptoms in stable outpatients with schizophrenia. In this final report, they examine the effects of clozapine on positive and negative symptoms in patients with and without the deficit syndrome to determine which patients receive the positive symptom advantage of clozapine and the extent of clozapine's therapeutic effects on negative symptoms. In addition, they examine the long-term effects of clozapine on positive, negative, and affective symptoms, social and occupational functioning, and quality of life. METHOD: Seventy-five outpatients with schizophrenia, who met retrospective and prospective criteria for residual positive or negative symptoms, were entered into a 10-week double-blind, parallel-groups comparison of clozapine and haloperidol. Patients who completed the double-blind study were then entered into a 1-year open-label clozapine study. RESULTS: For patients who completed the 10-week double-blind study, clozapine was superior to haloperidol in treating positive symptoms. This effect was not observed in the intent-to-treat analyses. There was no evidence of any superior efficacy or long-term effect of clozapine on primary or secondary negative symptoms. Long-term clozapine treatment was associated with significant improvements in social and occupational functioning but not in overall quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: For schizophrenic patients who are able to tolerate clozapine therapy, clozapine has superior efficacy for positive symptoms but not negative symptoms and is associated with long-term improvements in social and occupational functioning for patients with and without the deficit syndrome.     

Effects of early food deprivation on mouse behavior.

Assessed the effects of early food deprivation upon open-field defecation and activity, running-wheel activity, and food-competition behavior using 76 A/J and 73 DBA/2J mice. Experimental Ss were food deprived from Day 18-27 of life for 10 hr/day. Food-deprived Ss defecated more in the open field and were less active in the running wheels. In these measures, strain and sex interacted with treatment. DBA mice which received the deprivation treatment were less competitive than the comparison Ss, but the treatment did not affect competition in the A/J Ss. It is suggested that the severity of the treatment and age when it was administered interfered with normal development of behavior. (21 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Food-motivated behavior in the odd-carbon enriched rat: relationship to maintenance of carbohydrate stores during food deprivation

Free omental transplantation with vascular anastomosis was attempted in three clinical cases as a new method of treatment for chronic osteomyelitis. The bone cavity produced by debridement was completely eliminated by the transplanted omentum. Furthermore, the omentum, because of its biological characteristics, formed good vascular anastomoses with the adjacent bone tissue. Although sufficient time has not yet elapsed to prove the existence of healthy bone regeneration and therefore, further evaluation for a longer period is necessary, this therapeutic method would seem to have considerable potential in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis.     

Tolerance to amphetamine hypophagia: A miscrostructural analysis of licking behavior in the rat.

The development of tolerance to amphetamine-induced hypophagia was assessed by recording changes in lick parameters in rats given chronic administration of the drug (2 mg/kg) and access to sweetened milk. Although licking and milk intake gradually recovered, the volume of milk ingested per lick remained suppressed. Amphetamine had no effect on the interlick interval or the force per lick. In contrast, the drug caused a sustained increase in the number of lick bursts (defined by pause criteria of 0.5-2.0 s) and a decrease in the number of licks per burst (but only at pause criteria of 0.5 and 1.0 s). These results suggest that tolerant rats frequently interrupt licking, resulting in less efficient capture of milk. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relations of heart rate level to motor activity and food deprivation in the rat.

Measured heart rate, an activity index, and duration of grooming and rearing episodes in 10 male hooded rats which leverpressed under either continuous or VI schedules of reinforcement while undergoing increasing levels of food deprivation. Results show that heart rate level did not change with increasing deprivation and was not influenced by activity levels or behavior patterns (e.g., rearing or grooming). Extinction produced a decrease in heart rate level, though behavior became more invigorated. Observations of phasic heart rate and activity curves associated with instrumental lever responses are also presented. Data are discussed in relation to studies showing heart rate-deprivation functions and heart rate-movement associations. (French summary) (21 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Early and permanent effects of monocular deprivation on pattern discrimination and visuomotor behavior in cats

Visuomotor behavior and pattern discrimination were studied in a group of cats raised with one eye closed by eyelid suturing 7-10 days after birth. At the age of 8-10 months the animals were forced to use their deprived eye by reversal of eye closure (closing the normal eye and opening the deprived one). Visuomotor behavior and pattern discrimination were tested before as well as after reverse closure, to compare performances of the deprived eye with those of the non-deprived eye. In order to get optimal visuomotor experience, the animals were kept in large playrooms for at least 4h each day. Except for normal tactile placing responses, visually triggered extension responses and uncertain jumping, 2 years after reverse closure all other tests (visually guided reaching, visual cliff behavior, obstacle avoidance, tracking, jumping, and visual blink responses) still showed impairments; the optokinetic nystagmus was asymmetric. In contrast with this partial behavioral recovery, pattern discrimination in a simple nose-push training box requiring no complicated visuomotor coordination was found to be positive. Discriminations of gratings of different orientations, starting 4 weeks after reverse closure, appeared to be normal, in comparison with performance using the non-deprived eye of the same cats tested before reverse closure. Form discrimination was also found to be positive; some monocularly deprived cats required more trails than normal cats in upright vs. reversed solid triangles discrimination, but succeeding form problems were mastered within the same range as found in normal cats. Apparently behavioral defects after monocular deprivation are due to deficiencies in visuomotor control rather than in pattern identification.     

Effects of the benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonist Ro 15-4513 on the ingestion of sucrose and sodium saccharin solutions: A microstructural analysis of licking behavior.

The effects of the benzodiazepine receptor partial inverse agonist Ro 15-4513 on consumption of either a 1% sucrose solution or a 0.1% sodium saccharin solution in nondeprived male rats was examined. A video-recording approach was adopted in which licks were counted in a frame-by-frame analysis. Ro 15-4513 (1–10 mg/kg) caused a significant decrease in the intake of both sucrose and saccharin solutions that was associated with a reduction in the initial rate of licking. There was a decrease in the total duration of drinking, total licks, and number of bouts for both sucrose and saccharin. For sucrose, mean bout duration was significantly reduced, although this was not so for saccharin. Intrabout lick rate, the latency to engage in drinking, and the postdrinking time were not affected for either sucrose or saccharin. These data are consistent with previous evidence that strongly suggests that benzodiazepines influence palatability. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of desalivation on drinking and air licking induced by water deprivation and hypertonic saline injections.

Previous studies show that desalivate (DS) rats drink more water than controls when maintained on a diet of dry food, but drink less than controls after a period of water deprivation. In the present series of studies, a total of 14 male and 2 female naive hooded rats served as Ss. Results show that DSs ate less food than sham operates (SHs), indicating that DSs' body fluids probably do not become as hyperosmotic as those of the SHs. When Ss were maintained on a moist mash during water deprivation, subsequent water intake and air licking were about the same for DSs and SHs. After combined food and water deprivation, both groups air-licked at greatly reduced rates. After subcutaneous injections of hypertonic saline, DSs air-licked just as much as SHs. It is concluded that DSs drink less after water deprivation because they eat less dry food than SHs during deprivation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of degree of obesity, food deprivation, and palatability on eating behavior of humans.

Monitored the eating behavior of 20 obese and 20 normal weight Ss in the context of tasting tests. Intake was measured following a solid food preload and following a period of food deprivation. All Ss participated in both conditions. Under all experimental conditions obese Ss ate more than normal weight Ss. The effect of a preload was similar in both groups. Obese Ss, however, were more responsive to their preference functions than were normal weight Ss. The fruitfulness of using brief exposure tests for determining differential modes of eating behavior is discussed. (24 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Differential effects of amphetamine and food deprivation on self-stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus and medial frontal cortex.

Intracranial self-stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus in 5 male Sprague-Dawley rats was markedly increased by subcutaneous dextroamphetamine administration and by food deprivation. In contrast, similar self-stimulation response rates obtained in the same Ss from the medial frontal cortex were unaffected by food deprivation and only slightly increased by dextroamphetamine administration. Furthermore, a large difference between dextro- vs levoamphetamine on response rate was obtained for lateral hypothalamic but not for medial frontal cortex self-stimulation. Results are consistent with a noradrenergic self-stimulation system for the lateral hypothalamus. Medial frontal cortex self-stimulation, however, appears to be mediated by a neuroanatomical and neurochemical system different from that of the lateral hypothalamus. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparative effects of various naturally occurring cannabinoids on food, sucrose and water consumption by rats

The effects of intraperitoneally injected detla9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabinol (CBN) and cannabidiol (CBD) were compared to d-amphetamine sulfate (d-AMP) on food and water consumption and intake of two different concentrations of sucrose solutions. Three groups of rats were given the following dietary regimens within a 6-hr feed period day: 1 - water and dry food; 2 - water, dry food and five percent sucrose solution; 3 - water, dry food and 20% sucrose solution. Food and water consumption were dramatically reduced by each test drug at feeding periods immediately following and in some instances up to 4 days after dosing in all 3 groups. However, sucrose consumption was much less affected by each cannabinoid, inidcating a preference for sweet calories, whereas d-AMP had an equal anorexic action on both food and sucrose consumption. These data suggest for the first time in rats that a preference for sweet calories occurs during an overall anorexic effect of THC, CBN and CBD.     

Methylphenidate: diurnal effects on locomotor and stereotypic behavior in the rat

The Usher syndromes (US) are a group of inherited disorders that feature autosomal recessive neurosensory hearing loss or deafness with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Moderate to severe non-progressive high frequency hearing loss with RP and normal vestibular function describes Usher syndrome type IIa, which has been localized to 1q41. Severe retinal degeneration in the inbred mouse strain RBF/DnJ is caused by rd3, a recessive gene located on mouse chromosome 1 distal to akp1 in a region which is orthologous to human 1q32-q42. We evaluated rd3 as a candidate for orthology with USH2A by first reducing and refining the relatively broad region in which rd3 is thought to reside. DNA of offspring from an RBF/DnJ x MOLF/Ei backcross was genotyped with PCR markers closely flanking the predicted location of rd3. Our haplotype analysis re-positioned rd3 to a 3.6 cM region between markers D1Mit273 (cen) and D1Mit209 (tel), consistent with the expected position of an USH2A murine orthologue. Consequently, rd3 is a positional candidate for Usher type IIa. Next we assessed the rd3/rd3 audiological phenotype to see how closely it paralleled that of Usher IIa. Audiological evaluation of mice at various ages revealed evidence of high frequency progressive hearing loss, previously unreported in the RBF/DnJ strain. However, this newly discovered hearing deficit was observed to be inherited independently of rd3, establishing that a completely different gene is responsible.     

Priming effects of television food advertising on eating behavior.

Objective: Health advocates have focused on the prevalence of advertising for calorie-dense low-nutrient foods as a significant contributor to the obesity epidemic. This research tests the hypothesis that exposure to food advertising during TV viewing may also contribute to obesity by triggering automatic snacking of available food. Design: In Experiments 1a and 1b, elementary-school-age children watched a cartoon that contained either food advertising or advertising for other products and received a snack while watching. In Experiment 2, adults watched a TV program that included food advertising that promoted snacking and/or fun product benefits, food advertising that promoted nutrition benefits, or no food advertising. The adults then tasted and evaluated a range of healthy to unhealthy snack foods in an apparently separate experiment. Main Outcome Measures: Amount of snack foods consumed during and after advertising exposure. Results: Children consumed 45% more when exposed to food advertising. Adults consumed more of both healthy and unhealthy snack foods following exposure to snack food advertising compared to the other conditions. In both experiments, food advertising increased consumption of products not in the presented advertisements, and these effects were not related to reported hunger or other conscious influences. Conclusion: These experiments demonstrate the power of food advertising to prime automatic eating behaviors and thus influence far more than brand preference alone. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Self-stimulation thresholds and dorso-ventral variation in the lateral hypothalamus in mouse: effects of food and water deprivation

During the thermal decomposition of cysteine, cystine, N-acetylcysteine, 4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid, cysteine methyl ester, in soy bean oil at 200 degrees C, a series of compounds containing sulphur are formed. Besides 15 alkylthiazoles, -thiazolines and -thiazolidines, compounds with 2 and 3 S-atoms can also be identified: ethane-1,2-dithiole, diethyldisulfide, diethyltrisulfide, 2-methyl-1,3-dithiolane, 1,2-dithiane, thialdine, 1,2,4-trithiolanes, 1,2,4-trithianes and 2-methyl-thiazolidino-(3,4-b-)-thiazolidine. N,N'-dibutyrylcystamine shows an antioxidant effect.     

Effects of benzodiazepine receptor ligands on the ingestion of sucrose, intralipid, and maltodextrin: An investigation using a microstructural analysis of licking behavior in a brief contact test.

Microstructural analysis of licking behavior in the rat was conducted (a) to describe in detail the characteristics of benzodiazopine-induced changes in ingestion and (b) to determine if the changes are consistent with an alteration in palatability. The effects of the benzodiazepine receptor (BZR) agonist midazolam (0.3–3 mg/kg), and the partial inverse agonist Ro 15-4513 (0.3–3 mg/kg), on licking for several concentrations of sucrose, Intralipid, and maltodextrin in a brief contact test were investigated. Midazolam increased the total number of licks for all 3 fluids; conversely, Ro 15-4513 decreased the total number of licks. Midazolam increased mean bout duration for sucrose and maltodextrin drinking and there was a trend toward a similar effect with Intralipid drinking. Ro 15-4513 reduced mean bout duration for all 3 test fluids. These data are discussed in terms of bidirectional changes in fluid palatability by drug actions at BZRs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)