大口径非球面Ronchi光栅测量方法

在对非球面加工过程中常用检测方法的优缺点进行比较的基础上,介绍了Ronchi光栅法的系统组成、工作原理和数据处理方法,并进行了光栅频率和灵敏度分析.通过对Ronchi光栅的频率、灵敏度的分析比较,发现可以通过改变其频率来实现大口径非球面不同加工阶段2～200 μm范围内的误差检测.该方法制作简单,使用方便.它的深入研究,将为大口径非球面精磨和初抛光阶段提供一种有效、可靠的定量检测手段.     

Designing an optical disk lens without analytical definition of aspheric surfaces

We have developed a new method to design aspheric lenses. The conventional technique is usually based on analytic definition of optical surfaces; in the new method discretely defined aspheres are used, and the final design is attained point by point with an iterative algorithm. Simulation results are compared with results obtained with conventional optical design software to prove that this new method is more effective and reliable for designing aspheric lenses, especially when the aspheric order is high.     

Null-screen testing of fast convex aspheric surfaces

A method for null-testing fast convex aspheric optical surfaces is presented. The method consists of using a cylindrical screen with a set of lines drawn on it in such a way that its image, which is formed by reflection on a perfect surface, yields a perfect square grid. Departures from this geometry are due to imperfections of the surface, allowing one to know if the surface is close to the design shape. Tests conducted with a full hemisphere and with the parabolic surface of a lens show the feasibility of the method. Numerical simulations show that it is possible to detect surface departures as small as 5 mum.     

Photographic optical systems with nonrotational aspheric surfaces

Sections of nonrotational aspheric surfaces can be useful in a variety of optical situations. In several examples, image-forming objectives, as for photographic or electronic camera products, are described in which suitably located asymmetric pairs of refractive surfaces are devised, such that relative rotation about a displaced axis of one with respect to the other can be used to produce a focusing effect that is satisfactory for imaging purposes over reasonable fields of view and for practicable apertures and achromatic corrections. Taylor expansions about assignable reference points in any given surface of a sequence, together with suitable coordinate systems, can be employed to relate performance to shape parameters.     

Optical design with parametrically defined aspheric surfaces

The standard aspheric surface definition has been used successfully to correct aberrations in a wide variety of systems. However, in some current applications a more general surface definition is needed. We present a more general approach that uses parametrically defined optical surfaces for the optical design of imaging and illumination systems.     

用于大口径非球面的波前功率谱密度检测

光学元件加工质量的检测和评价工作是保证整个光学系统安全、正常运行的关键。在总结非球面常用检验指标优、缺点的基础上,讨论了测量大口径非球面的波前功率谱密度时的系统组成、工作原理和软件设计的总体思路。为了减少系统误差的影响,求解波前功率谱密度时,通过引入系统传递函数校正测量值来实现。使用大口径相位干涉仪作为波前检测仪器,证实波前功率谱密度能定量给出波前畸变的空间频率分布,并用于作为大口径光学元件质量的评价标准。给出一个测试口径为64mm×64mm光学元件测试结果,有效频率为0.03mm-1～3.87mm-1,rms为0.0064λ。     

Testing fast aspheric concave surfaces with a cylindrical null screen

A noncontact test procedure to obtain the shape of fast concave surfaces is described. A cylindrical null screen with a curved grid drawn on it in such a way that its image, which is formed by reflection on a perfect concave surface, yields a perfect square grid is proposed. The cylindrical null screen design and the surface evaluation algorithm are presented. Experimental results for the testing of an elliptical mirror of 164 mm in diameter (f/0.232) are shown.     

Testing aspheric surfaces: simple method with a circular stop

As an extension of the knife-edge test, a noninterferometric method for inspecting circularly symmetric aspheres is proposed in which the test surface is illuminated by a spherical wave. When a small circular stop is placed around the curvature center of the best-fitting sphere, only rays characteristic for the deviation from a perfect sphere remain unobstructed. An image of the tested surface is thereby obtained, showing light and dark regions whose boundaries are correlated to the surface profile, the stop size, and the stop position along the symmetry axis. The experiment has been carried out with a paraboloid.     

Testing fast aspheric convex surfaces with a linear array of sources

We describe a noncontact test procedure with which to obtain the shapes of fast convex surfaces. For this, an array of sources is positioned in a straight line and separated in such a way that the image by reflection on the surface consists of a set of equally spaced bright spots. By rotating the surface, we test different meridians such that, after 360 degrees, the entire surface is measured. We present the source array design and the surface evaluation algorithm. We found that, to reduce numerical error in the evaluation of the shape of the surface, a numerical integration must be performed by a method that uses parabolic arcs instead of the traditional method that uses trapezoids. Through some numerical simulations we analyzed the accuracy of the method by introducing random displacements into the measured data. We found that to measure the quality of the surface with accuracy better than 5 microm, we have to measure the coordinates of the centroids on the image plane with an accuracy better than 0.5 pixel, and we to have measure the positions of the linear sources with an accuracy better than 0.5 mm. Experimental results for the testing of a carbon fiber convex sphere of 383.6-mm diameter (f/0.398) are shown.     

以环形子孔径扫描法测量大口径非球面的研究

总结非球面常用检验方法在应用中优、缺点的基础上,使用环形子孔径扫描法来测量大口径非球面。这种方法使被测元件相对于参考波前的斜率差减小到干涉仪允许的测量范围内,每次测量仅是被测表面的一部分,通过算法实现数据“拼接”,从而得到整个面形信息。该方法无需辅助光学元件即可实现对大口径、大相对口径非球面的直接测量,为大口径高精度非球面的加工检验提供了有效手段。     

Sub-Nyquist null aspheric testing using a computer-stored compensator

A novel method to demodulate undersampled interferograms using a computer-stored undersampled compensator is presented. First, the sine and cosine of the computer-stored wave front is correlated with the interferogram that emerges from the asphere under test. Afterward, these two correlation images are used to find the phase map. The detected phase of the correlation fringes is the estimated phase difference between the software compensator and the frame-grabbed interferogram. The prior information required for this method is a good knowledge of the wave front being tested to a few wavelengths of error. Complying with this prior knowledge, the undersampled interferogram under analysis may be easily demodulated. Given that the proposed method is based on the correlation of the frame-grabbed interferogram and the computer-stored one, the method also withstands noise.     

Aberrations of anamorphic optical systems III: the primary aberration theory for toroidal anamorphic systems

We apply a new method for optical aberration derivation to anamorphic systems made from toroidal surfaces and obtain a complete set of primary aberration coefficients. This set is written in a form similar to the well-known Seidel aberrations for rotationally symmetrical optical systems and includes first-order quantities only, thus it can be easily applied to anamorphic lens design practice. By tracing four nonskew paraxial marginal and chief rays, the 16 anamorphic primary aberration coefficients can be easily calculated.     

Fast scanning probe for ophthalmic echography using an ultrasound motor

High-frequency transducers, up to 35-50 MHz, are widely used in ophthalmic echography to image fine eye structures. Phased-array techniques are not practically applicable at such a high frequency, due to the too small size required for the single transducer element, and mechanical scanning is the only practical alternative. At present, all ophthalmic ultrasound systems use focused single-element, mechanically scanned probes. A good probe positioning and image evaluation feedback requires an image refresh-rate of about 15-30 frames per second, which is achieved in commercial mechanical scanning probes by using electromagnetic motors. In this work, we report the design, construction, and experimental characterization of the first mechanical scanning probe for ophthalmic echography based on a small piezoelectric ultrasound motor. The prototype probe reaches a scanning rate of 15 sectors per second, with very silent operation and little weight. The first high-frequency echographic images obtained with the prototype probe are presented.     

Robust reduction of graphene fluoride using an electrostatically biased scanning probe

We report a novel and easily accessible method to chemically reduce graphene fluoride （GF） sheets with nanoscopic precision using high electrostatic fields generated between an atomic force microscope （AFM） tip and the GF substrate. Reduction of fluorine by the electric field produces graphene nanoribbons （GNR） with a width of 105-1,800 nm with sheet resistivity drastically decreased from 〉1 TΩ.sq.^-1 （GF） down to 46 kΩ.sq.^-1 （GNR）. Fluorine reduction also changes the topography, friction, and work function of the GF. Kelvin probe force microscopy measurements indicate that the work function of GF is 180-280 meV greater than that of graphene. The reduction process was optimized by varying the AFM probe velocity between 1.2 μm.s^-1 and 12 μm.s^-1 and the bias voltage applied to the sample between -8 and -12 V. The electrostatic field required to remove fluorine from carbon is -1.6 V.nm-1. Reduction of the fluorine may be due to the softening of the C-F bond in this intense field or to the accumulation and hydrolysis of adventitious water into a meniscus.