交变磁场作用下特种合金的凝固特性

以高温合金(K403)为实验材料,对中、小尺寸特种合金在交变磁场作用下成形过程的凝固特性进行研究,以期加深对凝固组织细化机理的认识,进而实现对凝固组织的优化控制。在研究过程中首先试验、研究了高温合金无接触和软接触电磁成形的凝固特性,探讨了电磁致流、磁化套以及抽拉速度对凝固组织的影响,进而分析了该特种合金电磁成形凝固组织的细化机理。结果表明:使用磁化套可以获得平直、细化的定向枝晶组织;在该文实验条件下,当抽拉速度为9.8mm/min时,一次枝晶间距能减小到80μm;电磁致流导致二次枝晶臂脱落是无接触电磁成形凝固组织细化的主要机理,而枝晶尖端开裂是软接触电磁成形凝固组织细化的主要机理。     

磁场作用下合金元素在AZ31镁合金中的分布

研究了镁合金AZ31分别在无磁场及磁场作用条件下凝固的微观结构及合金元素的分布；对凝固过程中磁场的分布进行了数值模拟。结果表明，与无磁场处理凝固的镁合金组织比较，镁合金AZ31的凝固过程在磁场作用条件下合金元素在晶界上和晶内的分布有较大的变化，在较强静磁场作用下聚集在晶界上的共晶体组织明显减少，共晶组织形成的网络变得不连续，同时在晶内和晶界附近出现了大量近似球状的共晶质点，提高了合金元素在晶内的固溶度，有利于改善镁合金的综合性能。     

Al-Ni-Y三元合金定向凝固组织及高温压缩性能研究

本文选取96.5 at%Al-2.6 at%Ni-0.9 at%Y三元合金,进行下拉式定向凝固实验,研究同一温度梯度下,不同拉伸速率对凝固组织的影响,以及定向凝固后合金的高温压缩性能。实验结果表明:Al-Ni-Y三元合金定向凝固后获得了同一方向生长的组织。合金定向凝固后,高温压缩时峰值应力都遵循着一定的变化规律。     

水平稳恒磁场对Al-Bi偏晶合金中富Bi相迁移和分布的影响

Al-Bi偏晶合金是潜在的新型汽车轴瓦材料,然而由于偏晶合金的凝固特点,凝固过程中的液-液分离反应极易造成第二相的宏观偏析,很难采用传统凝固方法制备。在水平稳恒磁场下进行Al-Bi偏晶合金的水冷铜模浇铸实验,使熔体内不同位置的温度梯度方向与磁场方向呈不同角度。研究当磁场与富Bi液滴Marangoni运动方向的夹角不同时,磁场对偏晶合金凝固组织影响效果的变化。研究结果表明当磁场方向与富Bi相液滴Marangoni运动方向平行时,磁场对宏观偏析的抑制效果最明显。对本实验条件下磁场在Al-Bi偏晶合金凝固过程中的作用机制进行了分析,Al-Bi偏晶合金富Bi液滴发生了由冷端向热端的Marangoni运动,磁场主要通过电磁拖曳力作用于液滴,降低液滴的迁移速度。当磁场与温度梯度方向垂直时,其对熔体传热的抑制减小了电磁拖曳力的作用效果,加重了富Bi相液滴Marangoni运动造成的偏析。     

合金成分对Tb_xDy_(1-x)Fe_(1.91)磁致伸缩性能影响的研究

为了研究TbDyFe合金成分的变化对合金磁致伸缩性能的影响,采用真空感应熔炼炉制备四种Tb_xDy_(1-x)Fe_(1.91)(x=0.22、0.27、0.3、0.35)合金棒,然后取铸态性能较好的试棒真空定向凝固,将定向凝固后的试棒进行真空热处理,测试合金棒的磁致伸缩性能,分析合金中的组织取向,研究材料中的显微组织。研究表明,在低磁场下x=0.27的试样比其他三组实验得到的样品的磁致伸缩性能好,高磁场下x=0.3的样品磁致伸缩性能好而且"jump"效应明显,且定向凝固后的不同取向组织比例对试样的磁致伸缩性能影响很大。组织中的大尺寸富稀土相的产生对合金磁致伸缩性能影响很大。铸态性能较好的Tb_(0.27)Dy_(0.73)Fe_(1.91)合金,在真空环境下热处理后,稀土元素氧化烧损较多,磁致伸缩性能下降剧烈。合金基体主要的相为RFe_2与RFe_3耦合相,烧损导致合金的成分偏离,造成包晶RFe_2相和初生RFe_3相的耦合生长。     

强磁场下Cu-25%Ag合金的凝固行为

研究了强磁场对Cu-25%Ag(质量分数)合金凝固组织的影响,分析了不同磁场条件对合金凝固组织的作用机理.研究发现,均恒磁场和梯度磁场对合金的凝固组织有重要影响,改变了富Cu枝晶形貌和尺寸,无磁场条件下初生富Cu枝晶分布不均匀,一次枝晶比较长且粗大,枝晶主要以柱状枝晶为主;在12T磁场条件下,富Cu枝晶分布比较均匀,一次枝晶变短、粗化,枝晶主要以胞状枝晶为主;在负梯度磁场条件下,富Cu枝晶分布不均匀,在试样下部,树枝晶减少,以小平面方式生长的粗大胞晶为主.通过实验研究表明,利用均恒强磁场控制Cu-Ag合金凝固组织,细化晶粒、减小偏析是具有可行性的.     

NiAl-Cr(Mo)-Hf共晶合金定向凝固组织的特性及力学性能

采用高温度梯度定向凝固装置制备NiAl-Cr(Mo)-Hf共晶合金,系统地研究了凝固速率对合金凝固组织和力学性能的影响.随凝固速率的增大,固液界面依次呈现平、胞、枝的形貌,而且共晶胞的尺寸和层片间距随之减小.同时发现当凝固速率在3.33μm/s到16.7μm/s范围内变化时,合金的力学性能随凝固速率的增大而增大.(Mo)-Hf;定向凝固;显微组织;力学性能     

旋转磁场调控优化Cu-Cr-Zr-Si合金组织和性能

凝固过程是金属材料制备的核心环节，该过程决定了金属的铸态组织及性能。本文以Cu-Cr-Zr-Si合金为研究对象，对其施加旋转磁场，研究了真空下不同磁场电流对Cu-Cr-Zr-Si合金的凝固组织和性能的影响。组织结果表明，随磁场电流增大，晶粒尺寸减小。当磁场电流从40 A增加至120 A，基体的晶粒尺寸从270 μm细化至58 μm。此外，还观察到晶粒形貌逐渐从柱状晶转变为等轴晶，随磁场电流增大，等轴晶区域占比逐渐增加。性能分析表明：相比于未加磁场的合金，在磁场电流 I=40，80 和 120 A 条件下，合金抗拉强度分别提高了 6.1%，7.3%和19.2%；屈服强度提高了6.1%，10.%和19.4%；伸长率则分别提高17.4%，26.1%和60.9%。强度和塑性的提高主要归因于晶粒细化和等轴晶粒占比的提高。合金电导率在很大程度上不受旋转磁场的影响。在凝固过程中施加旋转磁场被认为是调控微观组织实现性能提高并可规模化生产的关键技术。     

Re和Cr变化对定向高温合金凝固和偏析的影响

采用真空熔炼和定向凝固技术制备不同Re和Cr含量的定向试棒.利用差热分析(DSC)研究不同Re和Cr含量定向凝固高温合金的凝固行为,利用扫描电镜(SEM)和电子探针(EPMA)研究合金组织和元素分布特征.研究发现Re含量的增加对合金的固/液相线温度影响不大,Cr含量的增加降低了合金的固/液相线温度;随着Re含量增加,加...     

磁场搅拌方式对Sn-11％Sb合金凝固组织与偏析的影响

中心偏析是钢连铸坯的常见缺陷,严重影响了产品的质量。电磁搅拌是对金属凝固过程进行控制、改善连铸坯质量的有效手段,旋转磁场电磁搅拌在钢的连铸过程中已得到广泛的应用,但螺旋磁场电磁搅拌的研究鲜见报道。以低熔点合金模拟钢的凝固过程,对采用不同电磁搅拌方式改善中心偏析缺陷的效果进行了模拟对比试验。研究了螺旋磁场电磁搅拌和旋转磁场电磁搅拌对Sn-11%Sb二元合金凝固组织的影响,并与常规条件下的凝固组织进行对比。试验结果表明,在相同电磁搅拌参数下,螺旋磁场电磁搅拌比旋转磁场电磁搅拌更能减小铸锭上下部成分之间的差异,细化晶粒,更好地促进铸锭成分均匀化效果。     

基于多重分形研究脉冲磁场周期对凝固组织的影响

为了研究脉冲磁场对凝固组织的影响,采用自发研制的脉冲磁场发生装置将脉冲磁场非接触式地施加到钛处理低碳钢的凝固过程中,利用金相显微镜和实验室设计的多重分形软件研究了不同周期的脉冲磁场对凝固组织的影响。结果表明,该钢种的凝固组织具有分形特征;随着脉冲磁场周期的延长,Δα和Δf(α)呈现为先减小后增大的规律,在脉冲磁场周期为0.5 s时,组织最为均匀。由此可以推断脉冲磁场周期对凝固组织的影响存在一个最佳值。     

凝固过程中的脉冲磁场和脉冲磁力研究

用数值模拟方法研究了凝固样品中的脉冲磁感应强度和电磁力的分布特性。模拟结果表明，脉冲磁场凝固条件下，脉冲磁感就强度和电磁力分布具有轴向、径向分布的不对称性和不均匀性。这种分布特性有助于了解脉冲磁场对金属凝固组织的细化作用。     

Structure Evolution and Solidification Behavior of Austenitic Stainless Steel in Pulsed Magnetic Field

 To understand the solidification behavior of austenitic stainless steel in pulsed magnetic field, the solidification process is investigated by means of the self made high voltage pulse power source and the solidification tester. The results show that the solidification structure of austenitic stainless steel can be remarkably refined in pulsed magnetic field, yet the grains become coarse again when the magnetic intensity is exceedingly large, indicating that an optimal intensity range existed for structure refinement. The solidification temperature can be enhanced with an increase in the magnetic intensity. The solidification time is shortened obviously, but the shortening degree is reduced with the increase of the magnetic intensity.     

Analysis of Graphite Morphology of Gray Cast Iron in Pulse Magnetic Field

Theelectromagneticrefinementofmetalsolidi ficationstructureisanewlydevelopedtechnique. Themagneticfieldcanrefinethesolidificationstruc turebyactingupontheliquidmetal,suchasvibra tionandstirring.Atpresent,suchtechniquesare mainlyappliedtoalloyswithlower…     

磁场对金属材料凝固的影响

控制并得到合适的凝固组织一直是材料工作者研究的方向。近年来人们对金属在磁场中的凝固做了一系列研究,取得了一定成果。主要介绍了磁场对金属凝固过程的影响,包括磁场驱动流体流动、控制宏观偏析、改善凝固组织等,并对未来的研究工作进行了展望。     

氧化物冶金与脉冲磁场参数影响钢组织的研究

 脉冲磁场处理与氧化物冶金技术是细化组织、提升材料性能的两种常用方法,将其有机结合可进一步优化钢铁材料的性能。利用自主研制的高频感应线圈加热炉与脉冲磁场发生装置将脉冲磁场非接触式地施加在钛处理低碳钢的凝固过程中,利用金相显微镜、多重分形软件与维氏硬度仪研究了不同脉冲磁场参数对凝固组织的影响。结果表明,脉冲磁场感应强度为135~190 mT、磁场作用时间为5~10 min时,试样的金相组织最细小均匀,原始奥氏体晶粒得到明显细化,原始奥氏体晶粒面积由15.79 mm2下降到1.25 mm2,试样的硬度值由118.1HV提升到165.4HV,此参数下的脉冲磁场对凝固组织的细化程度最佳。     

Progress in Research on Solidification in a Strong Static Magnetic Field

Strong magnetic fields available from superconducting magnets are opening a way to new phenomena that could lead to new methods in materials processing including solidification. The principal research involving solidification in strong static magnetic fields is emphasizing four aspects: control of crystal orientation, convection damping, thermoelectric magnetohydrodynamics (TEMHD) and change in thermodynamics. Under high magnetic intensity, aligned structural textures are induced in both magnetic and non‐magnetic materials. Since in strong magnetic field the melt flow is suppressed by convection damping, the microstructure being formed during solidification is affected heavily; this phenomenon applies to eutectic, monotectic and peritectic alloys as well as to dendritic morphologies typical of directional solidification. If strength and orientation of a magnetic field are controlled appropriately, this strong damping effect will generate more homogeneous crystals as a result of achieving diffusion‐controlled solute transport conditions. TEMHD more easily occurs in strong magnetic fields, resulting in equiaxed crystals even under directional solidification. It is evidenced experimentally and theoretically that the thermodynamics of phase transformation and nucleation are changed by strong magnetic fields.     

Influence of Forced/Natural Convection on Segregation During the Directional Solidification of Al-Based Binary Alloys

We analyzed the columnar solidification of a binary alloy under the influence of an electromagnetic forced convection of various types and investigated the influence of a rotating magnetic field on segregation during directional solidification of Al-Si alloy as well as the influence of a travelling magnetic field on segregation during solidification of Al-Ni alloy through directional solidification experiments and numerical modeling of macrosegregation. The numerical model is capable of predicting fluid flow, heat transfer, solute concentration field, and columnar solidification and takes into account the existence of a mushy zone. Fluid flows are created by both natural convection as well as electromagnetic body forces. Both the experiments and the numerical modeling, which were achieved in axisymmetric geometry, show that the forced-flow configuration changes the segregation pattern. The change is a result of the coupling between the liquid flow and the top of the mushy zone via the pressure distribution along the solidification front. In a forced flow, the pressure difference along the front drives a mush flow that transports the solute within the mushy region. The channel forms at the junction of two meridional vortices in the liquid zone where the fluid leaves the front. The latter phenomenon is observed for both the rotating magnetic field (RMF) and traveling magnetic field (TMF) cases. The liquid enrichment in the segregated channel is strong enough that the local solute concentration may reach the eutectic composition.     

Computer Simulation of Solidification Transport Behaviours in Blade‐Like Castings under Transverse Static Magnetic Fields up to 25T

Numerical simulation of solidification transport phenomena/processes in a TiAl alloy blade‐like casting, under transverse magnetic fields of different strengths, was carried out. The simulation was based on a continuum solidification model and the computer codes developed by the authors. The simulation results show that, although the liquid flow in the bulk liquid region can be suppressed efficiently, the feeding flow in the mushy zone caused by the volume contraction, due to solidification shrinkage and thermal/solutal expansion, cannot be suppressed even under an ultra‐strong magnetic field up to 25T. This indicates that the forces driven by volume contraction are much stronger than those caused by the gravity. The natural convection can delay the directional solidification process, while the applied static magnetic field accelerates it to some extent, by weakening the natural convection. The magnetic field changes the coupled heat and species mass transfer to a diffusion type mechanism. The natural convection may be the cause for horizontal segregation. An ultra‐strong magnetic field is not necessary to achieve sufficient suppression of natural convection.