新型射流曝气外置式MBR处理乳品废水

利用外置MBR用间歇射流曝气代替鼓风曝气;射流器安装在循环加压泵吸水管上.结果表明,经优化的射流器安装方式与普通安装方式相比能耗更低,充氧效率更高.进水CODcr 平均为l 987 mg/L,NH3-N、TN(总氮)平均为100 mg/L和114 mg/L时,TP(总磷)平均为16.33 mg/L;出水CODcr,平均为24mg./L,去除率为98.67％;出水NH3- N、TN平均为15.8mg/L和20 mg/L,去除率分别为84.33％和82％;出水TP平均为2.72 mg/L,去除率83.37％.     

城镇污水处理厂生物化学强化除磷方法的研究

八钢生活污水处理厂采用CASS工艺对城镇污水进行处理,该文考察了城镇污水处理系统在气温较低及进水水质超设计值时的生物化学强化除磷规律,分析了生物化学强化除磷和对出水水质的影响。研究结果 :进水总磷为7.2 mg/L～12.7 mg/L时,气温小于-10℃时,原设计除磷工艺出水总磷为2.1 mg/L～4.5 mg/L。采用生物化学强化除磷的方法可将出水总磷降至0.5 mg/L～0.9 mg/L,还有利于进一步降低系统出水COD和SS值。     

两相厌氧工艺处理化学合成类制药废水试验研究

采用两相厌氧工艺处理化学合成类制药废水,实验结果表明:产酸相进水COD多在14000～20000mg/L之间(平均为17883mg/L),容积负荷在30～42kgCOD/m3·d之间,pH值为4.8～5.2,COD去除率为32%～52%,挥发酸含量从4.12%提高到22.54%,为产甲烷相的进一步处理提供了有利条件。经过产酸相后,UASB进水COD浓度在10000mg/L左右,COD平均去除率为86.7%,出水COD浓度为1240～1550mg/L,平均容积负荷为4.5kgCOD/(m3·d),产甲烷相出水pH值在6.5～7.0左右。     

充水比对低能耗生物除磷脱氮系统的影响

以厌氧-低氧(0.15～0.45mg/L)条件下的序批式反应器(SBR)为研究对象,探讨了不同充水比对低能耗同时生物除磷脱氮系统的影响.结果表明:以充水比为0.3(SBR-A),0.5(SBR-B)或0.785为碳源(SBR-C),系统中均发生同时生物氮和磷的去除,低氧阶段氨氮被全部氧化,并且没有亚硝酸盐的大量累积.随着充水比的增加,系统中厌氧末磷的释放量逐渐增加,PHB的合成量减少,PHV和PH2MV的合成量增加,糖原的代谢量增加;低氧末磷的剩余量减少,硝态氮的累积增加.充水比分别为0.3,0.5和0.785的SBR-A,SBR-B和SBR-C系统中,总氮的去除率分别为89.4%,81.1%和46.4%,而磷的去除率分别为86.75%,97%和100%。     

MBR城市污水处理工艺中化学除磷的研究与应用

为考察化学除磷对膜生物反应器(MBR)工艺的影响,研究了MBR城市污水处理工艺的化学除磷.结果表明:在MBR工艺中,硫酸亚铁是适宜的化学除磷药剂.膜分离对出水总磷的截留有重要贡献,在MBR工艺中实施化学除磷比传统活性污泥法节省加药量.在处理实际城市污水的MBR工程中进行了一年以上的硫酸亚铁连续投加试验,出水总磷浓度为(0.17±0.08)mg/L,平均总磷去除率达95.0%,跨膜压差维持在15kPa以下,药剂投加费用约为0.01元/m3.在MBR工艺中投加硫酸亚铁进行化学除磷,不仅可以取得很好的除磷效果,对膜污染控制也不会造成明显的影响,而且经济可行.     

一种脱磷絮凝剂处理磷化废水的试验研究

研制了一种新型絮凝剂,对高浓度磷化废水进行脱磷试验,结果表明,对磷含量为145 mg/L.左右的磷化污水,通过控制污水的pH值、絮凝剂的投加量、反应时间及沉降时间等参数,可使废水中磷的去除率达99%以上,出水磷含量达到国家综合污水排放一级标准(小于0.5 mg/L);磷的去除率分别较传统絮凝剂提高9.8%和11.4%,其脱磷效果和性价比均明显优于传统絮凝剂.     

一种新型好氧颗粒污泥反应器的试验研究概述

该反应器在直接投加高浓度的二次沉淀池回流污泥、0.3-0.5kgCODCr/(m3·d)的容积负荷、24h的水力停留时间的条件下,在15天内启动驯化,成功培养出颗粒污泥;该反应器对CODCr的去除能力较强,同时又具有较好的脱除氨氮的效能。12-24h的水力停留时间3内、0.65-5.0kgCODCr/(m3·d)的容积负荷条件下,CODCr去除率稳定高达98%以上,氨氮去除率80%以上。出水水质较好,CODCr最低达20mg/L以下,氨氮5mg/L以下,为中水回用提供条件。     

缺氧-好氧膜生物反应器处理高浓度氨氮废水

采用前置缺氧/好氧膜生物反应器处理高浓度氨氮废水,对反应器的硝化和反硝化性能以及污泥特性进行了研究.研究结果表明:适宜的pH、DO、T下,在容积负荷1.5kgNH4 -N/(m3·d)以下时,出水平均NH4 -N值在1 mg/L左右,硝化率保持在99%以上;在容积负荷为1.0 kgNH4 -N/(m3·d),C/N为3.2,回流比为3时,硝化率为99%,总氮去除率达到83.34%.缺氧池与好氧池的污泥浓度后期分别稳定在6.5～7.0 g/L和9.5～10.0 g/L,两池污泥VSS/SS长期稳定在89%左右,说明污泥没有无机成分的积累.     

外置式中空纤维膜-生物反应器处理污水的研究

设计了可正/反运行的外置式膜-生物反应器(RMBR),研究了RMBR处理污水的工艺条件,讨论了膜面流速、添加粉末活性炭(PAC)等因素对临界膜通量、CODcr脱除率的影响.结果表明:在进水水质CODcr为312~584 mg/L,NH3-N为16~40 mg/L时,RMBR的出水水质达到CODcr<15 mg/L(脱除率>96.5%),NH3-N<1.53 mg/L(平均去除率>80%),浊度<0.17 NTU;添加PAC后出水水质CODcr<4.22 mg/L,临界循环比降低了10%~20%;对于已污染的膜,水反冲洗、碱浸泡后水反冲洗、碱浸泡 酸浸泡后水反冲洗可使膜通量恢复至新膜的47%,83%,94%;组件反置运行可使膜通量恢复约10%.     

纳滤膜在北京阿苏卫填埋场渗滤液改扩建工程中的应用

在阿苏卫垃圾卫生填埋场渗滤液改扩建工程中,以膜生物反应器(MBR)的出水为研究对象,考察了在一定的pH、进水流量、操作压力下纳滤膜对CODcr、NH3-N和电导率的去除情况.结果表明:在设备初期运行阶段,在pH为7、操作压力为0.5 MPa时,纳滤膜对CODcr的去除率达75%;对NH3-N的去除率较低,出水的NH3-N值略低于进水;对电导率的平均去除率达55%.此外,还分析了纳滤膜的运行性能以及与原有反渗透处理工艺联合使用等问题.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...