自生复合Cu-0.8Cr合金定向凝固过程研究

研究了非平衡状态下Ｃｒ－０．８ｗｔ％Ｃｒ亚共晶合金的定向凝固过程。结果表明,当温度梯度为３０℃／ｃｍ,生长速度分别为３μｍ／ｓ和３０μｍ／ｓ时,Ｃｕ－０．８ｗｔ％Ｃｒ合金的非平衡凝固组织;当温度梯度为３０℃／ｃｍ时,α枝晶一次间距随生长速度的增大而增大,这与枝晶一次间跨的Ｈｕｎｔ模型在低束祺段的规律一致,而与Ｋ－Ｐ模型的规律相反;Ｃｒ纤维的形成主要与液态Ｃｒ表面张力,Ｃｒ原子在液相中横向扩散能力及     

K5合金高梯度下快速凝固定向组织的研究

本文利用自行研制的超高梯度定向凝固装置（ＺＭＬＭＣ）,考察镍基高温合金Ｋ５在不同的凝固速率下特别是在高速下定向组织的生长行为。研究表明,利用该定向凝固装置可获得完全细化的定向超细晶组织。当Ｒ＝６００ｃｍ／ｓ时,其一次间距λ１小于２３８μｍ;二次枝晶间距被强烈抑制,λ２仅为６６μｍ,组织更加均匀．另外,还对界面稳定性理论在实验条件下进行了讨论     

Fe73.5Cu0.8Nb2V1.2Si11.5B11新型纳米晶合金的研究

报道了Ｆｅ７３５Ｃｕ０８Ｎｂ２Ｖ１２Ｓｉ１１５Ｂ１１新型纳米晶合金的研究结果。透射电镜和穆斯堡尔谱研究表明，合金经８４３Ｋ，０５ｈ真空退火，形成由平均晶粒尺寸为１８ｎｍ左右的αＦｅ（Ｓｉ）相（～７８％）和剩余非晶组成的显微结构。合金的饱和磁感应强度为１４Ｔ，ｆ＝１ＫＨｚ时最大有效磁导率（μｅ）为７１８×１０－３Ｈ／ｍ，Ｐ１２／２ｋ２１ｋＷ／ｍ３，Ｐ１１／１０ｋ２１８ｋＷ／ｍ３，Ｐ０５／２０ｋ１５７ｋＷ／ｍ３，Ｐ０２／１００ｋ３００ｋＷ／ｍ３，矫顽力Ｈｃ≈１１Ａ／ｍ。合金具有明显的磁场处理效果，经纵向和横向磁场退火后，其Ｂ３０、α３０分别为１４４Ｔ，０９０和１３０Ｔ、０１。与Ｆｅ７３５Ｃｕ１Ｎｂ３Ｓｉ１３５Ｂ９相比，由于用Ｖ代替了部分Ｎｂ，提高了熔体流动性，改善了快淬合金带材的机械特性，降低了成本。     

一次枝晶间距模型及在单晶高温合金中的验证

本文评述了二元系统一次枝晶间距模型的发展及特点，并验证了在多元合金系统中的适用性，结果表明，在ＤＤ８单晶高温合金中，λ１－Ｇ关系符合二元系统模型，但λ１－Ｖ关系和二元系统模型有较大的偏离，λ１为一次枝晶间距，Ｇ为温度梯度，Ｖ为凝固速率，在本文凝固条件下，ＤＤ８合金的λ１－Ｇ，Ｖ关系式为：λ１＝１１４１．５Ｇ＾－０．５２Ｖ＾－０．１２，其中λ１单位为μｍ，Ｇ为Ｋ／ｍｍ，Ｖ为μｍ／ｓ。     

定向过共晶Bi／MnBi材料的凝固特性与磁学性能

本文研究了过共晶Ｂｉ／ＭｎＢｉ材料的凝固特性，讨论了生长速度Ｒ对过共晶Ｂｉ／ＭｎＢｉ材料的共晶生长和剩余磁感应强度Ｂｒ的影响。结果表明，当Ｒ＞１．２μｍ／ｓ时，过共晶Ｂｉ／ＭｎＢｉ合金能获得纤维状共晶组织，其凝固特性与共晶合金相似；用低纯度Ｂｉ，并增加含Ｍｎ量，能有效地提高Ｂｉ／ＭｎＢｉ材料的磁性，这在实用上具有重大意义。     

微量元素磷对Rene‘N4单晶镍基高温合金组织和性能的影响

本文着重研究了微量元素磷对Ｒｅｎｅ＇Ｎ４单晶镍基高温合金组织和性能的影响，研究结果表明，随着Ｐ含量的增加，凝固组织中ｒ／ｒ＇共晶量越来越多，且当Ｐ含量达０．０５６％时，在ｒ／ｒ＇共晶前沿出现了大量的磷化物共晶；凝固组织的枝晶间距也随着Ｐ含量的增加而减小，在８５０℃／５００ＭＰａ条件下，该合金的持久寿命随Ｐ含量的增加而显著降低；其持久断口的分形维数Ｄｆ＝１．４１±０．０１。     

Cu-Cr合金初生相对共晶生长的影响机制研究

制备了定向凝固Cu-1.0%Cr亚共晶自生复合材料,研究了初生α相生长对共晶生长的影响机制,探讨了亚共晶合金中共晶的生长规律.研究结果表明,Cu-1.0%Cr合金定向凝固时,在初生α相间生长的共晶受到初生相生长的影响,在热场不定向和生长空间受限的双重作用下,共晶无定向地杂乱生长.初生α相的生长引起枝晶间液相溶质分布的变化,随着凝固速度的增大,初生α枝晶间液相溶质的浓度分布趋于平缓,成分趋近于CE.Cu-1.0%Cr合金在快速凝固条件下,初生α相生长改变了共晶的生长环境,致使形成非平衡凝固组织--离异共晶.     

液态金属冷却工艺对NiAl-Cr(Mo)-Hf(Ho)定向合金组织的影响

用液态金属冷却技术(LMC)和传统的定向凝固技术(HRS)制备了名义成分为Ni-33Al-31Cr-2.9Mo-0.1Hf-0.05Ho(%,原子分数)的定向合金,研究了制备工艺对其组织的影响.结果表明,合金由初生NiAl枝晶、NiAl/Cr(Mo)共晶胞和少量Hf同溶体组成.与HRS工艺相比,LMC工艺能提高同液前沿温度梯度和冷却速度.较高的固液前沿温度梯度扩大了NiAl/Cr(Mo)共晶共生区成分范围,减少初生NiAl枝晶的体积分数.而较高的冷却速度抑制固溶元素扩散,细化定向合金的组织,增加合金中固溶元素总量.另外,LMC工艺能避免HRS工艺中产生的生长缺陷,包括斑点,NiAl一次枝晶的偏转和NiAl一次枝晶的不连续.     

Sm8Fe83Si2C5Cu0.5Nb1.5非晶合金的晶化动力学

用差热分析（ＤＴＡ）,结合Ｘ射线衍射（ＸＲＤ）研究了Ｓｍ８Ｆｅ８３Ｓｉ２Ｃ５Ｃｕ０．５Ｎｂ１．５非晶合金的晶化动力学。结果表明：温度在０￣１０００℃范围内,该合金的晶化相为α－Ｆｅ和Ｓｍ２（ＦｅＳｉ）１７Ｃｘ,α－Ｆｅ相的晶化表观激活能力３４９．５３ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ,Ｓｍ２（ＦｅＳｉ）１７Ｃｘ的晶化表观激活能力３１６．１９ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ,两相在晶化初期激活能量小,随晶化量（ｘｃ）的增加激活能增大,当α－     

生长速度对Al／Al3Ni定向共晶微观组织的影响

研究了当固／液界面前没 相中的温度梯度为４５Ｋ．ｃｍ＾－１，定向凝固Ａｌ－５９．５ｍｇ．ｇ＾－１Ｎｉ的生长速度与组织及共晶间距选择范围的关系。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from