Noise floor and dynamic range analysis of a microwave attenuation measurement receiver from 50 MHz to 26.5 GHz

The noise floor and dynamic range of a proposed voltage-ratio based microwave attenuation measurement receiver are analysed. The thermal noise and phase noise effect on attenuation measurement is studied. For frequencies higher than 1 GHz, the receiver employs a lock-in amplifier with a coherent frequency reference to minimize the phase noise effect and achieve very wide dynamic range of attenuation measurement. The equivalent noise floor at the receiver mixer output port is found to be around −172 dBm. The dynamic range of the receiver is 181-175 dB from 50 MHz to 26.5 GHz. Measurement results of a 0-170 dB synthesized step attenuator at 26 GHz is given to verify the performance of the proposed receiver.     

光纤光栅微弱信号检测的解调电路

为了在光纤光栅匹配解调系统中实现对光纤光栅微弱信号的检测与处理,在应用微弱光电信号检测原理的基础上设计一种高信噪比、高检测精度的解调电路,该解调电路采用低噪声电路元件参数选取原则和前置放大器设计的一般方法,在雪崩光电二极管与信号数模转换之间采用互阻放大器、巴特沃斯滤波电路和多级放大电路,实现了电路的最佳噪声匹配,有效地抑制了电路的噪声和干扰。该解调电路在光纤光栅匹配解调系统中具有很高的信噪比和测量精度,且具有很好的灵敏度,在测量低频率振动信号试验中具有优异的性能。实验表明:该电路解调系统在25～200 Hz正弦激励振动信号下具有很好的低噪声性能,精确的测试出振动信号,同时该电路所采用的方法与措施对其他测量系统也有借鉴意义。     

Ultra-low-noise preamplifier for condenser microphones

The paper presents the design of a low-noise preamplifier dedicated for condenser measurement microphones used in high sensitivity applications, in which amplifier noise is the main factor limiting sensitivity of the measurements. In measurement microphone preamplifiers, the dominant source of noise at lower frequencies is the bias resistance of the input stage. In the presented solution, resistors were connected to the input stage by means of switches. The switches are opened during measurements, which disconnects the resistors from the input stage and results in noise reduction. Closing the switches allows for fast charging of the microphone capacitance. At low frequencies the noise of the designed preamplifier is a few times lower in comparison to similar, commercially available instruments.     

集成运算放大电路噪声谱矩阵计算及噪声性能分析

由于集成运放电路内部具有大量噪声源,特别是运算放大器本身等效输入电压和电流噪声源的相关性,使运放电路噪声分析较困难。常用的噪声功率迭加方法由于无法考虑噪声源相关性会引起较大误差。本文提出用噪声谱矩阵表示具有噪声相关的运算放大器ｅ-ｉ噪声,推导了集成运放电路等效输入噪声谱迭加公式。不仅可以对运放电路的噪声进行准确计算及性能分析,而且可以计算电路内各噪声源的贡献,对低噪声集成运放电路参数设计有重要指导意义。     

Non-contact measurement technique for dimensional metrology using optical comb

This paper proposes a non-contact pulsed interferometer for dimensional metrology using the repetition frequency of an optical frequency comb. A compact absolute-length measuring system is established for practical non-contact measurement based on a single-mode fiber interferometer. The stability and accuracy of the measurements are compared with those from a commercial incremental laser interferometer. The drifts of both systems have the same tendency and a maximum difference is approximately 0.1 μm. Subsequently, preliminary absolute-length measurements up to 1.5 m were measured. The signal-to-noise ratios of the small signals are improved by a frequency-selective amplifier. It is apparent that the noise is rejected, and the intensity of the interference fringes is amplified, achieving a maximum standard deviation of measurement approximately 1 μm. The proposed technique can provide sufficient accuracy for non-contact measurement in applications such as a simple laser-pulse tracking system.     

A highly-sensitive weak-signal complex-amplitude meter

A measuring section of a multifrequency electromagnetic ground-probing device operating at discrete frequencies in a range of 2.5–250 kHz is described. The measuring section of the device contains a lownoise amplifier, complex-signal demodulator, and integrators based on δ-σ analog-to-digital converters. The following characteristics of the device are attained: the root-mean-square noise is 20 nV, the measurement range is ±500 μ V, the number of bit is 20, the measurement time is 80 ms, and the power-line noise suppression at 48–52 Hz is more than 120 dB.     

锁定放大技术在ACFM检测电路设计中的应用

扰动磁场检测信号是微弱信号且总是不可避免地含有噪声和干扰信号.利用锁定放大技术设计一扰动磁场检测电路,包括去2.5 V直流电路、放大滤波电路、移相电路、电压型开关式乘法器.该设计电路实现了对扰动磁场微弱信号的测量与消噪处理.试验表明,利用锁定放大技术设计优化ACFM检测电路是一种有效的方法.     

Wide-band current preamplifier for conductance measurements with large input capacitance

A wide-band current preamplifier based on a composite operational amplifier is proposed. It has been shown that the bandwidth of the preamplifier can be significantly increased by enhancing the effective open-loop gain. The described 10(7) V/A current gain preamplifier had the bandwidth of about 100 kHz with the 1 nF input shunt capacitance. The measured preamplifier current noise was 46 fA/Hz at 1 kHz, close to the design noise minimum. The voltage noise was found to be about 2.9 nV/Hz at 1 kHz, which is in a good agreement with the value expected for the particular operational amplifier used in the input stage. By analysing the total produced noise we found that the optimal frequency range suitable for the fast lock-in measurements is from 1 kHz to 2 kHz. To obtain the same signal-to-noise ratio, the reported preamplifier requires ～10% of the integration time needed in measurements made with a conventional preamplifier.     

基于虚拟仪器技术的APD噪声等效功率测量系统

利用锁相放大器测量雪崩光电二极管(APD)特定工作频率下的噪声电压,使用示波器测量APD在调制光输入条件下的电压值,使用功率计测量输入调制光能量值,以此测出APD的噪声等效功率(NEP).并在测量过程中利用截尾平均数、变异系数等统计方法消除噪声干扰.同时,利用LabVIEW图形设计软件制作了一整套自动测试程序.实际操作...     

Pilot tone aided measurements to extend the bandwidth of radio frequency applications

A technique to extend the effective measurement bandwidth of a non-coherent vector receiver is presented. This bandwidth extension technique relies on the use of a pilot signal (known a priori), which is added on the signal of interest and is measured in a single receiver. Compared to other bandwidth extension techniques referred as stitching techniques, the proposed approach avoids error propagation in the measurement bandwidth and simultaneously enables the measurement of signals that do not contain energy in certain spectral bands.The pilot signal is created in digital stages, which tackles to large extent the requirement of the a priori knowledge of this signal. Further, the pilot signal is designed to minimize estimation errors of the proposed technique, providing enhanced performance. It is analytically shown that the error incurred by the proposed method is always lower than the error from the measurement noise.Measurement results show the method functionality with an error in the range of −50 dB of the signal measured. Finally, the usefulness of the proposed technique is illustrated by measuring the input and output of an amplifier with dynamic range in excess of 80 dB over 290 MHz using an 18 MHz bandwidth receiver. This measurement could not have been performed by existing stitching techniques.     

A high sensitivity ultralow temperature RF conductance and noise measurement setup

We report on the realization of a high sensitivity RF noise measurement scheme to study small current fluctuations of mesoscopic systems at milli-Kelvin temperatures. The setup relies on the combination of an interferometric amplification scheme and a quarter-wave impedance transformer, allowing the measurement of noise power spectral densities with gigahertz bandwidth up to five orders of magnitude below the amplifier noise floor. We simultaneously measure the high frequency conductance of the sample by derivating a portion of the signal to a microwave homodyne detection. We describe the principle of the setup, as well as its implementation and calibration. Finally, we show that our setup allows to fully characterize a subnanosecond on-demand single electron source. More generally, its sensitivity and bandwidth make it suitable for applications manipulating single charges at GHz frequencies.     

ADAPTIVE FUSION ALGORITHMS BASED ON WEIGHTED LEAST SQUARE METHOD

Weighted fusion algorithms, which can be applied in the area of multi-sensor data fusion, are advanced based on weighted least square method. A weighted fusion algorithm, in which the relationship between weight coefficients and measurement noise is established, is proposed by giving attention to the correlation of measurement noise. Then a simplified weighted fusion algorithm is deduced on the assumption that measurement noise is uncorrelated. In addition, an algorithm, which can adjust the weight coefficients in the simplified algorithm by making estimations of measurement noise from measurements, is presented. It is proved by emulation and experiment that the precision performance of the multi-sensor system based on these algorithms is better than that of the multi-sensor system based on other algorithms.     

微弱信号选频放大电路的研制

为提高弱信号检测中的信噪比,常采用选频放大电路放大微弱信号,然后利用自相关检测技术只提取所需信号,抑制噪声干扰信号.介绍了无限增益选频放大电路的研制技巧:第一级选频放大电路必须选择低噪声运算放大器,当使用超低噪声的运放时,电阻的热噪声是主要噪声源,串联在输入端的电阻其阻值应比较小.各级选频放大电路都必须选用温度系数小的电阻和电容,其中电容对频率的稳定性影响更大.在PCB布线时采用一点接地方法,避免后级电路通过电源和地线反馈至前级电路引起自激.研究表明,当选频放大电路输入端短路时,末级输出噪声超过30mVpp,就比较容易出现自激振荡.这可以作为确定选频放大电路极限放大倍数的依据.     

一款0.5V低噪声放大器的优化

研究的对象是一款工作于0.5V电源电压的低噪声放大器,低噪声放大器设计通常要求功率和噪声同时匹配来,这样才能达到最优化的性能。在理论分析的基础上详细阐述了功率匹配与噪声优化的具体过程,并给出了相应的仿真结果。     

工业线阵CCD相机系统测试与噪声评估

为了快速评价工业线阵CCD相机质量,本文选择信噪比为评价因子,建立了测试系统,研究了基于相机输出图像测试相机噪声的方法。分析了线阵CCD相机的噪声,建立了一个基于固定模式和随机噪声的信噪比计算模型,并分析了相关双采样(CDS)过程对电源噪声的影响。设计了一套适于工业场所的相机快速信噪比测试系统,结合理论分析数据和实际测试图像数据,提出了仅通过输出的8bit图片计算各噪声参数的方案。最后,对测试系统引入的光源不均匀性噪声进行了讨论,并证明该实验平台光源符合工业标准EVM1288要求。实验结果表明:当相机模数(AD)转化设置为8.7dB时,输出信噪比可达44dB;若排除光源干扰,输出信噪比可达46dB。该方案简便快捷,满足工业现场对相机信噪比评估的要求。     

Reducing the uncertainty in real-time impedance measurements

This paper arises from the exigency of enhancing the performance of a VXI-based digital meter designed for real-time tracking of impedance. Specifically, the metrological characterization of the meter has put into evidence that the experienced measurement uncertainty is mostly due to wide-band noise corrupting the acquired signals. With the aim of reducing its noise susceptibility without compromising the measurement rate, two digital signal-processing solutions are proposed. The first one pre-processes the acquired signals by means of predictive digital filtering for improving zero-crossing detection and, consequently, granting more reliable phase displacement measurements. The second solution evaluates the inner product of the signals of interest in order to average noise during the course of measurement, thus limiting its effect on the overall uncertainty. Many impedance measurements are carried out to draw a proper comparison between the proposed solutions.     

A probabilistic damage identification approach for structures with uncertainties under unknown input

To avoid the false positives of damages in the deterministic identification method induced by uncertainties in measurement noise, a probabilistic method is proposed to identify damages of the structures with uncertainties under unknown input. The proposed probabilistic method is developed from a deterministic simultaneous identification method of structural physical parameters and input based on dynamic response sensitivity. The deterministic simultaneous identification method is first derived. The effect of uncertainties caused by measurement noise on the identified parameters is then investigated. The statistical parameters of the identified structural parameters are calculated. The damage index is derived from the statistical parameters of the physical parameters of intact and damaged structure. The probability of identified damage, defined as the probability of identified structural stiffness smaller than that of intact structure, is further derived using the probability method. A twelve-story building and a nine-bay three-dimensional frame structure are, respectively, analyzed numerically and experimentally using the proposed method. The research results indicate that the probabilistic simultaneous identification method for damage and input can decrease the false positives of damages in contrast with the deterministic method under intensive measurement noise, and it can also achieve an accurate identification for structural unknown input.     

基于电流模的荧光信号放大器和滤波器的设计

提出了一种采用基于电流模的放大器和滤波器电路设计方法,并利用第二代电流传输器CCⅡ实现了三阶巴特沃思低通电流模滤波器。在对第二代电流传输器结构和原理进行分析的基础上,利用CCⅡ设计了三阶巴特沃思低通电流模滤波器,并把R和C提取到CCⅡ芯片外面使它更好应用于低频荧光信号测量。电路经过Pispice的仿真证明了电路的可行性,从而提高了荧光信号检测电路的速度和信噪比,使得检测精度大大提高。本文提出的方法正确、原理清楚、电路可行。并且,电流模技术为微弱荧光信号的低噪声测量、放大和滤波提供了一条可行的技术路线。     

自适应调频声衬及其控制系统设计

为克服现有声衬结构固定、敏感频率无法调节的弊端,提出了一种逆压电效应的调频式声衬结构。该声衬由颈部、共振腔以及压电膜片组成亥姆霍兹共振器。采用有限元法对声衬结构的固有频率、声场分布进行了计算,研究了压电膜片变形与共振频率偏移的关系。在阻抗管内对压电声衬致动前后系统的传递损失进行了对比,系统传递损失峰值频率与驱动电压呈线性关系,灵敏度为0.1Hz/V。在建立控制电压-驱动电压-噪声频率的对应关系的基础上,提出了一种基于光敏电阻的直流升压电路,采用LabVIEW软件编制了压电声衬的自适应控制程序,当噪声频率从746变化至788Hz时,驱动电压由110V自动升高至420V,声衬始终工作于共振状态,实现了宽频噪声的自适应控制。     

先验概率与曲线概率阈值分割相结合的消噪方法

针对二维激光扫描仪获取的原始点云数据存在噪声点而影响测量精度的问题,提出了基于先验概率算法与曲线概率阈值分割的点云数据消噪方法。以异形截面环形件为实验对象,运用该消噪方法对原始数据进行处理,分别采用原始数据和消噪数据计算了环件台阶轴的高度,并将其与环件的真实值进行了对比。对比结果表明,消噪后数据的计算值更接近环件的真实值,从而验证该算法能有效提高测量精度。