NiCrBSi粉末火焰喷焊钢管的抗拉强度研究

采用氧乙炔火焰喷焊工艺在耐热钢管表面制备了镍基合金喷焊层,分别利用OM、SEM、EDS、TEM等方法分析了喷焊管表面与横截面的显微组织、形貌、元素分布及物相结构.通过拉伸实验测定了喷焊管的抗拉强度,观察了喷焊管的拉伸变形规律.结果表明,在实验工艺参数下,喷焊层内部形成了以γ-Ni固溶体为基体,呈弥散分布的富Cr针状第二相,以及硼硅酸盐玻璃相,在第二相粒子周围,γ-Ni固溶体内有大量位错缠绕.喷焊层与基体形成了冶金结合,整体抗拉强度高达522 MPa.拉伸后,钢管基体产生了延性裂纹,喷焊层发生了半脆性断裂.喷焊管同时具备了外层耐蚀耐磨性能与基材的良好韧性,综合性能有较大改善.     

电弧离子镀制备NiCrAlY涂层及其抗高温氧化性能

为提高高温合金材料抗高温氧化性能,利用真空阴极电弧离子镀在DZ22B高温合金上沉积Ni Cr Al Y涂层,研究涂层的抗高温氧化性能。采用扫描电镜观察膜层表面和截面形貌,化学容量法测试膜层成分,X射线衍射仪分析涂层的物相组成,万能试验机检测涂层结合力。结果表明:所制备的Ni Cr Al Y涂层厚度约50μm,涂层致密且与基体结合良好;涂层成份除Al元素有所损失外基本与靶材一致。Ni Cr Al Y涂层主要相为γ′-Ni3Al/γ-Ni,同时含有少量的β-Ni Al相。在1050℃高温下,Ni Cr Al Y涂层表面形成致密的氧化铝层有助于减缓氧化速度,对基材起到良好的保护作用;涂层失效的主要方式是随着氧化的进展,氧化层产生裂纹并剥落,新的表面被氧化,剥落和被氧化往复进行,直至涂层失效。     

电弧离子镀NiCrAlY和NiCoCrAlYHfSi涂层抗高温氧化性能

采用电弧离子镀技术在镍基高温合金DZ22B表面包覆一层NiCrAlY和NiCoCrAlYHfSi涂层,对比了两种涂层的微观形貌、结构和抗高温氧化性能,并讨论了不同活性元素在氧化中的作用。结果表明:NiCrAlY涂层主要由γ′-Ni3Al/γ-Ni、β-NiAl和α-Cr相组成,而NiCoCrAlYHfSi除上述组成外还形成了NiCoCr合金相,两种涂层热处理期间均发生β-NiAl向γ′-Ni_3Al的转变过程。NiCrAlY和NiCoCrAlYHfSi涂层1 050℃恒温氧化200h的平均氧化速率分别为0.072 3g/(m~2·h)和0.052 7g/(m~2·h)。NiCrAlY氧化初期直接形成α-Al_2O_3、NiCr_2O_4和Cr_2O_3,随后出现裂纹、孔洞等缺陷,氧化物沿孔洞向涂层内部延伸,同时由于基材中的Ti元素发生外扩散,涂层中还形成了TiO_2。NiCoCrAlYHfSi氧化初期形成了亚稳态的θ-Al_2O_3,随后慢慢转变为α-Al_2O_3,氧化物层比NiCrAlY均匀致密,抗高温氧化性能更优异。     

高铝青铜等离子喷焊层组织及其形成过程

为研究高铝青铜等离子喷焊层组织特征及其形成机理,采用等离子喷焊工艺在45钢基体上分别制备了厚度为2和5 mm的喷焊层,并对5 mm厚度喷焊层沿层深方向进行分层切割,利用光学显微镜、XRD、SEM、EDS分析了不同喷焊厚度的喷焊层组织形貌、相结构、相含量及界面处元素扩散.结果表明:不同厚度的高铝青铜喷焊层均形成了α,γ2及β’相包围k相生长的组织,喷焊过程中熔池不同位置的温度场参数和成分分布不同,形成的快速冷凝固组织特征不同.钢基体Fe元素向喷焊层纵深方向的扩散随喷焊层厚度增加,2 mm厚度的喷焊层中树枝状k相析出较少,偏析严重的位置出现粗大的球形组织,界面处的扩散冶金结合特征不明显;5 mm厚度的喷焊层中随分隔层厚度从2、3 mm增加到4 mm的过程中,Fe元素扩散作用减弱,在4 mm处Fe元素含量达到最低,富Fe的k相析出减少,均匀分布的树枝状组织逐渐增多.     

一种热障涂层的形貌和相结构特征研究

研究了一种热障涂层的形貌和相结构组成。溅射NiCrAlY粘结层由γ-Ni相和β-NiAl相组成，是柱状结构，其晶粒度小，属于微晶，有利于形成α-Al2O3膜。溅射NiCrAlY粘结层经真空处理后，发生γ和γ’的转变，以及β-NiAl和脱溶。EB-PVD TBC 具有开放性的柱状结构，并且存在大量的t'-ZrO2相，使涂层性能大大优化。     

喷焊（涂）层厚度及其后处理与组织性能关系的研究

对以２０ＣｒＮｉＭｏ钢为基材，喷焊Ｎｉ－Ｃｒ－Ｂ－Ｓｉ自熔合金粉＋ＷＣ颗粒的涂层及其后处理进行了研究。测定了涂层的硬度，耐磨性以及结合层的元素扩散；观察了表层结构，结果表明，厚度和冷却方式对喷涂层的耐磨性有显著影响。     

铜合金表面热喷涂(焊)涂层组织及性能研究

采用等离子喷涂工艺在纯铜表面分别制备了NiCrCoAlY、Cr3C2-NiCr两种涂层,采用等离子喷焊工艺制备了Ni60喷焊层,并分别进行了显微形貌、显微硬度、耐磨性能及热震性能分析。结果表明,等离子喷涂层主要为机械咬合,其次是微区冶金结合和化学键结合,而等离子喷焊层与基体形成良好的冶金结合,其结合强度相对较高。Cr3C2-NiCr涂层硬度高达534 HV,耐磨性能最优,而NiCrCoAlY涂层硬度为352 HV,耐磨性能较好,且抗热震性能优异;Ni60焊层熔合区硬度为154 HV,焊层中部高达606 HV,随后缓慢降低至平稳。     

钛合金表面激光熔覆Ni基合金涂层中析出相热力学模拟计算

采用横流CO2激光器在TC4合金表面熔覆Ni基合金涂层,对激光熔覆层的微观组织、析出相、各合金元素在γ-Ni和M23C6相中含量变化进行了研究.结果表明,熔覆层可分为三个区:熔覆区、结合区和基体热影响区.熔覆区由γ-Ni,TiB2,TiC,M23C6和Ni3B相组成,其中,TiB2,TiC和M23C6细小颗粒均匀分布于γ-Ni初晶上,共晶组织由γ-Ni和Ni3B组成.为揭示TC4合金表面激光熔覆Ni基合金涂层在3500～500K温度范围的相组成及组织变化规律,利用Thermo-Calc软件及相应Ni基合金数据库对TC4合金表面激光熔覆Ni基合金涂层凝固过程中各析出相进行了热力学计算分析,研究了熔覆层中γ-Ni,TiB2,TiC,M23C6和Ni3B各相相对含量和B,C,Cr,Fe,Ni,Ti元素在γ-Ni和M23C6相中的含量随温度变化关系,为TC4合金表面激光熔覆Ni基合金涂层成分设计和工艺优化提供理论依据.     

热丝TIG堆焊Inconel 625层组织成形研究

采用热丝钨极惰性气体保护焊,用ENiCrMo-3型焊丝在Q235B钢管内表面进行堆焊试验。利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪对堆焊层微观组织进行观察和元素成分分析,利用显微硬度计测定试样硬度分布。结果表明,堆焊层组织主要为γ-Ni单相奥氏体,在晶界处有碳化物析出;堆焊层组织自熔合线至顶部的基本形态依次为平面晶、胞晶、树枝晶、等轴晶及顶部横向柱状晶;熔合线附近有少量魏氏体组织形成;试样硬度自基材至堆焊层方向呈递增趋势;上层组织在晶界位置贫Cr较下层严重,从金相看其晶粒受到的侵蚀作用更明显。     

气门锥面等离子喷焊司太立钴基合金的组织与性能研究

采用等离子喷焊在厚度为1mm的气门锥面制备了3种不同成分的司太立钴基合金喷焊层,采用金相系统观察了焊层的组织形貌,用X射线、电子探针分析了焊层的相结构和成分,测试了焊层的硬度与热稳定性。结果表明,司太立4号喷焊层的组织以细枝晶为主,而司太立6号与司太立F号喷焊层则呈胞状组织。3种合金喷焊层都具有较高的硬度,其中,司太立4号的硬度最高,达到806HV。基材对喷焊层的稀释率低,3种合金的喷焊稀释率都在2％～4％之间.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.     

新闻(英文)

正China and Greece Sign the Standardization Cooperation Agreement Witnessed by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang and Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras,AQSIQ Minister Zhi Shuping and ELOT Chairman and Executive Director Angelos Tolkas signed the SAC-ELOT Standardization Cooperation Agreement.The Agreement is one of the critical cooperation documents signed during Li Keqiang’s visit in Greece,encouraging China and Greece to