四瓦可倾瓦轴承大偏心下润滑性能研究

目前对可倾瓦轴承润滑性能的研究普遍局限于轴承偏心率0~1的范围。以四瓦可倾瓦轴承为对象,研究轴承偏心率大于1,即大偏心工况下,可倾瓦轴承的润滑性能。计算某可倾瓦轴承瓦间承载下的静动特性参数并与典型瓦面承载计算结果对比分析,并针对支点系数0.5、比压为0.6MPa的实例进行具体说明。结果表明:可倾瓦轴承在常用比压下会出现轴承大偏心状态,瓦间承载下承载力、最小膜厚和油膜刚度等关键润滑性能随偏心率变化的曲线与瓦面承载下的曲线相比有明显的滞后特点。     

监测大型汽轮发电机组四可倾瓦轴承负荷的试验研究

讨论了支承力法（即用测力传感器直接监测大型汽轮发电机组四可倾瓦轴承负荷的方法）的原理和误差，介绍了轴承试验台结构及其测试系统，并在试验驯进行了四可倾瓦轴承负荷测试试验研究和误差分析，试验结果表明，支承力法有较高的测试精度，它的综合误差小于５％，可满足工程测试要求。     

关于提高可倾瓦径向滑动轴承抗振能力的探讨

作者根据多年从事可倾瓦轴承试验研究的经验与电厂服务的实践，分析了可倾瓦径向滑动轴承的振动现状，探讨了影响抗御振动能力的因素，提出了提高抗振能力的途径。     

660MW核电汽轮机低频振动机理分析与治理

针对核电660MW汽轮机轴承低频振动问题,通过改变机组转速、功率及润滑油压等试验,分析了低频振动特征,指出转子轴向低频振动引起可倾瓦轴承低频振动。通过建立转子轴向约束简化模型,分析汽轮发电机转子轴向低频振动机理为推力轴承油膜失稳及轴向扰动力引起转子轴向低频共振,并与可倾瓦轴承油膜失稳及瓦块颤振两种故障模式进行了对比。对汽轮机转子轴向低频振动及其引起的可倾瓦轴承低频振动,提出调整推力轴承间隙的措施并消除了低频振动。     

LEG可倾瓦径向轴承的特性分析

介绍LEG可倾瓦径向轴承的结构特点,计算并分析LEG可倾瓦径向轴承的静特性和动特性,并对LEG可倾瓦径向轴承和浸润式可倾瓦径向轴承进行了比较,显示出应用直接润滑技术轴承的优越性。     

可倾瓦轴承动态特性计算模型及方法研究

可倾瓦轴承由于具有良好的制振性及高稳定性等特征,目前被广泛应用于各种旋转机械。但由于可倾瓦轴承瓦块的摆动性,增加了系统的自由度,所以可倾瓦轴承线性动力系统的建模及计算方法较之固定瓦轴承要复杂的多。根据建模方法的不同,可倾瓦计算模型主要分为常规八系数模型、频变八系数模型、完整动力学系数模型3种。结合某引进机组大型可倾瓦轴承为研究对象,对可倾瓦轴承动态特性3种计算模型及方法进行了研究。并对计算中不计热弹变形及考虑热弹耦合效应下的轴承常规八系数动特性进行了计算,并对频变八系数模型进行了分析计算。结果表明:考虑瓦块热弹变形的可倾瓦轴承动特性系数计算结果精度较高,取消瓦块摆动频率与转子转频相同的假设的模型可望获得更高的精度。     

核电常规岛给水泵CAP1400转子动力学分析

针对常规岛给水泵CAP1400可倾瓦滑动轴承-转子系统安全、平稳运行问题,利用有限元QZ算法计算不同支撑工况下的临界转速。首先设计五瓦可倾瓦轴承,计算了轴承的油膜厚度、刚度和阻尼等非线性动力参数;其次,建立轴承-转子系统模型,采用油膜的特性数据求解可倾瓦轴承-转子系统在刚性支撑、弹性支撑以及"湿态"支撑工况下的临界转速;最后,对给水泵进行联机试验,采集不同流量工况下轴承不同方位的振动值。结果表明:可倾瓦轴承的油膜厚度在0.04-0.05 mm之间,刚度随着转速的增大而增大,而阻尼反之;刚性支撑下的临界转速大于弹性支撑,而"湿态"工况下水膜刚度的增加使得一阶临界转速在8 100-8 777 r/min之间,远大于实际运行速度;试验测得轴承垂直、水平和轴向上振动值与振动速度均满足国家标准。临界转速的计算与试验结果为CAP1400常规岛给水泵可倾瓦轴承-转子系统安全平稳地运行提供了设计依据。     

可倾瓦轴承服役间隙识别方法及温度极值预测

可倾瓦轴承摆动瓦块与转子之间的间隙大小(数量级一般为μm级)是决定轴承流体动压效应的最敏感参数之一,间隙的微小变化会带来轴承静动特性的明显变化。实际中,由于制造、装配误差以及工况变化,会使可倾瓦轴承实际间隙大小与已知的设计间隙产生不同程度的偏差,根据设计间隙确定的轴承性能参数并不完备充分,而实际间隙由于各种条件限制并不能直接测试。基于正反问题融合、理论与试验联立方法,以可倾瓦轴承润滑理论与计算模型为基础,将轴承性能仿真结果与测试得到的轴承特征点温度数据相融合,建立了轴承服役间隙与特征点温度的映射关系,构建了一种有效的可倾瓦服役间隙识别方法,并以某重型燃机可倾瓦轴承为案例,通过轴承服役间隙识别和轴承温度极值预测对该方法进行了验证。     

可倾瓦推力轴承不稳定性研究

和径向可倾瓦轴承类似，蒙受轴向载荷的可倾瓦推力轴承的刚度与阻尼系数强烈地依靠于外界扰动频率。通过对一简单可倾瓦推力轴承轴向动特性系数解析解的讨论表明，由于上述频率的影响，在一定条件下动态油膜力有可能产生轴向负阻尼，这在讨论系统轴向瞬态过程或稳定性问题时是应当引起注意的。     

超超临界汽轮机可倾瓦轴承改造的研究与应用

为解决某超超临界汽轮机1号轴承相对振动大的问题,将其由椭圆轴承更改为可倾瓦轴承。理论方程求解结果显示,更换轴承后,功耗和需油量均有所降低,稳定性和抑振性增强。改造后电厂现场试验结果验证机组振动水平良好。从理论计算和实际应用两方面验证了超超临界汽轮机1号轴承进行可倾瓦改造的可行性,为今后电厂解决同类问题提供了技术支持和解决方案。     

Photochemical fuel formation via 360 nm irradiation of acidic Eu+2 solutions

The circular cylindrical reflector is shown to be a means of effectively tilting a solar energy collecting plane. This is particularly useful for swimming pools and solar ponds with free water surfaces that cannot be tilted. Such reflectors are applied to an electricity generating system which is driven by shallow solar ponds at a 40° lat. Thereby the annual electrical energy production can be increased by 40 per cent, to a large extent power production can be leveled on an annual basis, and the turbine inlet temperature can be maintained at a constant level through the year.     

The circular cylindrical reflector: Application to a shallow solar pond electricity generating system

The circular cylindrical reflector is shown to be a means of effectively tilting a solar energy collecting plane. This is particularly useful for swimming pools and solar ponds with free water surfaces that cannot be tilted. Such reflectors are applied to an electricity generating system which is driven by shallow solar ponds at a 40° lat. Thereby the annual electrical energy production can be increased by 40 per cent, to a large extent power production can be leveled on an annual basis, and the turbine inlet temperature can be maintained at a constant level through the year.     

A numerical study of tilt‐based wake steering using a hybrid free‐wake method

This study investigates the potential of using tilt‐based wake steering to alleviate wake shielding problems experienced by downwind turbines. Numerical simulations of turbine wakes have been conducted using a hybrid free‐wake analysis combining vortex lattice method (VLM) and an innovative free‐wake model called constant circulation contour method (CCCM). Simulation results indicate tilting a horizontal axis wind turbine's shaft upward causes its wake to ascend, carrying energy‐depleted air upward and pumping more energetic replacement air into downstream turbines, thereby having the potential to recover downstream turbine power generation. Wake cross section vorticity and velocity distributions reveal that the wake upward transport is caused by the formation of near‐wake streamwise vorticity components, and furthermore, the wake velocity deficit is weakened because of the skewed wake structure. Beyond the single turbine wake simulation, an inline two‐turbine case is performed as an assessment of the wake steering influence on the two‐turbine system and as an exploratory work of simulating turbine‐wake interactions using the hybrid free‐wake model. Individual and total turbine powers are calculated. A comparison between different tilting angles suggests turbine power enhancement may be achieved by tilting the upstream turbine and steering its wakes away from the downstream turbine.     

水平轴风力机组风场全局优化策略研究

为优化风场布置,减小上游风力机尾迹影响,以实现风场全局优化,基于致动线方法,利用OpenFOAM(多物理场运行与操作开源软件)对风力机组风场进行了15种风轮俯仰工况及9种错排布置的数值模拟,比较各优化策略下的风场总输出功率,并结合流场细微结构参数分布,分析不同优化方法对风场全局影响的流动机理。结果表明:尾迹对风场下游风力机影响严重。两种数值模拟优化方法均可实现风场全局优化,其中风轮俯仰优化策略可使风场总输出功率最大提高34.5%;风力机组错排布置可提高68.5%。此外,风场上游风力机功率在风轮俯仰时下降明显,风力机组错排时几乎无变化。     

Passive minimization of load fluctuations on downwind turbines

While tilting and coning of the rotor are well established on upwind turbines, this is not so for downwind turbines. Therefore, a detailed experimental assessment of the effects of rotor tilt and rotor cone on the fluctuations of torque and thrust on downwind turbines is conducted, and compared to upwind turbines. It is shown that on downwind turbines, the effects of tilting and coning are opposite. As the tilt angle is increased, the fluctuations decrease on downwind turbines. On the other hand, increasing the cone angle increases the fluctuations. While both tilting and coning increase the blade-tower clearance, thereby reducing the adverse effect of the tower wake, the impact of changing the tilt or cone angles must also be assessed in the context of changes in the radial migration of flow across the blade span. On downwind turbines coning enhances the radially outboard flow migration; the increased azimuthal variation of radial migration results in a degraded aerodynamic performance. However, tilted downwind turbines combine the benefits of increased tower-blade clearances with a reduced radial flow migration. Nevertheless, as coning improves yaw stability, downwind turbines with relatively large tilt angle and moderate cone angle are preferred.     

A study of the influence of air-knife tilting on coating thickness in hot-dip galvanizing

Gas wiping is a decisive operation in hot-dip galvanizing process. In special, it has a crucial influence on the thickness and uniformity in coating film, but may be subsequently responsible for the problem of splashing. The progress of industry demands continuously the reduction of production costs which may relate directly with the increase of coating speed, and the speed up of coating results in the increase of stagnation pressure in gas wiping system in final. It is known that the increase of stagnation pressure may accompany a harmful problem of splashing in general. Together with these, also, from the view point of energy consumption, it is necessary to design a nozzle optimally. And there is known that the downward tilting of nozzle using in air knife system is effective to prevent in somewhat the harmful problem of splashing. In these connections, first, we design a nozzle with constant expansion rate. Next, for the case of actual coating conditions in field, the effects of tilting of the constant expansion rate nozzle are investigated by numerical analysis. Under the present numerical conditions, it was turned out that the nozzle of constant expansion rate of p = having a downward jet angle of 5° is the most effective to diminish the onset of splashing, while the influence of small tilting of the nozzle on impinging wall pressure itself is not so large.     

Optimal Inclination for Maximum Convection Heat Transfer in Differentially-Heated Enclosures Filled with Water Near 4°C

Natural convection in water-filled square cavities inclined with respect to gravity, having one wall cooled at 0°C and the opposite wall heated at a temperature ranging between 4°C and 30°C, is studied numerically for cavity widths spanning from 0.02 m to 0.1 m in the hypothesis of temperature-dependent physical properties, with the main aim to determine the optimal tilting angle for maximum heat transfer. A computational code based on the SIMPLE-C algorithm is used to solve the system of the mass, momentum and energy transfer governing equations. Once the vertical configuration, in which the cavity is differentially heated at sides, is identified by the zero tilting angle, and positive angles denote configurations with the heated wall facing upwards, it is found that the optimal tilting angle is positive if the heating temperature is equal or higher than 8°C, whereas it is negative whenever the heating temperature is lower than 8°C. Moreover, the optimal tilting angle is found to increase as the cavity width is decreased and the temperature of the heated wall is either decreased or increased, according as it is higher or lower than 8°C. Sets of dimensionless correlating equations are developed for the prediction of both the optimal tilting angle and the heat transfer rate across the enclosure.     

MLX系列减速机用扇形可倾瓦滑动推力轴承润滑性能分析

以MLX系列减速机用扇形可倾瓦滑动推力轴承为研究对象,建立基于计算流体动力学(CFD)的有限元仿真分析模型和基于数值分析方法的数值分析模型分析流体润滑性能,利用有限元分析模型研究分析了轴承中润滑油膜压力场和温度场的分布及其随轴承转速、润滑油粘度的变化情况。利用数值分析方法建立轴承油膜厚度模型,分析了轴承扇形瓦块倾角的变化对轴承润滑性能的影响。结果表明：随着轴承转速和润滑油粘度的增加,油膜最高压力和最高温度持续线性增大;扇形瓦块的周向、径向倾角对轴承油膜压力和厚度会造成影响,且径向倾角的影响更大。     

Effect of Micropillar Spacing and Temperature of Substrate on Contact Angle Dynamics

ABSTRACT

Contact angle dynamics of droplets deposited on a structured surface were studied in this work and the effects of substrate microstructure and temperature were investigated. Microstructures consisting of uniformly-sized, cubic micropillars with varying pillar spacings were constructed by microfabrication. Droplets (of the order of tens of microlitres in volume) were deposited on these surfaces and dynamic contact angles were observed using various techniques. Advancing and receding contact angles were measured using tilting of the surfaces or by injection and aspiration of fluid from a horizontal droplet by syringe. Droplets on these surfaces appeared to be mainly in the Wenzel state. Contact angle hysteresis was obtained as a function of pillar spacing or, equivalently, surface roughness. Depinning force was deduced and a linear dependence on maximal three phase contact line was found. The techniques of tilting the surface on which the droplet was deposited and uniformly increasing and reducing the volume of the droplet via the syringe both gave the same contact angle hysteresis for a given micropillar spacing. The effect of temperature was then assessed using a heated tilting plate. Contact angle hysteresis was found to increase with temperature. Further work to elucidate mechanisms governing this dependence will be undertaken.