Study on Matching a 300 MVA Motor Generator with an Ohmic Heating Power Supply in HL-2M

supplies (PFPS) and auxiliary heating power supplies of the HL-2M tokamak. The MG has a vertical-shaft salient pole 6-phase synchronous generator and a coaxial 8500 kW induction motor. The Ohmic heating power supply (OHPS) consisting of 4-quadrant DC pulsed convertor is the one with the highest parameters among the PFPS. Therefore, the match between the generator and the OHPS is very important. The matching study with Matlab/Simulink is described in this paper. The simulation results show that the subtransient reactance of the generator is closely related to the inversion operation of the OHPS. By setting various subtransient reactance in the simulation generator model and considering the cost reduction, the optimized parameters are obtained as x'_d = 0.405 p.u. at 100 Hz for the generator. The models built in the simulation can be used as an important tool for studying the dynamic characteristics and the control strategy of other HL-2M PFPSes.     

兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环高频加速系统

文章介绍兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环主环用于加速粒子的高频加速系统。加速系统的频率范围为0. 25~1.7MHz，最高峰值电压为8.0kV。高频腔体的固有谐振频率通过调节绕在腔体加载的铁[JP2]氧体材料上的偏磁电流来改变，所加载的铁氧体材料为600HH。高频腔体内的真空度达到3×10^-9Pa，高频发射机的最大输出功率为30kW，高频系统的控制采用基于PCI总线技术，它提供所有高频系统控制及监测功能。     

Saturation Ion Current Densities in Inductively Coupled Hydrogen Plasma Produced by Large-Power Radio Frequency Generator

An experimental investigation of the saturation ion current densities(Jions) in hydrogen inductively coupled plasma(ICP) produced by a large-power(2-32 kW) radio frequency(RF) generator is reported,then some reasonable explanations are given out.With the increase of RF power,the experimental results show three stages:in the first stage(2-14 kW),the electron temperature will rise with the increase of RF power in the ICP,thus,the J_(ions) increases continually as the electron temperature rises in the ICR In the second stage(14-20 kW),as some H~- ions lead to the mutual neutralization(MN),the slope of J_(ions) variation firstly decreases then increases.In the third stage(20-32 kW),both the electronic detachment(ED) and the associative detachment(AD) in the ICP result in the destruction of H~- ions,therefore,the increased amplitude of the J_(ions) in the third stage is weaker than the one in the first stage.In addition,with the equivalent transformer model,we successfully explain that the J_(ions) at different radial locations in ICP has the same rule.Finally,it is found that the J_(ions) has nothing to do with the outer/inner puffing gas pressure ratio,which is attributed to the high-speed movement of hydrogen molecules.     

Parametric analysis of a number of space nuclear power systems with a heat-pipe energy-conversion system

A concept for space nuclear power systems with modular construction of the thermal electric generator based on ampul-type electricity-generating elements is examined. High-temperature heat pipes (molybdenum-lithium) are used to remove heat from the reactor core; heat transmission from the core to the heat-receiving surface of the pipes is accomplished by radiation. Heat is removed by means of medium-temperature (vanadium-potassium) heat pipes. Fast reactors with uranium dicarbide as fuel and carbon-graphite materials as the structural materials are examined for a large series. The thermoelectric generator consists of maximally unified electricity-generating elements using a metallic shunt as the interelectrode insulation. The mass/size characteristics of a large series 20–200 kW are estimated on the basis of an analysis of the thermophysical and mass/size characteristics of the basic elements of space nuclear power systems. 3 figures, 3 references. Translated from Atomnaya énergiya, Vol. 89, No. 1, pp. 34–39, July, 2000.     

Indication Lowering of Average Magnitude Type Campbelling System in Low Pulse Rate Region

In the nuclear power calibration process of JOYO, the first experimental fast breeder reactor in Japan, the indication of the Intermediate Range Monitoring System (IRMS), employing Average Magnitude type Campbelling System (AMCS), was calibrated with the reactor power at 45.82 kW. The reactor power was then decreased and the nonlinear indication lowering of the IRMS was observed.

In this paper, we present a derivation of an equation representing the AMCS characteristic and show that the indication lowering occurs when the product of mean arrival rate of pulses and their width is small. The computed values based on the derived equation agreed very well with the observed ones in the JOYO IRMS below 45.82 kW, and it was confirmed that the evaluation method was applicable. Furthermore, it was evident from the evaluation that the indication lowering of the JOYO IRMS above 45.82 kW was negligibly small, and did not affect the reactor power ascension testing. Also, it was proved in a following thermal calibration test above 50 kW that the indication lowering was allowably small indeed in this power region.     

Reactor Noise Analysis of Swimming Pool Type Reactor

Reactor power frequency spectrum measurements at various power levels (0.2 W, 1 W, 5 W, 100 W, 500 W, 5 kW and 100 kW) were made with HTR** (swimming-pool type). A low frequency AC amplifier, a magnetic tape recorder, a frequency selective amplifier with twin-T filters, a multiplier, and an integrator were used. Speed-up and speed-down techniques of tape recorder were convenient for extending the frequency range of the analysis.

The measured frequency spectrum of reactor noise determined the modulus of zero power transfer function, and indicated a prompt neutron mean life time of (7.58±1.58) × 10^-5 sec based on an effective delayed neutron fraction of 0.0082. The calculations were made with a HIPAC-103 computer. At higher power, some resonance peaks were found in the low frequency region. The absolute value of reactor power obtained by noise analysis agreed within 3% with the power meter indication at the power below 5kW.     

Measurement of the Beam Position in the Extraction System of the ILU-10 Linear Electron Accelerator

A system for measuring beam position for a ILU-10 pulsed linear electron accelerator is described. The accelerator generates an electron beam with energy up to 5 MeV. The rf generator operates at 115 MHz in the pulsed mode with pulse duration of about 500 sec and pulse repetition frequency up to 50 Hz. The average beam power can reach 60 kW. Two electrostatic sensors (pickups) are used to measure the position of the beam. The principle of operation of the measurement apparatus is based on homodyne detection of the signals from the pickups. The second harmonic of the frequency of the accelerating voltage of the accelerator power supply (230 MHz) is chosen as the working frequency. The detected signal is fed from each pickup plate into an integrator and then a ADC. The beam position is calculated on a computer. The resulting error in the beam coordinates is about 0.5 mm with a 110 mm in diameter position sensor.     

BNCT RFQ高功率耦合器的设计

为满足硼中子俘获治疗试验装置(BNCT_A)RFQ加速器腔耗420 kW、占空比50%的需求。为BNCT_A RFQ加速器设计了一款高功率耦合器。该功率耦合器包含WR2300矩型波导转3-1/8英寸同轴门钮结构、波导窗、功率耦合装置3个部件。波导窗采用同轴扼流结构型式,功率耦合装置采用磁耦合环结构。整个功率耦合器采用分段设计的原则。矩型波导转同轴结构和陶瓷窗分别通过Microwave Studio（MWS）优化仿真,得到陶瓷窗的驻波比（SWR）达到1.000 9@352.2 MHz,带宽大于±58 MHz@SWR≤1.1 MHz。用多端口换算理论确定了耦合环耦合度,并用能量衰减法确定耦合环的尺寸。从热学和结构力学方面校核了该功率耦合器的功率容量,在50%占空比下,单个功率耦合器最高峰值功率可达260 kW,4路功率耦合器最高峰值功率可达1 MW。经过实际高功率测试,目前入腔功率484 kW,占空比达到10%,并具提升峰值功率及占空比的能力。     

Cutting performances with new industrial continuous wave ND:YAG high power lasers: For dismantling of former nuclear workshops, the performances of recently introduced high power continuous wave ND:YAG lasers are assessed

Dismantling is a great challenge for nuclear companies which are facing with the cleaning of former nuclear sites. Among the available cutting processes is the multi-kilowatts laser whose power is transmitted through optical fibers. Unlike other cutting processes such as the plasma arc cutting process or the oxy-cutting process, the laser process can be easily implemented by robotic equipments. The mechanised robotic arm carries a laser cutting head to perform, with remote-controlled equipments, the cutting operation.The present study deals with the performances which can be reached with high power continuous wave ND:YAG lasers. The cutting tests were carried out up to 8 kW. The laser power was delivered through a specific power supply chain: a 0.4 mm fiber was transporting the power from the laser to a first interface (coupler) then a second 0.6 mm fiber was bringing the laser power to the cutting head. This solution allowed a power delivery chain whose length could be as high as 100 + 20/50 m. Another advantage of this kind of power supply is that the first fiber can be set in a non-contaminated environment whereas the second fiber lies in the contaminated area. The cutting head used for these tests was a specific tool developed for this laser dismantling work: it is a laser cutting head cooled by pressurized air. This tool was developed with the requirement to be able to sustain a laser power of 14 kW. The pressurized air used to cool the head is also used as cutting gas.The cutting capability was about 10 mm by kW. At the power of 8 kW, austenitic steel plates of thickness 100 mm were cut. These performances were reached with the cut started on the plate's edge. If the cut started in the middle of the plate, the cutting performances were not so high: 8 kW became the power to drill and to cut plates of thickness 40 mm.     

New thermal optimization scheme of power module in solid-state amplifier

The new 1 kW power module for ADS project needs the optimization of cooling design including water flow and tunnel layout, and the water flow of three tons per hour was chosen to be a goal for a 20 kW power source.According to analysis from the insertion and integrated loss, about 24 modules were integrated into the rated power. Thus, every module has a cooling flow of 2.1 L/min for RF heat load and power supply loss, which is very hard to achieve if no special consideration and techniques. A new thermal simulation method was introduced for thermal analysis of cooling plate through CST multi-physics suite,especially for temperature of power LDMOS transistor.Some specific measures carried out for the higher heat transfer were also presented in this paper.     

合肥光源高功率固态放大器的研制

研制了一台高频高功率全固态放大器（SSA）,用于合肥光源800 MeV电子储存环高频系统的带束流运行。固态放大器的功率合成系统可按8×6或8×8方式进行组合,各有48个和64个功放模块参与功率合成。测量了功率分配器和合成器各端口的S参数及功放模块的增益特性,功放模块输出650 W时的增益为24 dB,分配器和合成器公共端的驻波比均优于1.07。进行了高功率测试,两种组合的输出功率分别达到33 kW和45 kW,合成效率约为95%。固态放大器目前运行于48路合成方式,输出功率为20 kW时,储存环束流流强达到460 mA,束流功率为7.5 kW。     

Experimental study of a single tube high RF power amplifier for ICRF heating system

A concept of a single tube high RF power amplifier was developed for ion cyclotron range of frequency (ICRF) plasma heating system. In the concept, a tetrode was used with a grounded cathode and input power to drive a control grid of the tetrode was provided by a switching circuit. As the new amplifier arrangement can eliminate a low power (10 kW level) and an intermediate power (100 kW level) tetrode amplifiers, their high voltage DC (HVDC) power supplies, and control and monitor system for these amplifiers and HVDC power supplies in a conventional high RF power source of the ICRF heating system, this new high RF power source is more flexible on frequency change and more mechanically reliable than the conventional one. A test amplifier composed of the tetrode and a field effect transistor (FET) switching circuit was constructed. The FET switching circuit was so compact that it could be mounted close to the tetrode socket. The maximum output RF power of 8.5 kW was obtained with a plate efficiency of 82% at 70 MHz. The feasibility of the single tube high RF power amplifier was experimentally proved. The plate efficiency of 82% could not be explained by the standard class-C amplification but by high efficiency amplification under assumptions of a flat-topped plate current pattern and double resonance of an output cavity at the fundamental frequency and the third higher harmonic frequency.     

Investigations of the Microwave Electromagnetic Properties of Pulp with Fluxing Additives

Vitrification of pulp-like radioactive materials with production of borophosphate and borosilicate glasses, using microwave energy at 2375 MHz and output generator power 5 kW, have been studied at the Mining-Chemical Combine since 1999. The conditions for heating the material being processed depends strongly on the electromagnetic characteristics of this material, specifically, the permittivity and the tangent of the dielectric loss angle. Investigation of the electromagnetic characteristics of the processed material and their analysis will make it possible to generate recommendations for effective execution of the process of vitrification of radioactive pulps using microwave energy. As a result of the investigations, the permittivity and tangent of the dielectric loss angle of a pulp simulator, evaporated conglomerate (calcinate), and samples of glasses obtained from this pulp were measured, the materials increasing the dielectric losses of the calcinate at microwave frequencies were determined, and the dynamics of the variation of the electromagnetic properties of the pulp as a function of the content of the additives which increase the tangent of the dielectric loss angle was determined.     

Recent progress of the ECRH system and initial experimental results on the J-TEXT tokamak

In order to broaden the range of the plasma parameters and provide experimental conditions for physical research into high-performance plasma, the development of the electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) system for the J-TEXT tokamak was initiated in 2017. For the first stage, the ECRH system operated successfully with one 105 GHz/500 kW/1 s gyrotron in 2019. More than 400 kW electron cyclotron (EC) wave power has been injected into the plasma successfully, raising the core electron temperature to 1.5 keV. In 2022, another 105 GHz/500 kW/1 s gyrotron completed commissioning tests which signifies that the ECRH system could generate an EC wave power of 1 MW in total. Under the support of the ECRH system, various physical experiments have been carried out on J-TEXT. The electron thermal transport in ECRH plasmas has been investigated. When ECRH is turned on, the electron thermal diffusivity significantly increases. The runaway current is elevated when a disruption occurs during ECRH heating. When the injected EC wave power is 400 kW, the conversion efficiency of runaway current increases from 35% to 75%. Fast electron behavior is observed in electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) plasma by the fast electron bremsstrahlung diagnostic (FEB). The increase in the FEB intensity implies that ECCD could generate fast electrons. A successful startup with a 200 kW ECW is achieved. With the upgrade of the ECRH system, the J-TEXT operational range could be expanded and further relevant research could be conducted.     

快堆钠-水直流蒸汽发生器七管样机热工水力特性分析

钠-水直流蒸汽发生器是钠冷快堆主热传输系统的关键设备之一,其结构及内部的传热现象是十分复杂的。管内外侧的介质及压力不同,管内侧为高温高压的水/蒸汽,存在复杂的两相流动传热传质现象;管外侧为高温液态金属钠,沿换热管高度方向存在较大的钠温变化。本文以钠-水直流蒸汽发生器七管样机为研究对象,对其热工水力特性进行了CFD分析和实验研究,CFD分析结果和实验结果吻合较好,验证了CFD分析所采用的数学模型和数值方法的可靠性。结果表明,钠-水直流蒸汽发生器七管样机的传热面积是足够的,达到了设计指标要求,其界限质量含汽率约为0.42,临界热流密度约为451.98 kW/m²,从而确定了蒸干点的位置。     

Design and preliminary test of a 105/140 GHz dual-frequency MW-level gyrotron

A dual-frequency (105/140 GHz) MW-level continuous-wave gyrotron was developed for fusion application at Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics. This gyrotron employs a cylindrical cavity working in the TE18,7 mode at 105 GHz and the TE24,9 mode at 140 GHz. A triode magnetron injection gun and a built-in quasi-optical mode converter were designed to operate at these two frequencies. For the proof-test phase, the gyrotron was equipped with a single-disk boron nitride window to achieve radio frequency output with a power of ∼500 kW for a short-pulse duration. In the preliminary short-pulse proof-test in the first quarter of 2021, the dual-frequency gyrotron achieved output powers of 300 kW at 105 GHz and 540 kW at 140 GHz, respectively, under 5 Hz 1 ms continuous pulse-burst operations. Power upgrade and pulse-width extension were hampered by the limitation of the high-voltage power supply and output window. This gyrotron design was preliminarily validated.     

The results of 5% small-break LOCA tests and natural circulation tests at the ROSA-IV LSTF

Five 5% small-break loss-of-coolant accident (SBLOCA) experiments and two natural circulation experiments were conducted at the ROSA-IV Large Scale Test Facility (LSTF). The liquid holdup in the upflow side of steam generator (SG) U-tubes temporarily depressed the core collapsed liquid level below the bottom of core during the loop seal clearing in the cold-leg break SBLOCA tests. This phenomena was affected by the core power and core bypass but was affected little by the actuation of the high pressure injection system. Overall thermal-hydraulic phenomena in a loop seal line break test was similar to that of cold-leg break tests, however, the liquid holdup phenomena played a little role. In a hot-leg break test a temporary but rapid depression of the core liquid level was observed immediately after the initiation of accumulator injection which caused condensation and depressurization in the cold leg. The change of natural circulation flow rate with the decrease of primary system mass inventory was qualitatively the same as observed in Semiscale, LOBI and PKL. The SG effective overall heat transfer coefficient below the secondary-side collapsed liquid level was weakly dependent on the secondary side liquid level and the core power. The measured minimum heat transfer coefficient was 1.7 kW/m²K for the full secondary side mass inventory.     

Reactivity balance in the IPR-R1 TRIGA reactor

Considering that the power of the IPR-R1 TRIGA reactor, located at the Nuclear Technology Development Center, Brazil, will be increased from 100 kW to 250 kW, some experiments were done in order to evaluate the magnitude of the reactivity effects associated with the reactor operation. The core excess of reactivity obtained was 1.99 $, and the shutdown margin was 1.33 $. The reactivity needed to operate the IPR-R1 reactor at 100 kW was 0.72 $, mainly due to the prompt negative temperature coefficient. A significant amount of reactivity is needed to overcome temperature and allow the reactor to operate at the higher power levels. The loss of reactivity due to xenon poisoning after 8 h of operation at 100 kW was around 0.20 $, and the highest reactivity loss value caused by a void inserted in the central thimble was 0.22 $. From the results obtained, it was possible to balance all the determined reactivity losses with the reactivity excess available in the reactor, considering the present and the future reactor power operation.     

350keV电子高压加速器研制

加速器辐照装置用于辐照生产医用输液塑料袋原膜材。所研制的350keV电子高压加速器具有以下特点：在静电加速器中采用高压倍压电源代替输电带，此新型结构加速器可输出低能大功率电子束，且体积小、自屏蔽，适于在线辐照加工；一般高压倍压电源采用50Hz供电，而在此装置中由14kHz中频电源供电，高压电源体积小。加速器空载高压达370kV，电子束350keV/20mA，扫描宽度70cm，辐照剂量不均匀性好于7%。该加速器辐照装置已投入运行，并已生产出合格医用输液袋膜材投放市场，产品填补了国内医用输液袋膜材市场的空白。     

AP1000核电厂蒸汽发生器传热管破裂事故的分析研究

使用RELAP程序对AP1000核电厂蒸汽发生器传热管破裂（SGTR）事故进行了分析研究,证明了AP1000核电站在SGTR事故下,不需要操纵员的干预就能依靠非能动安全系统在破损蒸汽发生器满溢之前终止破口流量。重点研究了不同的事故分析假设条件,如厂外电是否可用以及破损蒸汽发生器的释放阀是否打开后卡在开启位置对事故后果的影响。结果表明,即使在对破损蒸汽发生器满溢最不利的假设条件下,AP1000核电站也能避免破损蒸汽发生器满溢,且存在一定的裕量。