碳钢氢腐蚀裂纹愈合的TEM观察

对含氢腐蚀裂纹的碳钢进行1000℃、10h的再热循环处理后，SEM和TEM观察表明，氢蚀裂纹发生完全愈合．Fe和C在γ-Fe中的快速扩散是碳钢中氢蚀裂纹愈合的必要条件．氢蚀裂纹愈合的动力是氢蚀气泡长大导致的塑性变形能Es，在Fe、C和氢原子扩散都足够快的情况下，氢蚀裂纹的愈合条件是Es≥2γ／r(γ为界面表面张力，r为裂纹半长)．TEM观察表明，氢蚀裂纹形成使晶界发生严重的塑性变形，位错密度高且相互缠绕，氢蚀裂纹的愈合过程伴随着亚晶长大、晶界滑动的高温回复过程甚至再结晶，位错回复低密度、整齐排列的低能态，片层状珠光体的出现也表明基体组织发生修复。     

热处理愈合不锈钢氢蚀裂纹实验研究

对含氢腐蚀甲烷气泡和裂纹的304不锈钢进行了600℃,6h的再热处理,SEM观察表明,氢蚀气泡和裂纹发生了完全愈合,氢蚀气泡和裂纹的愈合机制是热扩散,Fe和C在奥氏体中的快速扩散是304不锈钢中氢蚀裂纹的自愈合的必要条件,发生氢蚀裂纹愈合的动力是氢蚀气泡长大导致的塑性变形能Es,在Fe,C和H原子扩散都足够快的情况下,氢蚀气泡和裂纹的愈合条件是Es≥2r(γ为界面表面张力,r为气泡半径或裂纹半长）,氢蚀气泡或裂纹的愈合过程伴随亚晶长大,多边形化的高温回复过程甚至再结晶。     

剖分试样真空回复热处理法研究氢腐蚀裂纹的愈合

采用剖分试样真空回复热处理法对低碳钢和Cr-Mo钢的氢腐蚀裂纹愈合机理进行了研究．结果表明，在单纯高温条件下，低碳钢和Cr-Mo钢氢蚀裂纹均有所减小，尤其以裂纹尖端愈合较为明显．愈合程度与裂纹尺寸有关，小尺度裂纹优先发生闭合．分析表明，氢蚀裂纹愈合的机制主要是热扩散，Fe和C在钢中的扩散是内部裂纹自愈合的必要条件．在Fe和C原子扩散足够快的情况下，氢蚀裂纹愈合的条件是塑性变形能Ea大于裂纹愈合所必须克服的表面张力能．同时,相变、应力应变等因素均对其产生重要积极的作用．     

热塑性变形条件下碳钢氢腐蚀裂纹的愈合

采用热压愈合的实验方法，对碳钢氢腐蚀裂纹的愈合行为进行研究．结果表明，在热塑性变形条件下，经1000℃、压下率为40％、15min短时间处理，能够基本消除碳钢试样内的氢蚀裂纹，局部未修复裂纹呈现为尺寸4μm～8μm的透镜状．与单纯高温愈合处理（1000℃循环热处理10h）的实验结果相比，塑性形变可大大缩短裂纹愈合所需要的热处理时间。热塑性变形下的裂纹愈合进程及程度加大，且氢蚀裂纹内高压甲烷气体的分解不是裂纹愈合过程的控速步骤．     

304奥氏体钢的高温高压氢腐蚀

定氢分析和扫描电镜观察证实在450℃和5MPa氢气中服役20000h的304奥氏体钢发生了氢蚀透射电镜分析表明,氢蚀原因是Cr_(23)C_6碳化物存在实验和热力学分析都表明,长大期内的CH_4气泡周围Cr并未贫化     

20G和2．25Cr—1Mo钢氢蚀后的疲劳性能

对２０Ｇ和２．２５Ｃｒ－１Ｍｏ钢经不同程度氢蚀后的常规力学性能与疲劳裂纹扩展行为进行了对比研究。并对氢蚀组织变化与裂纹扩展路径进行了显微观察。结果表明，氢蚀使２０Ｇ钢的疲劳裂纹扩展速率明显增大；扩展门槛值在氢蚀起始阶段显著降低，随后又呈增加趋势，对２．２５Ｃｒ－１Ｍｏ钢，由于元素Ｃｒ，Ｍｏ的作用，其氢蚀程度远低于２０Ｇ钢，从而未造成疲劳裂纹扩展速率的明显改变，分析表明，氢蚀后疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值的上升可以归因于曲折开裂路径造成裂纹闭合效应的增加。     

高碳钢高温氢蚀的断裂方式和声发射特性

在以石油精炼、氨合成、甲醇合成为中心的化学工业领域,大量使用着高温高压状态的氢.当设备材料长时间暴露在这种环境中时,侵入钢中的氢便和碳发生反应而在晶界上生成微小的甲烷(CH_4)气泡.随着气泡的长大,气泡与气泡便互相合并而形成微裂纹致使机械强度显著降低.这就是所谓高温氢蚀劣化(高温氢致裂纹)现象,它已成为安全作业上的一个重要问题,然而至今尚无有效的无损诊断技术.对氢蚀劣比进行无损检测时,准确地     

20G和2.25Cr—1Mo钢氢蚀后的疲劳性能

对２０Ｇ和２．２５Ｃｒ－１Ｍｏ钢经不同程度氢蚀后的常规力学性能与疲劳裂纹扩展行为进行了对比研究。并对氢蚀组织变化与裂纹扩展路径进行了显微观察。结果表明，氢蚀使２０Ｇ钢的疲劳裂纹扩展速率明显增大；扩展门槛值在氢蚀起始阶段显著降低，随后又呈增加趋势。对２．２５Ｃｒ－１Ｍｏ钢，由于元素Ｃｒ、Ｍｏ作用，其氢蚀程度远低于２０Ｇ钢，从而未造成疲劳裂纹扩展速率的明显改变。分析表明，氢蚀后疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值的上升     

高碳钢高温氢蚀的断裂方式和声发射特性

1 前言在以石油精炼、氨合成、甲醇合成为中心的化学工业领域,大量使用高温高压状态的氢。当设备材料长时间暴露在这种环境中时,侵入钢中的氢和碳发生反应而在晶界上生成微小的甲烷(CH_4)气泡。随着气泡的长大,气泡与气泡互相合并而形成微裂纹,致使机械强度显著降低。这就是所谓高温氢蚀劣化(高温氢致裂纹)现象,它已成为安全作业上的一个重要问题,迄今尚无有效的无损诊断技术。     

U-2.5% Nb合金表面的氢蚀特性

利用气固反应系统对U-2.5%Nb合金表面进行了氢化,采用体视显微镜原位观察U-2.5%Nb合金的氢蚀,利用X射线衍射(XRD)、激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(LSCM)和扫描电镜(SEM)表征该合金氢化前后的成分及形貌。结果表明:在70℃、氢压为一个大气压的气氛中,U-2.5%Nb合金的氢化反应速率很高,氢化后形成了UH3化合物;合金表面氢蚀点边缘并非圆滑,而是呈条状优先形核相向外凸出。U-2.5%Nb合金表面氢化腐蚀的机制是:贫铌α相的氢蚀速率大于富铌γ1-2相的而优先发生氢蚀,随后贫铌α相之间的γ1-2相也相继发生氢蚀而连成一片后迅速长大。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.