2006年中国水电建设全面提速

回顾我国2006年的水电发展态势,可以概括为水电建设全面提速,水电建设的春天已经到来。在中央关于“在保护生态的基础上有序发展水电”方针的指引下,由于我国经济持续高速增长对电力的旺盛需求,为减轻对煤炭的压力,减轻污染,减少温室气体的排放,增加清洁能源的需求促进了水电发展。同时,由于电力体制改革,通过市场竞争配置资源,由于水电的长期效益好,各大发电集团和水电公司、民营企业均加大水电开发力度,促进了水电发展。水电建设全面提速,各项指标达到世界领先水平。在大中型水电发展的同时,新农村建设促进了小水电发展,小水电占水电装机的1/3。水电建设全面提速促进机电设备国产化率提高;水电技术走向世界初具规模,水电科技达到世界先进水平。     

优先加快开发水电 促进电力可持续发展

结合五中全会提出的科学发展是"十二五"经济发展的主题及中电联的"十二五"电力发展规划,指出优先发展水电,正是落实五中全会精神的具体体现.因为首先优先加快开发水电是解决我国能源资源短缺、保障国家能源安全的需要;其次优先加快开发水电是促进西部大开发的需要:第三水电是最具大规模开发条件的可再生能源.分析了优先开发水电遇到的困难和存在的主要问题:人们对水电开发对生态环境影响的认识存在误区、水电移民安稳致富难问题制约水电开发、水电项目核准程序复杂、水电电价低制约了水电开发,并给出了相应的应对措施.     

澜沧江流域水电开发及其特点

介绍了中国西南地区云南省澜沧江流域水电开发格局及特点,从澜沧江流域水电开发重视龙头水库与下游水电站的"梯级滚动开发"模式得到启示,并对我国水电开发进行了探讨,以期对促进我国流域水电开发事业产生深远的影响。     

中国水电工程的发展与展望

近年来中国的水电建设得到了迅速发展,水力资源在我国的能源构成中将占有越来越重要的地位。本文阐述了我国的水电建设的发展现状及发展目标,展望了21世纪中国水电技术的发展前景。这些将对我国水电建设事业的进一步发展起到积极的推动作用。     

加速水电开发亟需推进减排温室气体的立法

水电是目前全世界唯一可大规模商业化开发的可再生能源,它是人类社会替代化石能源解决能源难题的主要方式。然而,水电的开发和利用又是迄今为止一种社会争议最大的能源开发。分析了水电被妖魔化的巧合因素,论述了我国水电被妖魔化的原因和恶果,提出我国必须要加速水电发展。尽管我国水电开发形势好转,但存在巨大隐忧。因此,"积极发展水电"的最有效、最重要的方法是,通过节能减排立法保障水电开发。     

西部中小型水电发展机制研究

简述了中小型水电在我国能源结构中的重要作用,分析了中小水电开发的现状及特点,指出了制约我国西部中小水电发展的主要原因,提出了加快发展西部中小型水电的建议与措施。     

西南水电开发的制约及选择

本文在对西南水电资源和开发现况广泛调研的基础上,分析了西南水电基地水电发展实际能力;核实规划提出的建设规模;梳理各流域水电项目的建设时序;客观实际反映目前开发存在的问题,并提出了相应的对策和建议,以求各相关管理部门和业内外形成共识,进一步完善体制机制建设、促进水电健康发展。     

风-水电联合优化运行分析

以风-水电联合运行后的风电场效益最大为目标,提出了将概率遍历搜索和局部弹性搜索相结合的混合遗传算法来进行风-水电联合优化运行的仿真分析.仿真结果表明风-水电联合供电不但提高了风电场的收益,同时也平滑了风电场的功率输出,这将有利于提高风电在电力系统中的份额,促进我国风电产业的发展.     

政策措施环境对农村水电发展的影响分析与建议

分析了我国农村水电公益性、生态性、永续性等特点,按不同时期回顾分析了过去几十年中政策措施环境对农村水电发展的影响,并针对目前农村水电发展存在的问题,提出新时期农村水电发展所需的政策措施环境及建议.     

基于财税优惠政策及成本分摊的西藏水电上网电价研究

针对高上网电价阻碍水电建设发展的问题,为促进藏区水电开发、推进西部大开发和维护藏区稳定,以西藏地区某电站为例,从财税优惠政策及成本分摊的角度寻求降低西藏地区水电上网电价的方法,为西藏地区水电建设提供了新思路.     

Supply curves for hydro reservoirs – Estimation and usage in large-scale electricity market models

Hydro electricity generation is of great importance for the current and the future electricity system since it provides electricity without emitting CO₂ and hydro reservoirs offer high operational flexibility. With increasing shares of fluctuating renewable energies, their value is even expected to increase, as – depending on the power plant type – they can store electricity. Therefore, an adequate representation of hydro power operation in large-scale electricity models is primordial. This paper aims to analyse empirically the operation of large-scale hydro reservoirs based on observed market data. We derive supply curves for hydro reservoirs in Norway based on electricity price and hydro production time series and analyse key influencing factors. To push further, we apply the resulting supply curves in a multi-region electricity market model and show how they may be used to perform historical and counterfactual simulations.     

A 100% renewable electricity generation system for New Zealand utilising hydro,wind, geothermal and biomass resources

The New Zealand electricity generation system is dominated by hydro generation at approximately 60% of installed capacity between 2005 and 2007, augmented with approximately 32% fossil-fuelled generation, plus minor contributions from geothermal, wind and biomass resources. In order to explore the potential for a 100% renewable electricity generation system with substantially increased levels of wind penetration, fossil-fuelled electricity production was removed from an historic 3-year data set, and replaced by modelled electricity production from wind, geothermal and additional peaking options. Generation mixes comprising 53–60% hydro, 22–25% wind, 12–14% geothermal, 1% biomass and 0–12% additional peaking generation were found to be feasible on an energy and power basis, whilst maintaining net hydro storage. Wind capacity credits ranged from 47% to 105% depending upon the incorporation of demand management, and the manner of operation of the hydro system. Wind spillage was minimised, however, a degree of residual spillage was considered to be an inevitable part of incorporating non-dispatchable generation into a stand-alone grid system. Load shifting was shown to have considerable advantages over installation of new peaking plant. Application of the approach applied in this research to countries with different energy resource mixes is discussed, and options for further research are outlined.     

Full-energy-chain analysis of greenhouse gas emissions for solar thermal electric power generation systems

Renewable energy generation of electricity is advocated as a means of reducing carbon dioxide emissions associated with the generation from fossil fuels. Whilst it is true that renewable sources do not generate significant carbon dioxide whilst producing electricity, as with fossil-fuelled plants they do embody significant emissions in their materials of construction. The “full-chain” environmental impacts of wind, hydro, solar-thermal and photovoltaic conversion are quite different and the likely trend in future reduction of embodied energy of next generation systems reflects the relative maturity of each technology. There has been much recent development of solar thermal electricity generation options for which there is a wide divergence in embodied CO₂ emissions.     

Energy, economics and environmental impacts of renewable energy systems

The renewable based electricity generation technologies were assessed against a range of sustainability indicators using data obtained from the literature. These indicators are cost of electricity generation, greenhouse gas emissions and energy pay-back time. All the three parameters were found to have a very wide range for each technology. For grading different renewable energy sources a new figure of merit has been proposed, linking greenhouse gas emissions, energy pay-back time and cost of electricity generated by these renewable energy sources. It has been found out that wind and small hydro are the most sustainable source for the electricity generation.     

Security of supply,energy spillage control and peaking options within a 100% renewable electricity system for New Zealand

In this paper, issues of security of supply, energy spillage control, and peaking options, within a fully renewable electricity system, are addressed. We show that a generation mix comprising 49% hydro, 23% wind, 13% geothermal, 14% pumped hydro energy storage peaking plant, and 1% biomass-fuelled generation on an installed capacity basis, was capable of ensuring security of supply over an historic 6-year period, which included the driest hydrological year on record in New Zealand since 1931. Hydro spillage was minimised, or eliminated, by curtailing a proportion of geothermal generation. Wind spillage was substantially reduced by utilising surplus generation for peaking purposes, resulting in up to 99.8% utilisation of wind energy. Peaking requirements were satisfied using 1550 MW of pumped hydro energy storage generation, with a capacity factor of 0.76% and an upper reservoir storage equivalent to 8% of existing hydro storage capacity. It is proposed that alternative peaking options, including biomass-fuelled gas turbines and demand-side measures, should be considered. As a transitional policy, the use of fossil-gas–fuelled gas turbines for peaking would result in a 99.8% renewable system on an energy basis. Further research into whether a market-based system is capable of delivering such a renewable electricity system is suggested.     

The role of offsets in a post-Kyoto climate agreement: The power sector in China

This paper considers how an offset scheme specific to the electricity generation sector could incentivize emissions cuts while avoiding the problems encountered by the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). It proposes an approach to project evaluation based on measures of additionality, economic viability and contribution to sustainable development specific to this sector and re-evaluates 460 registered CDM projects in China that generate electricity using wind, natural gas or small hydro. It concludes that many small hydro schemes would be viable without the CDM subsidy. Although these projects have zero emissions from operations, offsets issued to projects that are viable without subsidy permit increased emissions in developed countries and lead to a net increase in global emissions. To provide some indication of the sustainable development benefits that CDM projects bring to their host countries, the paper includes estimates of the projects’ benefit to public health due to the reduced use of coal for generation. The paper provides insights into the economics of projects and their value to host countries that are missed by the official CDM methodologies. It contributes to the debate over the design of sector-specific offset schemes that may be part of a new global agreement on combating climate change.     

加快水电能源开发若干问题的探讨

围绕加快水电能源开发阐述了电力工业结构调整及优先发展水电，并对水电应进行税收，投资等政策倾斜，改革水电网电价，构筑电力竞争市场，完善水电开发，运行管理体制，加快水电企业股份上市的若干问题进行了探讨。     

Assessment of alternative energy sources for generation ofelectricity in the UK following privatisation of the electricity supplyindustry

The structure of the industry in Europe is reviewed along with profiles of electricity generation in Europe and the UK. The size, geographic location, and time scale of future electricity demand in the UK are evaluated, and shortfalls between estimated demand and predicted generation are assessed. Alternative energy sources are examined. These include tidal power from the proposed Severn Estuary Scheme, development of pumped storage such as that proposed at Craigroyston above Loch Lomond, small-scale hydro using low head hydro-turbines permitting development of previously uneconomic schemes on rivers, wind power from wind farms which would utilize the favorable wind patterns which exist in the UK, use of North Sea gas for combined cycle plant, development of small-scale coal-fired stations, particularly those which use the more efficient and cleaner fluidized bed system, and utilizing wave power     

The application potential of hydro power

Water is the only renewable energy source that has been exploited by man on a large scale and that has a well-developed technological base to support its continued exploitation. At present about 23% of the world's electricity supply is from hydro plants. Since all the new energy sources under development are mainly exploitable through electricity generation, it seems likely that the world will have to move increasingly to an electricity-based energy regime.To make an effective contribution to new energy supply patterns. hydro power could be exploited by the development of small generating units to meet local community needs, by the use of pumped storage to optimize operation of other energy sources, and by the development of the many remaining sites in remote areas and third world countries with high power potential including perhaps glacier-derived power. This last development could spawn a new energy trade which would require a transfer of manufacturing resources to the countries with hydro power.Political decisions and economic considerations will influence these developments. An effective electric power trade between countries requires an acceptable international code of practice. Ultimately the speed of development of these resources will depend upon the cost of energy delivered to the consumer compared with the cost of other energy sources closer to the load centre.     

The role of renewable and sustainable energy in the energy mix of Malaysia: a review

Energy consumption has risen in Malaysia because of developing strategies and increasing rate of population. Depletion of fossil fuel resources, fluctuation in the crude oil prices, and emersion of new environmental problems due to greenhouse gasses effects of fossil fuel combustion have convinced governments to invest in development of power generation based on renewable and sustainable energy (RSE) resources. Recently, power generation from RSE resources has been taken into account in the energy mix of every country to supply the annual electricity demand. In this paper, the scenario of the energy mix of Malaysia and the role of RSE resources in power generation are studied. Major RSE sources, namely biomass and biogas, hydro‐electricity, solar energy, and wind energy, are discussed, focusing more toward the electrical energy demand for electrification. It is found that power generation based on biomass and biogas utilization, solar power generation, and hydropower has enough spaces for more development in Malaysia. Moreover, minihydropower and wind power generation could be effective for rural regions of Malaysia. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.