示准化学科行为互换性定律的创建

本文讨论了互换性定律的族系,研究了非训练行为不准确现象,讨论了行为互换性的需求,推论了行为互换性定律的存在,建立了行为互换性的概念,创建了行为互换性定律的命题及其数学模型,详述了定律的内涵,分析了行为互换性与其他互换性的关系,讨论了行为互换性定律的对象范围、互换类型、自身特点和作用意义,对行为互换性定律进行了验证分析,讨论了行为互换性定律的应用,并给出了应用例子。     

某型车辆驾驶室内部噪声分析研究

建立了某型车辆驾驶室结构的三维有限元模型,对驾驶室进行了试验模态分析,得到了模态参数,检验和修正了结构的三维有限元模型,对驾驶室结构进行了动态响应分析.采用边界元法进行了驾驶室内部声学特性研究,对驾驶员耳旁的声压和声学灵敏度进行了分析,得出了驾驶室内声场的声学特性,对驾驶室结构提出改进措施,有效地降低了车内噪声.     

标准化学科几何互换性定律的创建

本文讨论了规律和定律的关系和特点,讨论了几何互换性的本质关系,推论了互换性定律的存在,创建了动配合互换性定律、定位配合互换性定律、紧配合互换性定律,建立了定律的命题、数学模型和关系模型,详述了每个定律的内涵,创建了支持互换性工程应用的几何互换性空间,讨论了互换性定律的应用,创建了广泛适用的互换性空间。     

标准化学科功能互换性定律的创建

本文讨论了互换性的新模式——功能互换性,阐述了功能互换性的概念和特点,创建了功能互换性的命题,解读了功能互换性命题的内涵及其数学模型,给出了功能互换性的关注情形,探讨了功能互换性的适用范围和作用意义,验证了功能互换性定律的有效性,说明了功能互换性定律的应用,并给出了指导功能互换性定律应用的实例。     

企业标准化信息管理系统分析与设计

从整体上分析了企业标准化管理系统的内容，探讨了计算机应用于企业标准化管理的可行性。根据系统需求分析选择了以ＦＯＸＢＡＳＥ＋为软件工具，从系统的内在关系入手，划分了功能模块，确立了系统软件结构，确定了数据库的结构。并对企业标准化管理软件作了详细描述，进一步阐述了在企业标准化管理中，应用计算机的具体作用及如何推广应用。     

闭幕词--2004年7月9日在中国缩协第三次全国会员代表大会上

经过两天的紧张工作，中国缩微摄影技术协会第三次全国会员代表大会已经圆满完成了各项议程。大会期间选出了第三届理事会，召开了三届一次理事会议，选举了常务理事、理事长、副理事长和秘书长，推举了名誉理事长，批准了十四位老同志为荣誉会员，聘任了副秘书长和各工作委员会的主任委员。     

标准化作业的价值分析

本文创建了自然态劳动作业模型,对自然态劳动作业模型的特点进行了分析,创建了标准化的劳动作业模型,对标准化劳动作业模型的特点作了深入的分析,建立了工业生产的机群模型和流水模型,并进行了对比分析,对自然态劳动作业模型和标准化作业模型进行了对比分析,讨论了标准化作业的价值作用和效果。     

基于LabVIEW的智能扭矩传感器的研究

研究了一种新型多通道光电扭矩传感器,通过光电方法测量旋转轴的扭转角来获得动态扭矩,采用虚拟仪器的思想,基于LabVIEW测试平台实现了对扭矩值的实时显示.应用动态扭矩加载器对扭矩值进行了动态校准.该传感器系统减少了硬件设备,缩短了开发周期,提高了测量精度.     

小型农业机械在大石山区的推广与应用

大石山区只有通过小型农业机械的推广应用,才能提高了劳动生产率,减轻了劳动强度,降低了生产成本,改善了农业生产条件,增加了农民的收入,而且缓解了劳动力季节性短缺的矛盾,促进了劳动力输出的健康发展。本文对小型农业机械在大石山区的推广与应用谈一些体会。     

城建档案缩微的必要性与系统方案的选择

本文阐明了缩微技术是城建档案现代化管理的必要组成部分,介绍了国内若干城建档案馆成功应用缩微技术的范例,分析了光盘技术用于城建档案管理的利与弊,推荐了若干层次城建档案缩微系统建立的方案,特别强调了现阶段立足国产化的必要性,分析了城建档案缩微系统取得良好投资回报的可能性。     

The inclusion of the effect of the evaporation coefficient on the rate of variation of droplet radius

The paper deals with the investigation of the effect of the evaporation (condensation) coefficient of droplet substance on the rate of unsteady variation of the radius of a spherical aerosol droplet in the cases of direct and indirect inclusion of this coefficient. It is found in both cases that the effect of evaporation coefficient is most significant at the initial instant of unsteady-state process of evaporation and of condensation growth of the droplet. At this instant, the size of spherical droplet has hardly any impact on the rate of variation of its radius. As the unsteady-state process continues, the effect of the evaporation coefficient on the rate of variation of the droplet radius depends significantly on the droplet size. The larger the droplet under consideration, the lower the effect of the evaporation coefficient on the rate of variation of its radius. The rates of variation, calculated for the same values of the evaporation coefficient but for different ways of inclusion of this coefficient, differ less for larger aerosol droplets. These methods of inclusion of the evaporation coefficient are considered for the process of slow evaporation of a droplet.     

一种用射影线束族生成曲线的方法

以两射影对应线束对应真线交点的轨迹是二阶曲线为基础，研究了射影线束族的形成原理，讨论了射影线束与线束族，射影线束族与线束族对应直线交点所构成的平面曲线及其性质，同时利用计算机绘制了部分曲线。     

红木文化创意产品及其开发设计原则

目的探究红木文化创意产品相关理论及开发设计原则。方法从文化创意产品的概念和红木的属性分析,提出红木文化创意产品的定义;通过对传统红木文化产品和现代红木文化创意产品的分类比对,分析出现代红木文化创意产品的新增产品种类。在红木文化创意产品定义和分类的基础上,提出红木文化创意产品的特征和红木文化创意产品开发设计原则。结论红木文化创意产品开发设计原则是对文化创意产品设计理论体系的补充,并将促进红木文化的继承和红木产品的创新。     

Special Features in the Realization of Film Boiling on Wire Heaters. Distilled Water

The existence of a region of self-oscillatory instability of heat transfer is revealed under conditions of film boiling of water subcooled to the saturation temperature. In the case of short heaters, whose length is commensurable with the Taylor instability wavelength, the process is regular. For heaters of the same length, the form of oscillations and their characteristics are fully reproducible. An increase in the heater length results in the emergence of spatially distributed oscillations. It is found that an increase in subcooling on the interface between the modes of boiling is accompanied by the formation of a structure consisting of a system of single domains of continuously decreasing size. The formation of this structure causes a significant change in the temperature distribution in the zone adjoining that of nucleate boiling, which considerably reduces the film stability. A single domain of the film mode of boiling was stable at any temperature of the liquid. The singularities of realization of minimal-size domains of the film mode of boiling under conditions of stabilization of the integral mean temperature of the heater are investigated. It is found that the minimal zone of the film mode of boiling is a system of three elementary domains.     

On the Problem of Improvement of the Damping Ability of Rotor Blades of Contemporary Gas-Turbine Engines

We present the results of experimental investigations of the influence of structural and technological factors on the damping ability of lock joints of compressor blades carried out at the Pisarenko Institute of Problems of Strength of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, study the possibility of using dampers mounted in shroud joints of turbine blades, and formulate some recommendations concerning the possibility of im proving the damping ability of rotor blades of contemporary gas-turbine engines.     

The shock-wave mechanism of spontaneous ignition of hydrogen under conditions of sudden efflux from reservoir at high pressure

Analysis is made of the conditions of spontaneous ignition of hydrogen as a result of emergence of a starting shock wave in air before an expanding cold flow of gas. The rise of temperature behind the shock wave causes ignition of the mixture of combustible gas with air, which forms on the contact surface. The condition for spontaneous ignition is the sufficient time of residence of mixture at high temperature for mixing and ignition. The calculations of spontaneous ignition of hydrogen jet are based on a model which takes into account the gasdynamic transport of viscous gas, the kinetics of oxidation of hydrogen, multicomponent diffusion, and thermal conductivity. The range of pressures is determined in a reservoir, during whose depressurization the shock wave forming in air exhibits intensity sufficient for igniting the hydrogen-air mixture behind the front of propagating jet of compressed hydrogen. Results of analysis are given of the dependence of conditions of ignition on the pressure of hydrogen in the reservoir, on the size of the outlet opening, and on the initial temperature of hydrogen and air.     

Mechanics and physics of quasibrittle fracture of polycrystalline metals under the conditions of stress concentration. Part I. Experimental results

In the present work, which consists of three parts, we make an attempt to formulate the fundamental ideas of the theory of quasibrittle fracture of polycrystalline metals and structural alloys on the macroscopic and microscopic levels. Within the framework of the usual approach, we consider physical aspects of the problem of analysis of the elementary acts of fracture of the crystal lattice and regularities of macroscopic fracture under conditions of stress concentration in connection with the problem of structural integrity. We propose simple and convenient practical criteria of quasibrittle fracture under conditions of stress concentration and formulate physically substantiated concepts of the ductility of metals. In the first part of the work, we present the results of the experimental investigation of the fracture of specimens with stress concentrators of various geometries and fatigue cracks, establish the regularities of changes in the local characteristics of fracture, and analyze the principal factors affecting the value of the critical cleavage stress σ_f. Institute of Physics of Metals, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine. Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 4, pp. 5–16, July–August, 1997.     

CONVERSION OF SHORT FATIGUE CRACKS INTO A LONG CRACK

This paper presents a method for the statistical processing of results of initiation and propagation of short fatigue cracks. The distribution of the lengths of these cracks followed a Weibull distribution function. The value of the size parameter of this distribution grows with the number of cycles, but the value of the shape parameter declines as the number of cycles increases. A study of the modal value of fatigue crack lengths as a function of the number of cycles yielded a statistical criterion defining the conversion of the short fatigue crack initiation and propagation stage into the long fatigue crack propagation stage. One condition for this conversion is a zero magnitude of the first derivative of the modal value of fatigue crack lengths by the number of cycles. When the dependence of the Weibull distribution shape parameter and size parameter upon the number of cycles was inserted in this condition, solution of the resultant expression revealed the critical number of cycles that is necessary for the formation of a long fatigue crack.     

Potentials and Equations of State for Two Special Reference Configurations

On the basis of the mathematical formulation of the principle of reference invariance of the functions of state of deformed bodies, we consider two special representations of the potential of state in which the reference configuration is variable and related to the current state of the body. The first of these representations (natural) follows from the general representation of the potential of state if a current state of the basis is regarded as the reference state and the corresponding stress-free configuration is taken as the reference configuration. The second (strain-free) representation is obtained if the role of the reference configuration is played by the current configuration. For both representations, we deduce the equations of state in the form of expressions for stresses and the parameters of state connected with the basis parameters. As a constructive proof of the unconditional existence of the elastic potential, we deduce the expression for the elastic potential via the potential of state by using the natural potential of state. It is proved that the general system of equations of state consists of four independent systems of equations, namely, of the equations of elasticity, piezoeffects, stress-free distortion, and stress-free state.     

Two methods of investigation of the influence of hydrogen on the propagation rate of a crack and behavior of fracture of high-strength steels

We present two methods for the investigation of the influence of hydrogen on the propagation rate of a crack and behavior of fracture of high-strength steels. The method for investigation of the influence of electrolytic hydrogenation on a subcritical growth of a crack in high-strength steels is based on the use of simple beam specimens of a certain geometry and on the application of lateral loading in such a way that the stress intensity factor can be constant at the tip of a preliminary induced crack. The method is of great importance for the performance of comparative experiments in evaluating the influence of active media and structural anisotropy of specimens made of high-strength steels with limited sizes on their corrosion crack resistance. Typical examples of the application of the method to investigation of the role of electrolytic hydrogenation in subcritical propagation of cracks and their branching in highstrength steels are given. The method for investigation of heat release under strain and fracture of hydrogenated specimens involves the use of microcalorimetric devices, which allow one to study the influence of hydrogenation on peculiarities of the kinetics of elastic and plastic strains of high-strength steels. We illustrate the efficiency of the method proposed by plotting the “load-elongation” curves and corresponding (in time) characteristics of heat release power in the process of strain and fracture of specimens made of a high-strength steel. Karpenko Physicomechanical Institute, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, L'viv. Translated from Fizyko-Khimichna Mekhanika Materialiv, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 113–120, July–August, 1998