基于碳纳米管的三维编织复合材料健康监测技术

分析了三维编织复合材料试件结构健康监测技术现状,结合三维编织复合材料编织工艺,提出了碳纳米管在三维编织复合材料试件健康监测方面的应用方法。结果说明碳纳米管应用于三维编织复合材料整体结构监测是可行的。碳纳米管传感器在三维编织复合材料试件结构健康监测中具有优异的应变传感特性,且嵌入的碳纳米管传感器对复合材料的力学性能影响不大。这为内置碳纳米管传感器应用于复合材料制件的健康检测提供了一种新的综合和分布式技术,为先进智能复合材料的研发与应用提供了依据。     

声发射技术在三维编织C/SiC复合材料拉伸损伤分析中的应用

通过声发射技术(Acoustic Emission简称AE)对三维编织C/SiC复合材料试件单向拉伸实验过程进行全程动态监测,利用声发射特征参数的综合分析法揭示了三维编织C/SiC复合材料单向拉伸时损伤演化过程和规律。实验结果表明三维编织C/SiC复合材料单向拉伸时损伤发展的四个阶段及声发射特性并利用声发射相对能量定义了材料临界损伤强度。     

复合材料三维编织结构的单元体模型

复合材料三维编织结构技术是国外八十年代发展起来的高新纺织技术。三维编织结构复合材料是一种新型结构形式的复合材料,它具有优良的抗冲击损伤性能、力学性能和耐烧蚀性能。本文讨论了三维编织结构的单元体模型,推导出有关参数之间的数学关系。     

基于面-内胞模型的三维四向编织复合材料渐进损伤数值模拟

为了准确预测三维四向编织复合材料的纵向拉伸力学性能,对编织复合材料的面胞和内胞细观实体模型进行参数化建模,面胞模型考虑了纱线空间轨迹的偏移和横截面的挤压变形。用体素网格离散模型并施加合适的边界条件,将各组分材料的损伤模型编入到有限元分析软件ABAQUS用户定义材料子程序UMAT中。分别对内编织角为30°和45°的三维四向碳纤维/环氧树脂编织复合材料的面-内胞模型进行数值分析,经体积加权平均获得不同厚度编织复合材料试件的纵向拉伸模量和强度,通过统计具有相同破坏模式的积分点数量研究复合材料的渐进损伤过程。结果表明:基于面-内胞模型预测三维四向编织复合材料的纵向拉伸力学性能与试验值吻合良好,损伤分析结果合理地反映了面胞和内胞的渐进损伤过程。      

三维编织复合材料的疲劳性能

研究了三维编织复合材料的疲劳性能和编织结构对疲劳性能的影响。进行了应力比为011 、实验频率为10 Hz 的拉2拉疲劳性能测试。结果表明, 三维编织复合材料的疲劳强度约为其抗拉强度的60 %～80 % , 比金属材料的疲劳强度的相对值高。编织角是影响三维编织结构复合材料疲劳性能的一个主要因素。随着编织角的增大, 疲劳过程中易出现各种损伤, 而且伴随明显的升温现象。编织角大的试件在疲劳实验过程中模量变化明显, 并且呈现逐渐升高的趋势, 这与金属材料的双模量变化规律不同。在疲劳次数为100 万次后, 试件的剩余强度高于静载拉伸强度, 这主要是由于在疲劳测试过程中, 试件内编织纱线的取向更接近受力方向所致。      

三维四向编织复合材料改进模型的细观分析

三维编织复合材料现有的成型方法将导致编织物单胞模型发生变化,据此提出了一种改进的具有矩形截面的单元内胞模型,假设编织纱线具有平行六边形横截面,分析了不同区域胞体内部纤维束的空间构型,建立了三维四向编织复合材料内部单胞三维实体模型。通过分析编织物内纱线间的空间接触关系,采取合理的假设,推导了编织工艺参数和模型结构参数的关系,并计算了三维四向编织复合材料的纤维体积含量,为该种材料后续力学性能分析奠定了基础。该模型适用于部分不规则成型工艺,并有可能应用于其他形式的编织工艺研究。     

三维编织复合材料损伤容限性能试验

为研究三维编织复合材料的损伤容限性能,首先,利用同种纤维、基体和工艺分别制作了4种三维编织复合材料和1种层合复合材料;然后,进行了相同复合材料在不同冲击能量下的及不同复合材料在相同冲击能量下的低速冲击试验和冲击后压缩试验;最后,进行了冲击后的C扫描损伤检测,并对比了冲击后凹坑深度、损伤面积和损伤宽度。结果显示:层合复合材料的损伤形貌主要呈椭圆状,且分层损伤严重,而三维编织复合材料的损伤形貌主要呈十字状,三维编织复合材料的整体性较好;层合复合材料和三维编织复合材料冲击能量的拐点均出现在30 J附近;三维编织复合材料的剩余压缩强度较高,其损伤容限性能优于层合复合材料。所得结论可为三维编织复合材料的工程应用提供指导。      

三维五向编织复合材料纵向性能的实验研究

通过对具有不同编织结构参数的三维五向编织复合材料试件的纵向拉伸和压缩实验,分析了该类材料的纵向拉、压刚度和强度随编织工艺参数的变化规律以及材料的失效形式.三维五向编织复合材料在破坏前基本保持线弹性,纵向拉、压破坏具有脆性特征,拉伸模量和压缩模量比较接近,但拉伸强度远大于压缩强度.编织角和纤维体积含量对材料性能的影响显著,纱线粗细的影响不大.提高第五向纱线的比例,可提高材料的纵向性能.此外,研究中采用短标距薄板试件,以避免试件产生整体屈曲和端部纤维束开裂破坏.     

用于编织结构的光纤传感器的研究

介绍了用于编织复合材料和结构的光纤传感器,分析了它们的特点,将光纤传感器粘贴或编入编织复合材料,检测复合材料的结构的应变,对有关实验结果进行了分析,并介绍了光纤传感在编织复合材料结构健康监控和成型工艺监测中的应用。     

基于FBG的三维编织复合材料制件状态健康监测研究

介绍了将FBG嵌入三维编织复合材料的方法,提出了三维编织复合材料状态健康监测方法,分析了材料在拉伸承载下的内部应变与FBG变化关系,提出了信号采集和处理方式。实验结果表明,FBG传感器具有优异的传感特性,复合材料的编织角对FBG的信号有一点影响,植入光纤对复合材料的力学性能影响不大。本课题的研究为先进智能复合材料的研发与应用提供了依据。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...