Phase-unwrapping algorithm based on an adaptive criterion

A new algorithm for phase unwrapping of phase maps with noise or logical inconsistencies is proposed. It is based on the use of an adaptive threshold and the second difference of the locally unwrapped phase as a selection criterion for the pixels to be processed.     

Two graph-theoretic procedures for an improved solution to the facilities layout problem

A new operation, referred to as the T-operation, for replacing edges of the maximal planar graph is presented. Cases of this operation are discussed. It is then used to develop two graph-theoretic improvement procedures for solving facilities layout problems. Both procedures can be employed to improve solutions of any existing graph-theoretic construction heuristic. A computational experiment is reported for a series of test problems which indicates that both procedures can considerably improve the initial solutions in a cost-effective manner. Since they are simple and effective, realistically sized facilities layout problems can be solved efficiently by their use.     

高校教室家具布置对学生行为的影响

教室环境潜藏的育人功能引人关注,新时代的教室设计应是以学生为中心的、使学生舒适自在的,并具有促进学生自主和个性化学习的功能。高校的教室设计可以通过利用家具布置合理安排区域动线并预留可变空间,通过利用家具的布局形式增强学习效果与效率,通过利用家具的视觉效果营造氛围引导精神价值等方面来影响引导学生们在教室空间中的行为方式,为时代提出“三全育人”要求下的“全方位育人”的教室空间设计提供可参考的设计思路。     

河北地区乡村新民居室内设计探析

随着乡村生活质量的提高,乡村居民对美的认识也越来越深,由于个体对美的认识存在差异性,为了满足河北地区乡村居民对住宅之美的新需求,探析河北地区乡村新民居室内设计。通过分析河北省的地域特征、人文特征、建筑特征,对比新旧民居空间布局,切实诠释新时代全面小康的河北地区乡村新民居形象。而后分别从空间布局、新材料与新科技、室内外环境契合度、人性化设计四个方面对河北地区乡村新民居室内设计提出改良方案。新民居室内设计不仅要切实合理地分析室内空间布局,合理地运用新材料与新科技,而且要努力提高室内外环境的契合度,从而实现符合地域文化特征、乡村居民生活习惯,以及满足用户个性化需求、现代、智能的乡村新民居室内设计。     

The equivalency of surface tension,surface energy and surface free energy

In much of the available literature, there is confusion regarding the correct use of the terms surface tension, surface energy and surface free energy. As a result, these three terms have been used interchangeably to describe the same quantity. This problem is particularly serious in the area of solid surface science. Linford has examined and discussed such inconsistencies but failed to differentiate the three quantities clearly. In the present paper, the definitions and the relationships between surface tension, surface energy and surface free energy are examined and their proper usage clarified.     

The use of transition elements

Since the introduction of transition elements for crack tip singularity modelling, a number of opinions have been expressed regarding their application and performance. In particular, conflicting proposals concerning optimal transition element size have been suggested. In order to resolve the anomaly, a critical examination of these proposals was made. Consequently, several inconsistencies with regard to the derivation of the mid-node location of these transition elements were revealed. The effects of these inconsistencies were examined numerically and the accuracy of the computed stress intensity factors was compared with the original formulation of Lynn and Ingraffea. The results of the numerical analyses appear to show no discernible optimal transition element size.     

The impact of ICRP/ICRU quantities on high energy neutron dosimetry: a review

Unlike other fields of toxicology, radiation protection has a dual system of quantities, one set for assessment and the derivation of authorised limits and another set for monitoring radiation performance and compliance. Neutrons are an important or dominant constituent of the radiation field around high energy accelerators and the evolution of the radiation protection quantities used to measure neutrons is described. In 1990 ICRP introduced a new quantity, the effective dose. E. with which to express its protection limits. E represented a radical departure from previous advice of the Commission, particularly in the manner by which it weighted the absorbed dose deposited by high LET radiations. This advice had profound consequences for neutron dosimetry. Over the past decade analyses have revealed logical flaws and inconsistencies in the definition of effective dose. These are briefly discussed with most emphasis being placed on inconsistencies in radiation weighting. Suggestions are made with a view to resolving these inconsistencies.     

A hybrid approach for concurrent layout design of cells and their flow paths in a tree configuration

The layout design of multiple-cell automated manufacturing systems includes cell layout design and flow path layout design. Traditional layout methods often treat these two as separate problems and the sequence for solving them is usually cell layout first and flow path layout later. However, approaches of these kinds have one major drawback, that is, they may produce cell layouts that are awkward or difficult for designers to conduct flow path layouts, or cell layouts that do not turn out to be as good as expected after flow path layouts have been performed. Other drawbacks of traditional layout methods include irregular shapes of cells, inaccurate calculations of flow distances, etc. This paper addresses the layout problem of cells and their connecting flow paths in a tree configuration. The proposed layout procedure is designed to avoid the aforementioned drawbacks of traditional layout methods by emphasizing concurrent layout design of cells and flow paths. It combines a search algorithm and mathematical programming models. The search algorithm has a backtracking procedure that allows one to explore alternative layouts, while the mathematical programming models help one obtain accurate layouts of cells and flow paths. The proposed layout procedure also interacts with designers and allows designers to include their qualitative consideration into the layout design. As a result, one can obtain more accurate and good-quality layouts with the proposed layout procedure.     

Continuous geodetic time-transfer analysis methods

We address two issues that limit the quality of time and frequency transfer by carrier phase measurements from the Global Positioning System (GPS). The first issue is related to inconsistencies between code and phase observations. We describe and classify several types of events that can cause inconsistencies and observe that some of them are related to the internal clock of the GPS receiver. Strategies to detect and overcome time-code inconsistencies have been developed and implemented into the Bernese GPS Software package. For the moment, only inconsistencies larger than the 20 ns code measurement noise level can be detected automatically. The second issue is related to discontinuities at the day boundaries that stem from the processing of the data in daily batches. Two new methods are discussed: clock handover and ambiguity stacking. The two approaches are tested on data obtained from a network of stations, and the results are compared with an independent time-transfer method. Both methods improve the stability of the transfer for short averaging times, but there is no benefit for averaging times longer than 8 days. We show that continuous solutions are sufficiently robust against modeling and preprocessing errors to prevent the solution from accumulating a permanent bias.     

An improved facility layout construction method

This study presents a new distance-based facility layout construction technique. Given a two-dimensional (i.e. single-floor) facility layout construction problem in which the order of placement of individual departments is known (a challenging problem in itself), the technique presented herein proposes the use of sub-departments and expected distance functions instead of centroid-to-centroid distances for the placement of departments. In this paper an expected distance function is defined as the probabilistic expectation of the particular distance metric of interest (rectilinear, Euclidean, etc.) in which the parameters involved are defined by random vectors in 2-dimensional Euclidean space. This study presents an enhanced facility layout construction technique that incorporates several enhancements over the well-known systematic layout procedure (SLP). The goal herein is to minimise the error induced by the use of the centroid-to-centroid distances between the departments inherent to the SLP.     

Re-planning support system for make-to-order production with reserved resources

Make-to-order production is often organized into projects with their own objectives. Such projects use strategic and critical resources that must be reserved at a strategic or a tactical planning level. When external resources need to be taken into consideration, they must be reserved based on their set of free time windows. A medium-term planning support system for the manager of a project where external resources are critical is proposed. By providing explanations for project inconsistencies, this system enables the decision-maker to restore consistency. After creating the initial medium-term plan, planning activity essentially consists in updating the existing schedule of a project when unexpected events arise. These may be due to internal or external disturbances. Indicators are proposed to help the manager follow the dynamic impact the disturbances will have on the project.     

Genetic algorithm for facilities layout problems based on slicing tree structure

The use of genetic algorithms to solve facility layout problems has gained popularity in recent years among researchers. A difficult requirement for the use of genetic algorithms in layout problems is an efficient method of coding the relevant features of a layout as a chromosome. The slicing tree structure has gained popularity in developing genetic algorithms for layout problems. However, previous implementations based on slicing tree structure mostly require repairing procedures to ensure that the chromosomes represent legal layouts after application of genetic operators. Some representations do not permit an exhaustive search. This paper reports on design, development and experimentation results of a new genetic algorithm named (GA.FLP.STS), which always produces legal chromosomes without any need for repairing procedures. A penalty system was introduced to facilitate generating facilities with acceptable dimensions. (GA.STS.FLP) required insignificant processing times even for test problems of 100 facilities solved.     

Developing a method to generate semi-distributed layouts by genetic algorithm

Recent research in industries shows that existing layout configurations do not satisfy the needs of multi-product enterprises in turbulent environments but within new layout strategies, distributed layouts have deserved more attention in most manufacturing environments and have a promising potential to cope with demand disturbances. This study is an attempt to design weighted distributed layouts via considering machine independent capabilities by a resource elements (REs) approach, which has caused generation of a new type of distributed layout named semi-distributed layout. REs are used to define processing requirements of parts and processing capabilities of machines. Another contribution of this paper is applying genetic algorithms (GAs) to distribute REs to find the optimal assignment of machines to available locations in such a way the travelled distances of parts are minimised and the accessibility of them to the required machines are maximised. The methodology of this paper is illustrated using a two-phase procedure. First, all machining facilities are divided into a set of REs based on their capabilities and second, the weighted connections among REs are considered to distribute them over the floor through implementing the developed GA. To evaluate the methodology, the proposed algorithm is tested with three illustrative examples obtained from the literature, in which two of them are comparable with outputs of simulated annealing (SA). The comparison between the outputs of the GA and the SA on the same cases presents that for large size problems, the GA significantly outperforms the SA.     

A GA‐based technique for layout optimization of truss with stress and displacement constraints

Various developments of increasing complexity involved in layout optimization are discussed. The use of conventional GA in layout optimization is briefly mentioned with emphasis on its limitations and conditions imposed in finding the optimal design. The proposed new technique is applied to the benchmark example of Michell's truss for verification. The approach has also been applied to new examples of bridge truss and crane truss problems in order to demonstrate the generality and robustness for topology optimization. The approach is extended to include dual stress‐displacements constraints since many practical problems involve these two constraints simultaneously. Two‐bar and 10‐bar trusses are solved as examples for layout optimization with both stress and displacement constraints with satisfactory results. The effect of mutation on the final topology is also discussed. The major drawbacks of the ground structure approach are overcome in this proposed new method. The optimal designs obtained demonstrate the ability, robustness and generality of using the proposed new technique in layout optimization problems. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

广告版面中的点、线、面

从广告版面设计的基础上,阐述了广告版面设计中点、线、面的应用与形式作用,论证了在版面中掌握好这3个要素的重要性,以及在版面空间设计具有的动力.     

基于乘客行为分析的列车卧铺布局创新设计研究

目的 基于列车卧铺的乘客行为研究,系统地进行人机工程学分析,为列车卧铺布局设计提供有效的指导。方法 首先分析乘客行为与列车卧铺设施布局的映射关系,通过任务分析法,研究乘客在卧车中的行为,引入SAPAD框架建立各个行为层次上的意义,关联归纳现有卧铺布局问题,提取具体设计属性需求。最后,进行布局迭代的设计与验证分析。结果 研究了乘客在卧铺中的四种主要行为,设计了以行为分析为指导的卧铺布局模型,使用Jack软件验证了创新设计功能的可行性。结论 在卧铺车厢设计过程中,进行乘客行为的人机工程学分析,有利于发现用户在使用过程中不合理的设计内容,得到新的基于人机工程学的卧铺布局设计方法,提升用户乘车体验。     

科技创新与时尚产业发展

新一代信息技术、生物技术、新材料等技术的广泛应用,正逐步推动时尚产业生产工艺、生产模式、消费模式的变革。科技创新在促进产业升级,优化产业发展格局,创新产业发展模式等方面越来越深刻影响着时尚产业发展。     

Inconsistent transliteration of Iranian university names: a hazard to Iran’s ranking in ISI Web of Science

Today, university ranking has turned into a critical issue in the world. Each university is identified with a surface form under which the whole performance of that university is assessed. This article intends to provide a clear picture of the inconsistencies observed in recording Iranian university titles by their affiliated authors and to clarify the negative impact of such inconsistencies in positioning Iranian universities in global university ranking systems. To collect various surface forms of Iranian university names, use was made of ISI Web of Science through keywords Cu = Iran and py = 2000–2009. Only MSRT universities were considered. Two M.A. experts listed all variant forms of a single university under that name. The form publicized in a university’s website was considered as its entry name. The major sources of variation identified were as follows: Acronyms, misspellings, abbreviations, space variations, syntactic permutation, application of vowels/consonants and vowel/consonant combinations, /a/vs./aa/, Tashdid, Kasra ezafe, redundancy, downcasing, voiceless glottal stop sound /?/, shortening and deletion of titles. It was found that at its present shape Iranian universities are not receiving the rank they really deserve simply because authors affiliated to a university use university title forms inconsistently. It was recommended that authors follow the surface form publicized by universities in their websites, use the help of an editor in their works, and not be credited for their articles in case the forms deviate from those publicized through the websites. A spell checker, as an add-ins software is highly needed to homogenize Iranian university surface forms by replacing the variants by the dominant form proposed.     

4L22机体缸孔精镗床刀具布置图的设计

本文介绍了4L22机体缸孔精镗床刀具布置图的设计.根据零件的加工求和结构特点，确定4L22机体缸孔精镗床为双轴两工位移动工作台式组合机床。在刀具布置图的设计中，缸孔加工采用刚性镗削的工艺方案，主轴与镗杆采用刚性连接。