In situ RHEED control of self-organized Ge quantum dots

In situ registration of high-energy electron diffraction patterns was used for constructing the diagram of structural and morphological states of the Ge film on the Si(100) surface. The following regions identified in the diagram: two-dimensional (2D)-growth, ‘hut’- and ‘dome’-clusters, ‘dome’-clusters with misfit dislocations at the interface. Variations in the lattice constants of the Ge film during the MBE growth on the Si(100) surface were determined. An increase in the lattice constant at the (100) surface was attributed to the elastic deformation at the stage of 2D growth and formation of ‘hut’-clusters and to the plastic relaxation for the ‘dome’-clusters. As a result, epitaxial silicon structures with germanium quantum dots of 15 nm base size at the density of 3×10¹¹ cm⁻² were synthesized. The total electron structure of the hole spectrum of Ge quantum dots in Si was established.     

在RHEED实时监控下GaAs晶体生长研究

采用分子束外延技术,利用RHEED图像可研究GaAs表面重构方式和生长机制。报道了一种新型的分子束外延方法,在RHEED实时监控下,利用GaAs(001)基片同质外延GaAs。通过改变生长和退火的时间与温度(420、500、580℃),结合RHEED图像演变与GaAs表面平整度(粗糙化)的联系,得到表面原子级平整的GaAs样品。完成生长后对样品做EDS分析,确定样品为高纯度GaAs。利用这种方法,得到厚度约为4μm砷化镓晶体。     

RHEED实时监控下MBE生长不同In组分的InGaAs薄膜

利用分子束外延技术,通过RHEED图像演变实时监控薄膜生长状况,采用RHEED强度振荡测量薄膜生长速率,固定Ga源温度、改变In源温度在GaAs（001）基片上外延生长了不同In组分（39%、29%、19%）的InGaAs薄膜。比较RHEED强度振荡以及RHEED衍射图像,发现随着In组分的增加In-GaAs的生长将很快进入三维粗糙表面生长模式,并指出In0.19Ga0.81As和In0.29Ga0.71As薄膜处于（2×3）表面重构相。In0.19Ga0.81As样品进行退火处理后完成STM扫描分析,证实样品为表面原子级平整的In-GaAs薄膜。     

MBE Si regrowth on carbon-induced Si(001)-c(4×4) reconstructions studied by RHEED

Si(001)-c(4×4) surfaces are obtained by exposing Si(001)-2×1 surfaces at 600°C to ethylene doses that determine C coverages in the submonolayer range. This reconstruction reveals a carbon enrichment of the topmost silicon layers. As the c(4×4) reflection high energy electron diffraction pattern can be maintained in spite of rather thick Si regrowth layers, we can conclude that this C derm is able to float at the surface during the Si capping. This segregation process is strongly dependent on the growth mode. As identified by RHEED intensity oscillations, a Si step flow growth is necessary to allow carbon to float in the first four silicon top-layers. An interplay is found between the kinetic growth conditions leading to this C-segregation and those of a self-organization process of C-rich clusters that we have observed in the course of Si_1−yC_y alloy growth obtained by codeposition of silicon and carbon.     

Molecular beam epitaxial growth of SrO and CaO with RHEED intensity oscillation

SrO and CaO, related compounds of BSCCO superconductor, are grown onto SrTiO₃(100) substrates with molecular beam epitaxy(MBE) technique. During growth, the specular spots of RHEED patterns show intensity oscillations, indicating two dimensional growth. The periods of oscillations are utilized to calculate the atom fluxes. It is shown that sublimation processes of both Sr and Ca metals in the effusion cells are stable under the growth condition of oxide films. The periods of oscillations during the SrO growth are independent of substrate temperature, confirming that Sr atoms are oxidized immediately and stay on the substrate surface without re-evaporation. These informations are practically available for precise control of the atomic layer controlled MBE of BSCCO superconductor thin films.On leave from Superconductiivity Research Laboratory, ISTEC.     

Quantum size effect in absorption of low energy electrons in Pb layers

Absorption of low-energy electrons in Pb ultrathin layers grown on a Si(1 1 1)-(6×6)Au substrate has been measured as a function of the incident electron energy and of the film thickness. The thickness-dependent curves of the current revealed two distinct features. One of them is associated with the quantum size effect and showed the characteristic oscillatory behavior with the periodicity determined by the film thickness. The other, independent of the film thickness, was attributed to the bulk band structure of Pb.On the basis of the changes in the quantum size oscillations peak position as a function of the transmitted electron energy, and of the layer thickness, the electronic band structure of Pb 8-20 eV above the vacuum level has been determined in the ΓL direction.     

On sensitivity calculations for neutrino oscillation experiments

Calculations of sensitivities of future experiments are a necessary ingredient in experimental high energy physics. Especially in the context of measurements of the neutrino oscillation parameters extensive studies are performed to arrive at the optimal configuration. In this note we clarify the definition of sensitivity as often applied in these studies. In addition, we examine two of the most common methods to calculate sensitivity from a statistical perspective using a toy model. The importance of inclusion of uncertainties in nuisance parameters for the interpretation of sensitivity calculations is pointed out.     

一种考虑时延的双气泡耦合振荡模型

基于单气泡Keller-Miksis振荡方程,在考虑时延的情况下,建立了一种双气泡耦合振荡计算模型。该模型将气泡振荡的周期分成若干份,初始扰动引起第一个气泡的半径在极短时间内变化而产生振荡并辐射声压,声压在传播一定时间后作用到第二个气泡,第二个气泡同样在短时间内做耦合振荡并反馈到第一个气泡,然后重复此过程。利用数值仿真在此模型的基础上分别研究了气泡振幅、半径、间距等参数对耦合振荡的影响。结果表明:初始扰动越大、两个气泡半径越接近,气泡耦合效应越明显;初始半径和平衡半径较大的气泡对耦合振荡有显著影响,振荡的频率向低频移动;气泡间距越大,耦合效应越弱;在某个特定距离处,气泡耦合效应的阻尼会异常减小或者增大。     

Thermoacoustic oscillation in channels of the pressurized He II

In channels filled with the pressurized He II at 1 atm, a continuous thermoacoustic oscillation with a clear sound is triggered above the critical power-input q_λ of the phase transition under some conditions. A temperature distribution along the channel length is entirely maintained as long as the thermoacoustic oscillation lasts, i.e. the heat q_λ is kept transporting in the vortex state without drying the heater surface.The characteristic frequency of the thermoacoustic oscillation depends both on the channel length and weakly on the bath temperature, reflecting the property of the 1st sound.     

瓦斯爆炸在封闭管道内冲击振荡特征的数值模拟

摘要：为了研究爆炸波在封闭型系统的冲击和振荡特征及其特征参数变化规律,采用数值模拟的方法研究了封闭型管道内瓦斯爆炸的传播特征。研究结果表明：闭口型系统内的瓦斯爆炸呈明显的振荡特征,对于爆燃波,反射波有2道,即前驱冲击波的振荡和压缩波的振荡。由于冲击波的振荡叠加,使其最大爆炸超压和瞬态流速峰值与开口型系统相比较高,而且在反射波及稀疏波的影响下,爆炸波超压分为三个区。爆炸温度和动压同样呈明显的振荡特征,使得爆炸高温环境维持较长时间,爆炸动压在爆炸传播方向的动压与其他方向相比明显较大。研究结果解释了受限空间内爆炸破坏比开放型系统强烈的原因,为今后受限空间内爆炸的预防与控制提供了基础理论参考。     

Search for quantum states of the neutron in a gravitational field: gravitational levels

The neutron could occupy quantum stationary states if it is trapped between the Earth's gravitational field on one side and the Fermi quasi-potential of a mirror on the other side. The quantum states cause a strong variation in neutron density, both for separate energy levels and for a mixture of low-energy states. The use of a position sensitive UCN (ultracold neutron) detector allows simultaneous measurement of the position probability density distribution in the total range of interest and increases significantly the statistics, making possible such an experiment. In this article we describe a specially developed neutron spectrometer and a method of measurement of such quantum states.     

Particle simulation of discharge current oscillation in Hall thrusters

Twenty kHz-range discharge current oscillation with a large amplitude is observed in Hall thrusters, causing unstable operation. In our previous studies, the effects of the anode orifice configuration on the current oscillation have been investigated. Using the results of neutral particle simulations, the relationship between the neutral distribution and the propellant inlet condition was analyzed. In the present study, to confirm the effect of the neutral distribution and investigate the ionization process in detail, axisymmetric analysis in the acceleration channel was carried out using a hybrid-PIC code. As a result, the periodic ionization and current oscillation were obtained. The oscillation amplitude for a smaller orifice is greater due to the higher ionization rate. The results agree with the effect of the neutral distribution predicted by the simulations.     

A Quantum Authorization Management Protocol Based on EPR-Pairs

Quantum authorization management (QAM) is the quantum scheme for privilege management infrastructure (PMI) problem. Privilege management (authorization management) includes authentication and authorization. Authentication is to verify a user’s identity. Authorization is the process of verifying that a authenticated user has the authority to perform a operation, which is more fine-grained. In most classical schemes, the authority management center (AMC) manages the resources permissions for all network nodes within the jurisdiction. However, the existence of AMC may be the weakest link of the whole scheme. In this paper, a protocol for QAM without AMC is proposed based on entanglement swapping. In this protocol, Bob (the owner of resources) authenticates the legality of Alice (the user) and then shares the right key for the resources with Alice. Compared with the other existed QAM protocols, this protocol not only implements authentication, but also authorizes the user permissions to access certain resources or carry out certain actions. The authority division is extended to fin-grained rights division. The security is analyzed from the four aspects: the outsider’s attack, the user’s attack, authentication and comparison with the other two QAM protocols.     

气液耦合振动热声发动机的压力特性

采用气液耦合振动是提升热声发动机系统压力振幅以及降低谐振频率的有效方式.根据热声理论,对气液耦合振动热声发动机系统进行了模拟,重点讨论了平均工作压力对压力振幅、压比和谐振频率等性能参数的影响,分析了热声板叠产生声功率以及各部件消耗声功率随平均工作压力的变化情况.进行了相关实验,以验证模拟计算结果的合理性.模拟计算和实验数据均表明,增大平均工作压力可显著提升系统压力振幅,这对于利用其驱动后续负载是有利的.     

Entanglement generation in atom-cavity networks with complete connectivity

In this paper, we consider the situation that four identical two-level atoms are separately trapped in separated tetrahedral structure single-mode optical cavities, which are placed at the vertices of a tetrahedron and are coupled by four fibres. Each atom resonantly interacts with cavity via a one-photon hopping. The evolution of the state vector of the system is given by solving the Schrödinger equation when the total excitation number of the system equals one. Negativity is adopted to quantify the degree of entanglement between two subsystems. The entanglement dynamics between atoms and between cavities is studied. The influences of atom-cavity coupling coefficient on the entanglement between atoms and that between cavities are discussed. The results obtained using the numerical method show that the atom–atom entanglement and the cavity–cavity entanglement are all strengthened with increase of atom-cavity coupling coefficient.     

双腔室自激振荡喷嘴频率特性研究

摘要：作为对双腔室自激振荡喷嘴这一新型喷嘴的探索,基于流体网络理论建立了双腔室自激振荡脉冲射流喷嘴的相似网络模型,理论分析了双腔室自激振荡喷嘴频率特性。模型计算结果表明：双腔室自激振荡喷嘴结构参数对系统的固有频率有重要的影响,系统结构参数间存在最优匹配关系,并与文献中介绍的单腔室结构参数的最佳配比关系有较大的不同,双腔室自激振荡喷嘴较单腔室自激振荡喷嘴可以提高脉冲射流峰值压力。分析结果对双腔室自激振荡喷嘴结构设计具有一定的借鉴价值。     

A DRBEM model for harbor oscillation with the effect of energy dissipation

Abstract

In this study, the numerical scheme of dual reciprocity boundary element method (DRBEM) is adopted to investigate the resonant problem in a harbor while considering the effect of energy dissipation. The numerical model employed the mild slope equation as a basic equation. To avoid complicated procedures for solving the equation, DRBEM is used to improve numerical efficiency. Computation results are compared with the existing experimental data and other theoretical results. It shows that the present model is valid and effective to solve the harbor oscillation problem.     

Least-energy path planning and oscillation analysis of robotic manipulator using direct collocation with nonlinear programming

ABSTRACT

Direct collocation is a method that converts a two-point boundary-value problem into a nonlinear programming problem by approximating the state variables and controls into parameters. It has been broadly used in studies of space and orbital mechanics yet has been rarely applied in the fields of robotics. This study builds up a mathematical model of a five-linked manipulator arm. Gradually reducing the upper and lower bounds of the five joint actuator outputs, this paper explores the variations in the least-energy cost function and the final time. Special attention has been focused on whether restrictions would ever arouse any un-anticipated oscillation in the joints. The numerical results show some irony. Excessively restricting the upper and lower output bounds of actuators does not actually gain traction in minimizing the cost index. On the contrary, the value of the cost index is increased by 41.77% from 924.87 to 1310.44 for a tunnel case whose radius is 1.5 m. The simulation cautions that unwanted frequency of oscillation begins to surface due to this wishful restricting. This paper demonstrates how Direct Collocation with Nonlinear Programming can be successfully applied to solve robotic path planning problems. It also cautions the users and designers of the manipulator about the unwanted frequency drift so that the users and designers can amend it before the oscillation builds up.     

微型回热器等效直径与振荡频率的理论研究

通过对微通道中影响振荡流体的粘性损失的两个准则数的论述,得出实际的微型热声制冷机微通道回热器的等效直径、驱动膜片的振幅以及对应的辐射声功等参数的对应关系,即是:回热器通道直径或通道等效水力直径必须满足高频下的沃姆斯莱数小于5的限制;同时还必须满足在高频下的马赫数小于0.1;频率的上限也必须满足马赫数、沃姆斯莱数、回热器微孔直径以及膜振动平均位移计算前提(ka＜0.5).     

行波热声发电系统自激振荡的非线性动力学研究

利用非线性热声网络模型建立了一种行波热声发电系统的简化动力学演化方程,考察了系统自激振荡过程。重点探究非线性热声效应的影响,并与仅考虑线性热声效应的情况进行对比。结果表明,当仅考虑线性热声效应时,振荡曲线不断增大,无法达到稳定值;而考虑非线性热声效应时,自激振荡最后达到稳定幅值。进一步研究得出,系统电机的非线性阻尼系数越大,系统稳定后的振荡幅值越小。对不同电机非线性阻尼系数时系统产生的振荡曲线作频谱分析,计算结果和实际情况相近。最后考察了回热器未达临界温度梯度时系统的自激振荡过程。