壳聚糖均相接枝L-谷氨酸甲酯的结构与性能

对壳聚糖均相接枝L-谷氨酸甲酯产物的结构和性能进行了研究.IR、CP/MAS13CNMR结果表明,谷氨酸甲酯侧链通过酰胺键与壳聚糖结合,形成了梳状接枝产物.XRD谱图中,在2θ=8.3°处出现衍射峰,这是因接入侧链使壳聚糖主链堆砌结构发生改变而引起的.DSC、TG/DTG测试发现,均相接枝物高温一侧吸放热峰的数量与位置有明显改变,并互有不同,反映出结构和接枝量的差异使壳聚糖接枝产物具有不同的热稳定性.     

漆酶/TEMPO体系氧化棉纤维接枝壳聚糖制备抗菌纤维

利用漆酶/TEMPO体系选择性将纤维素C-6伯羟基氧化成醛基,得到单醛纤维素,再将壳聚糖通过席夫碱反应接枝到单醛纤维素上,制得接枝产物。将接枝产物进行红外光谱分析、SEM及能谱分析及壳聚糖含量的分析,确定接枝产物结构的变化和壳聚糖含量,并进一步对其抗菌性进行研究。结果表明,经漆酶/TEMPO体系氧化后,纤维素C-6伯羟基被选择性的氧化成醛基,与壳聚糖接枝反应后,壳聚糖的氨基与醛基反应生成CN;接枝产物表面出现了明显的变化且有壳聚糖存在;接枝产物中壳聚糖含量为4.55%;与棉纤维相比,接枝产物对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌均具有抗菌性,且对大肠杆菌的抑制作用强于金黄色葡萄球菌。     

反应挤出法制备马来酸酐接枝聚乳酸

采用反应挤出方法制备了聚乳酸(PLA)与马来酸酐(MAH)的接枝共聚物,研究了工艺条件和配方对产物接枝率和熔体流动速率的影响。结果表明,聚乳酸的接枝反应主要依赖于大分子侧链自由基进行,过高的螺杆转速或过高的挤出反应温度会引发聚乳酸的降解反应,不利于产物接枝率的提高;在适宜的反应条件下(马来酸酐含量2%,DCP含量0.35%,温度180℃,螺杆转速100 r/min),可以方便制得马来酸酐接枝聚乳酸产物(接枝率≥0.45%);SEM观察显示,马来酸酐接枝聚乳酸有效改善了PLA/淀粉共混材料的相容性。     

壳聚糖-g-硬脂酸固-固相变材料制备与表征

采用化学接枝的方法将具有固-液相变性能的硬脂酸接枝到壳聚糖高分子链上,制得一种具有固-固相变性能的新型高分子相变材料:壳聚糖-g-硬脂酸固-固相变材料,并采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、偏光热台显微镜(POM)和热失重分析仪(TG)等对接枝产物进行了表征。结果表明,硬脂酸通过化学键连接在壳聚糖分子链上;壳聚糖-g-硬脂酸固-固相变材料呈现出可逆的固-固相转变特性,且具有与硬脂酸相似的结晶结构,吸热焓值为21.33J/g(相变温度为60.5℃),放热焓值为14.03J/g(相变温度为47.11℃),具有良好的热稳定性,热失重拐点温度为233.11℃。     

壳聚糖-聚乳酸接枝共聚物的制备与表征EI北大核心

将醛基化改性的聚乳酸接枝到壳聚糖,并通过元素分析、红外光谱(IR)、核磁共振(1H-NMR)、X射线衍射(XRD)和热重分析(TG)分别对接枝产物的接枝率、结构和结晶性能进行表征。IR和1H-NMR结果表明聚乳酸成功接枝到壳聚糖主链,不同投料比和接枝率的关系与元素分析一致;PLLA-CHO/CS-NH2最佳摩尔比为1∶2.5,此时的接枝率为52.22%;XRD和TG结果表明接枝产物的结晶度和热分解温度降低,说明壳聚糖的高结晶性得到改善,其应用范围扩大。     

壳聚糖-聚乳酸接枝共聚物的制备与表征

将醛基化改性的聚乳酸接枝到壳聚糖,并通过元素分析、红外光谱(IR)、核磁共振(1H-NMR)、X射线衍射(XRD)和热重分析(TG)分别对接枝产物的接枝率、结构和结晶性能进行表征。IR和1H-NMR结果表明聚乳酸成功接枝到壳聚糖主链,不同投料比和接枝率的关系与元素分析一致;PLLA-CHO/CS-NH2最佳摩尔比为1∶2.5,此时的接枝率为52.22%;XRD和TG结果表明接枝产物的结晶度和热分解温度降低,说明壳聚糖的高结晶性得到改善,其应用范围扩大。     

壳聚糖/聚羟基丁酸酯接枝共聚物的合成及血液相容性

以过氧化二苯甲酰为引发剂,在醋酸-二甲基亚砜复合溶剂中进行了聚羟基丁酸酯与壳聚糖的接枝反应,探讨了温度、引发剂用量、用料比、分子量等对接枝率的影响。付里叶红外分光光度法、核磁共振确认了产物的结构。广角X射线衍射及热重分析证实,接枝产物的结晶度和热稳定性好于原料壳聚糖。接枝产物的体外血液相容性评价结果表明,壳聚糖/PHB接枝共聚物表现出溶血率低,复钙化时间长,动态凝血曲线下降平缓,膜表面无血小板粘附,具有良好的血液相容性。     

漆酶催化壳聚糖-阿魏酸接枝共聚提高产物抗氧化及抗菌性的研究

以阿魏酸(FA)为底物,利用漆酶作为催化剂催化壳聚糖与阿魏酸接枝反应。对FA-壳聚糖接枝产物分别进行线性电位滴定、红外光谱检测和热重分析,确定产物的接枝率和结构的变化,并进一步对其抗氧化性和抑菌性能进行研究。结果表明,FA-壳聚糖的接枝率约为11.4%;在漆酶催化过程中阿魏酸的酚羟基与壳聚糖上的氨基参与反应,FA与壳聚糖之间可能受到了席夫碱(Schiff)的修饰;与壳聚糖原样相比,FA-壳聚糖衍生物的热稳定性也得到了提高;FA-壳聚糖衍生物对DPPH和ABTS自由基的清除率的IC50值分别为1.88和0.61mg/mL,表明FA-壳聚糖的抗氧化性能得到改善;抑菌性能检测得出在浓度为1mg/mL时FA-壳聚糖较壳聚糖原样对大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的抑菌圈分别提高了1.5和1.3mm,在浓度为5mg/mL时FA-壳聚糖较壳聚糖原样对枯草芽孢杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈分别提高了2.5和2.0mm。     

壳聚糖接枝聚合物的制备及其性能研究

以壳聚糖与丙烯酰胺和丁烯二酸为原料,采用过硫酸钾引发接枝聚合反应,探究了引发剂用量、反应温度、单体的用量以及反应时间对接枝反应的影响。并用红外光谱仪对产物进行了表征,探究了接枝产物对铅离子的吸附以及解吸附性能。实验结果如下,接枝聚合物的最佳反应条件为:引发剂用量为6mmol/L,反应温度为50℃,接枝单体与壳聚糖质量比为3∶1,反应时间为4h;红外光谱显示两个单体已经成功地接枝到了壳聚糖分子上;接枝聚合物相比壳聚糖对铅离子的吸附性能有了很大的提高;以去离子水、HNO3和HCl为解吸附溶液,接枝聚合物在HNO3和HCl中的解吸附效果较好,分别达到了93.5%和65%。     

HDPE/SiO_2杂化材料的结晶行为

通过熔融接枝反应将乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷(A-171)接枝到高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)分子链上,以四乙氧基硅烷(TEOS)为前驱体,加入接枝的HDPE中,通过溶胶-凝胶法(Sol-Gel)制备了HDPE/SiO2杂化材料。采用DSC分析,研究了SiO2对HDPE结晶行为的影响。结果表明,SiO2在HDPE中起到异相成核的作用,使HDPE的结晶温度提高、微晶尺寸分布减小。随降温速率增大,结晶峰变宽,结晶温度Tp向低温方向移动。非等温结晶动力学研究表明,在冷却速率范围5℃/min~20℃/min内,杂化材料异相成核,近似一维生长。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...