感知无线电中频谱共享技术的研究

文章研究了感知无线电网络中联合频谱分配和调度的问题,给出了基于物理干扰模型的频谱分配算法。调度算法是对由频谱分配算法得到的一系列传输模式进行调度,从而实现频谱共享。本文基于提出的频谱分配算法通过仿真比较了三种调度算法,结果表明考虑了公平性的调度算法的网络吞吐量有稍微的降低（可达到最大吞吐量的96%）,但感知用户的整体需求满足度却得到了很大的提高,即达到了很好的公平性。     

认知无线网络中基于用户需求和频谱聚合的动态频谱分配

认知无线电技术可以感知周围无线环境择机利用频谱空洞,从而达到提高频谱效率的目的.在认知无线电网络中,现有的频谱分配算法大部分是基于连续频谱分配并且没有考虑用户的需求.但是连续频谱分配会生成许多小于用户需求的频谱片段,这些频谱片段不能被充分利用,从而造成频谱浪费.本文基于图论提出了一种联合考虑用户需求和非连续频谱聚合的频谱分配算法.在该算法中,非连续的频谱片段被聚合以尽可能多地满足用户总需求,充分利用了小的频谱片段,避免了频谱浪费,从而提高频谱效率.     

混合频谱共享方式下多用户动态频谱分配算法

为解决混合overlay/underlay频谱共享方式下多用户动态频谱分配问题,构建了混合频谱共享方式下动态频谱分配模型,提出了基于Q学习的多用户动态频谱分配算法. 该算法在不对主用户产生有害干扰的前提下,以最大化次用户总吞吐量为目标,构建了与次用户相对应的虚拟次用户作为智能体. 通过与环境交互学习,进行信道和共享方式初选;频谱分配系统根据冲突情况和各智能体的学习结果调整信道分配策略直至次用户间无冲突. 仿真结果表明,该算法在无信道检测和信道先验知识的条件下,能根据前一时隙信道状态和次用户传输速率需求,实现动态信道分配和频谱共享方式确定,避免次用户间冲突,减少主次用户间冲突,有效提升次用户总吞吐量.     

一种基于功率控制和潜博弈的动态频谱分配算法

功率控制是感知无线电重配置的重要内容之一。结合功率控制的动态频谱分配策略可以有效提高频谱分配的性能。文章构建了一种潜博弈模型,通过在授权链路保护算法中加入功率控制机制,进一步降低对系统中授权用户和其它感知用户的干扰,提高通信链路的信干噪比,改善分配算法的性能。仿真结果表明算法达到了预期的效果,保证了感知无线电系统可靠通信。     

分枝定界在多级动态频谱分配中的应用

针对认知无线电动态频谱分配中认知用户较多,传统优化算法收敛时间较长的问题,本文结合分枝定界原理提出一种多级动态频谱分配算法。首先建立基于用户需求的多级动态频谱分配模型,然后借助图着色理论,将问题转化为函数优化问题,最后借助分枝定界算法,通过把全部可行的解空间不断分割为越来越小的子集,从而实现了对该多级模型的频谱分配。仿真实验采用与遗传算法比较,通过对二者认知用户接入量和系统网络效益的分析比较,表明该算法对处理多级DSA分配问题的优越性,且所提算法具有较小的计算复杂度,具有较高的应用价值。      

基于图论模型的改进型频谱分配算法

认知无线电技术能够感知周围无线电环境并择机使用频谱空洞。文章通过对现有的频谱分配算法研究分析,提出了基于图论着色模型的改进型频谱分配算法。该算法建立在授权用户状态动态变化的基础上,利用频谱下一时刻空闲概率降低授权用户的活动性对频谱分配的影响。仿真结果表明该算法有效提高了频谱概率上的效益并且保证了系统公平性。     

基于用户需求的改进型CSGC频谱分配算法

针对基于图论着色模型的频谱分配算法目前未能很好解决用户自身需求这一重要问题,研究了基于用户需求的改进型颜色敏感的图论着色(Color Sensitive Graph Coloring,CSGC)频谱分配算法。该算法通过降低已满足需求用户的分配优先级,使系统未满足的带宽需求总量达到最小化,在保证原CSGC算法性能的同时,较好地实现了频谱分配与自身需求相匹配。仿真结果表明该算法是有效的。     

基于认知无线电网络中用户需求频谱分配算法

在认知无线电网络中,对图着色频谱分配算法进行了分析,发现只有少数已有算法考虑到用户的需求是否得到满足,导致需求低的用户分配到过多资源。为解决这个问题,根据基于用户需求的图着色论频谱分配算法,对用户的满意度设置优频谱分配优先级函数,满意度差的用户进行优先选择分配,得到一种改进算法。仿真结果表明,基于用户需求的频谱分配算法的改进算法,能够增加系统的信道效益,提高用户的需求满意程度。     

认知无线电中基于频谱聚合的频谱分配算法

为了使认知用户可成功接入分配的频谱,进一步提高频谱利用率,提出了一种基于频谱聚合的分布式频谱分配算法(SADSA),该算法以图论着色为模型,算法过程考虑了认知用户的带宽需求和认知设备的最大聚合范围,仿真结果表明了该算法在认知用户接入率方面的优越性.     

OFDMA中频谱感知的功率控制算法研究

结合认知无线电的特点,将基于频谱感知的功率控制算法应用到OFDMA系统中,建立了PA-OFDMA(Power Adaptation-OFDMA)仿真模型,实现了认知环境下的多址接入技术。该模型基于频谱感知信息,通过一种功率阈值分配算法自适应地为每个子信道分配一个独立的功率阈值,限定使用该信道认知用户的最大发射功率,实现非授权用户与授权用户的频谱共享。与干扰温度模型进行了比较,仿真结果表明,该模型解决了干扰温度模型中的局部干扰问题,提高了系统容量,具有较高的频谱利用率和较低的误比特率。     

基于频谱预留的认知无线接入研究

动态频谱接入是认知无线电技术的一个重要应用,它利用通信过程中出现的频谱空洞机会式地接入频谱,能极大地提高频谱的利用率。文章基于马尔可夫理论提出了一种改进的频谱预留接入方案,即按照业务需求对用户进行用户模型改进,并根据优先级不同进行接入策略改进。仿真结果显示该方案能有效保障高优先级用户的服务质量。     

Optimization of spectrum utilization in cognitive radio system

In Cognitive Radio (CR) networks, CR user has to detect the spectrum channel periodically to make sure that the channel is idle during data transmission frame in order to avoid the collisions to the primary users. Hence recent research has been focused on the interference avoidance problem. Quality of Service (QoS) requirement of CR user will affect the time of data transmission in each frame. In this paper, in order to solve the interference avoidance and spectrum utilization problems without cooperation among CR users, a new scheme to obtain the optimal duration of data transmission frame is proposed to maximize the spectrum utilization and guarantee the protection to the primary users. The main advantages of our proposed scheme include the followings: (1) QoS requirement of CR user is concerned; (2) p-persistent Media Access Control (MAC) random access is used to avoid the collisions among CR users; (3) CR network system capacity is considered. We develop a Markov chain of the primary spectrum channel states and an exponential distribution of the CR user??s traffic model to analyze the performance of our proposed scheme. Computer simulation shows that there is an optimal data transmission time to maximize the spectrum utilization. However, the regulatory constraint of the collision rate to the primary users has to be satisfied at the expense of spectrum utilization. And also the tradeoff between the spectrum utilization and the capacity of the CR system is taken into account.     

MAC Protocol for Opportunistic Cognitive Radio Networks with Soft Guarantees

Cognitive radio (CR) is the key enabling technology for an efficient dynamic spectrum access. It aims at exploiting an underutilized licensed spectrum by enabling opportunistic communications for unlicensed users. In this work, we first develop a distributed cognitive radio MAC (COMAC) protocol that enables unlicensed users to dynamically utilize the spectrum while limiting the interference on primary (PR) users. The main novelty in COMAC lies in not assuming a predefined CR-to-PR power mask and not requiring active coordination with PR users. COMAC provides a statistical performance guarantee for PR users by limiting the fraction of the time during which the PR users' reception is negatively affected by CR transmissions. To provide such a guarantee, we develop probabilistic models for the PR-to-PR and the PR-to-CR interference under a Rayleigh fading channel model. From these models, we derive closed-form expressions for the mean and variance of interference. Empirical results show that the distribution of the interference is approximately lognormal. Based on the developed interference models, we derive a closed-form expression for the maximum allowable power for a CR transmission. We extend the min-hop routing to exploit the available channel information for improving the perceived throughput. Our simulation results indicate that COMAC satisfies its target soft guarantees under different traffic loads and arbitrary user deployment scenarios. Results also show that exploiting the available channel information for the routing decisions can improve the end-to-end throughput of the CR network (CRN).     

Optimisation of sensing time and transmission time in cognitive radio-based smart grid networks

Cognitive radio (CR)-based smart grid (SG) networks have been widely recognised as emerging communication paradigms in power grids. However, a sufficient spectrum resource and reliability are two major challenges for real-time applications in CR-based SG networks. In this article, we study the traffic data collection problem. Based on the two-stage power pricing model, the power price is associated with the efficient received traffic data in a metre data management system (MDMS). In order to minimise the system power price, a wideband hybrid access strategy is proposed and analysed, to share the spectrum between the SG nodes and CR networks. The sensing time and transmission time are jointly optimised, while both the interference to primary users and the spectrum opportunity loss of secondary users are considered. Two algorithms are proposed to solve the joint optimisation problem. Simulation results show that the proposed joint optimisation algorithms outperform the fixed parameters (sensing time and transmission time) algorithms, and the power cost is reduced efficiently.     

Modeling and Performance Analysis of Cognitive Radio Networks Using Stochastic Timed Colored Petri Nets

Cognitive radio (CR) is currently one of the most promising information transmission technologies to deal with the problem of spectrum scarcity and spectrum underutilization in wireless communications. CR networks aim to enhance spectrum efficiency to meet the ever-increasing demands of end users. The principle is to provide the opportunity for unlicensed users (secondary users, SUs) to temporarily and dynamically access the unused or sparsely used bandwidth while ensuring that it never interferes or degrades the performance of the incumbent license holders, commonly called primary users (PUs). This raises several challenges to be addressed in CR networks and performance of secondary users is one of the critical issues tackled in this paper. That is, we propose to devise CR networks as a retrial queueing system where PUs have preemptive priority over SUs. To calculate performance measures of the devised model under quite general assumptions about the model parameters, analytical methods are known to require hard calculations and the obtained results are generally not exploitable. For this reason, simulation modeling becomes the last resort to assess the dependability indicators. To this extend, we build the simulation model of the queueing system using Timed Stochastic Colored Petri Nets. Various useful results will be hence drawn while varying network conditions. Both exponential and Erlang distributions are considered for modeling service time of SUs. The obtained results with restrictive assumptions fit the analytical outcomes experienced for quite similar queuing models, which demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed STCPN simulation model.

     

Joint spectrum sensing and resource allocation optimization using genetic algorithm for frequency hopping–based cognitive radio networks

In cognitive radio (CR) networks, secondary users should effectively use unused licensed spectrums, unless they cause any harmful interference to the primary users. Therefore, spectrum sensing and channel resource allocation are the 2 main functionalities of CR networks, which play important roles in the performance of a CR system. To maximize the CR system utility, we propose a joint out‐of‐band spectrum sensing and operating channel allocation scheme based on genetic algorithm for frequency hopping–based CR networks. In this paper, to effectively sense the primary signal on hopping channels at each hopping slot time, a set of member nodes sense the next hopping channel, which is called out‐of‐band sensing. To achieve collision‐free cooperative sensing reporting, the next channel detection notification mechanism is presented. Using genetic algorithm, the optimum sensing and data transmission schedules are derived. It selects a sensing node set that participate the spectrum sensing for the next expected hopping channel during the current channel hopping time and another set of nodes that take opportunity for transmitting data on the current hopping channel. The optimum channel allocation is performed in accordance with each node's individual traffic demand. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can achieve reliable spectrum sensing and efficient channel allocation.     

A Distance Based Reliable Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Algorithm in Cognitive Radio

Spectrum sensing is the most critical task in cognitive radio (CR) which needs to be performed very precisely in order to efficiently utilize the underutilized spectrum and to provide sufficient protection to the primary users (PUs). To improve the sensing performance under fading, shadowing and hidden terminal problems more than one CR users collaboratively perform the spectrum sensing called as cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS). In conventional CSS the decision of each CR is fused at fusion center with equal weights. But due to variable distance of each CR from the PU all decisions are not equally reliable and therefore should be assigned different weights according to their reliability. In this paper we propose a new weighting scheme for CSS under Rayleigh faded channel. In proposed weighting scheme, based on the distance of each CR from the PU reliability of CR nodes is determined and correspondingly appropriate weights are assigned to different users. The CSS algorithm using new weighting scheme gives better performance than conventional CSS algorithm.     

Performance Evaluation of Secondary Users Operating on a Heterogeneous Spectrum Environment

Radio spectrum is a limited natural resource and with the increasing number of wireless devices, an efficient spectrum management concept to make a better utilization of this resource is essential. Opportunistic spectrum access (OSA) concept is a solution to increase the spectrum capacity and thus reducing the data collision for wireless ad hoc networks. Cognitive radio (CR) technology is developed to realize OSA. Based on CR, the secondary users access opportunistically the spectrum owned by primary users. However, the consequence appearance of primary users affects greatly the performance of secondary users within OSA. Thus, a new spectrum management scheme is a must to reduce such effect. In this paper, a new spectrum management scheme over a heterogeneous spectrum environment is proposed. The proposed scheme is based on using channels from both licensed and unlicensed bands as spectrum environment for ad hoc networks. An analytical model based on Markov chains is developed to evaluate the proposed scheme.     

Cognitive radio CDMA networking with spectrum sensing

In this paper, the performance of cognitive radio (CR) code division multiple access (CDMA) systems is analyzed. More precisely, CR users belong to a cognitive radio network (CRN), which coexists with a primary radio network (PRN). Both CRN and PRN are CDMA‐based, with colocated base stations. Soft hand off and power control are considered in both the CRN and the PRN. Upon the development of an accurate simulator for a representative three‐cell cellular scenario, we evaluate the performance of the proposed CR system in terms of outage probability, blocking probability and average data rate of secondary users. Three different spectrum sensing techniques are. Two new schemes, based on interference limit, are proposed and compared with an existing adaptive spectrum sensing scheme. Spectrum activity measurements and spectrum sharing decisions have been considered for evaluating the performance of the three schemes. The paper proposes a new CR‐CDMA networking model and a simulation testbed for evaluating performances of secondary users and primary users in terms of outage, blocking, BER and average data rate in the presence of soft hand‐off and power control. For comparison purposes, the analysis in the absence of spectrum sensing is also investigated.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.