Plate bending behavior of a pultruded GFRP bridge deck system

The bi-directional plate bending behavior of a pultruded GFRP bridge deck system with orthotropic material and system properties was investigated by means of two full-scale experiments and numerical modeling. Furthermore, the maximum span of the deck between two main girders was determined using Eurocode loading and presupposing a maximum deflection ratio of span/300.

Compared to an isotropic plate-strip, the bi-directional behavior of the orthotropic deck was not very pronounced. Nevertheless, selecting experiment specimen with five profiles instead of only three reduced the maximum deflections at the serviceability limit state (SLS) by ca. 50%.

Therefore, since the SLS governs in the design of GFRP bridge decks, the possible contribution of bi-directional plate bending is not insignificant and should be considered and improved in order to fully exploit the potential of pultruded GFRP bridge decks.     

Flexural fatigue analysis of a CFRP form reinforced concrete bridge deck

Concrete bridge decks reinforced with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite panels have recently been used where the FRP panels also serve as the permanent formwork for concrete. Comparing to their short-term behavior, their long-term performance especially under repeated traffic loads (fatigue) has not yet been widely known. This paper presents a fatigue analysis tool developed for a new steel-free concrete bridge deck reinforced with carbon FRP stay-in-place form. The developed model takes into account the cyclic creep of concrete in compression, the reduction in flexural stiffness due to fatigue tensile cracking and the reduction in modulus of rupture under cyclic loading. Comparisons with experimental data show reasonable agreement where a full-size 2-span deck specimen was subjected to millions of fatigue cycles. The parametric study recommends reducing the amount of FRP reinforcement and concrete strength of the current design, and lower loading rate may introduce more stiffness degradation in the system.     

全玻璃纤维增强树脂筋混凝土电缆排管的抗弯试验

提出了采用全玻璃纤维增强树脂基复合材料（GFRP）筋混凝土电缆排管代替传统的钢筋混凝土电缆排管,该结构形式具有减少能耗的优点。通过对小尺寸和足尺GFRP筋混凝土电缆排管试件进行抗弯性能试验,研究其抗弯能力、变形及破坏特征等。试验结果表明,GFRP筋混凝土电缆排管具有与普通钢筋混凝土梁相似的力学特征,以混凝土开裂为分界点,位移-荷载曲线表现为双线性,排管侧面拉应力分布不均匀,部分区域出现了较高拉应力。提出了GFRP筋混凝土电缆排管的抗弯设计计算方法,理论计算结果与试验测试结果较为吻合。     

Π型叠合梁斜拉桥涡振性能及气动控制措施研究

为研究Π型开口截面主梁的涡振性能并提出合理性控制措施,以某跨海叠合梁斜拉桥为研究对象,进行一系列节段模型风洞试验。研究表明,Π型开口截面主梁在低风速下易发生涡激共振,且该桥涡振现象在阻尼比<1%以下范围内均存在;桥面防撞栏杆及检修道护栏采用圆截面形式有利于减小涡振振幅;改尖角度风嘴能显著抑制涡激共振,且风嘴角度越小控制效果越好;桥梁断面底部双主肋转角处设置水平隔流板能有效减小甚至消除涡激振动,在一定范围内增加板的悬挑宽度对控制效果有利。     

Development of a pedestrian bridge with GFRP profiles and fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete deck

In recent years, the number of pedestrian bridges built from composites materials has notably increased. The combination of fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) profiles with fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) elements is being adopted in this type of structures, since the ductility, high post-cracking tensile strength, compressive stiffness and strength of FRC can be combined with the benefits derived from the use of FRP’s profiles to obtain high performance structural systems.     

Quasi-static and fatigue performance of a cellular FRP bridge deck adhesively bonded to steel girders

This paper describes the quasi-static and fatigue performance of hybrid bridge girders composed of cellular FRP bridge decks and steel girders. The FRP bridge deck is connected adhesively to the steel girders and acts as the top chord of the hybrid section. Compared to a reference steel girder, the stiffness and quasi-static load-carrying capacity of the hybrid girders were considerably increased due to composite action between the FRP decks and the steel girders. Failure due to quasi-static loading occurred in the FRP decks during yielding of the bottom steel flanges. The adhesive bond between the FRP decks and the steel girders showed no signs of damage due to fatigue loading. The results of the investigation showed that the well-established design method for steel–concrete composite girders with shear stud connections can essentially be used for the design of such FRP-steel girders. The principal modifications necessary for design are proposed.     

玻璃钢纤维增强塑料薄壁管抗冲击性能的实验研究

本文采用分离式Hopkinson压杆（SHPB）实验系统,研究了玻璃钢纤维增强塑料（GFRP）薄壁管在低速冲击载荷作用下的抗冲击性能,探讨了薄壁管的截面形状和壁厚对其冲击破坏模式、动态应力-应变曲线和比吸能值（S_EA）的影响。实验结果表明：GFRP圆管的动态切线模量较方管的大,同壁厚的圆管的抗冲击性能较方管好;方管随壁厚的适当增加,抗冲击性能也增加。通过综合分析抗冲击性能评价参数,发现GFRP方管的吸能性能较圆管的好,且随壁厚的略微增加,吸能性能增强。与铝合金圆管相比,在相同实验条件下,GFRP圆管的动态压缩模量和冲击应力峰值较铝合金圆管大,峰值应变值较铝合金圆管小,比吸能值较铝合金圆管的大,GFRP管的抗冲击性能也较铝合金圆管好。其结果可为GFRP管类结构的优化设计及工程应用提供基础实验数据和给予理论指导。     

The static behavior of a modular foam-filled GFRP bridge deck with a strong web-flange joint

The static behavior of a modular bridge deck filled with a low-density polyurethane foam was experimentally investigated. The web-flange joint of the deck was strong enough so that a failure of the deck in the transverse direction was governed by the delamination of the bond between two adjacent modules whether the deck was filled or not. Although the elastic modulus of the foam was only a thousandth of the homogenized modulus of the GFRP deck, the structural performance of the deck in the transverse direction was significantly improved by the foam filled inside the deck. It was shown experimentally that tensile stress could develop in the top flange of the deck subjected to three point bending because of shear deformation. Such a development of tensile stress was significantly mitigated by the foam filled inside the deck.     

大直径玻璃纤维增强聚合物复合材料抗浮锚杆外锚固性能试验及黏结-滑移模型

玻璃纤维增强聚合物(GFRP)复合材料抗浮锚杆与建筑物混凝土底板的锚固效果关乎整个结构的安全性和稳定性。为深入探究GFRP复合材料抗浮锚杆与混凝土底板之间的锚固性能,本文通过自行设计的足尺锚杆对拉试验装置对不同锚固形式的GFRP复合材料抗浮锚杆进行抗拔试验,测定锚杆极限抗拔承载力及杆体与混凝土间相对滑移量。试验结果表明,采用新型应力分散锚具锚固的GFRP复合材料抗浮锚杆外锚固段锚固效率均在80%以上,与混凝土间滑移量均大于裸筋直锚试件,证实该新型应力分散锚具可有效提升GFRP复合材料抗浮锚杆外锚固效果。在双曲线模型基础上提出一种新型的描述GFRP复合材料抗浮锚杆与混凝土黏结-滑移关系上升段本构模型,该模型综合考虑杆体直径及锚固长度对锚杆杆体与混凝土间黏结-滑移本构关系的影响,模型预测结果与本次试验结果吻合度较高,并对模型的合理性和准确性进行了验证。     

Load and resistance factor design of fiber reinforced polymer composite bridge deck

The majority of our bridges were constructed with conventional civil engineering materials of steel and concrete in a typical slab on girder or truss construction. Reinforced concrete bridge decks have approximately 40% life of the steel girders that support these structures. In order to support the use of alternative materials to replace deteriorating concrete decks, this paper outlines the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) of Fiber Reinforced Polymer composite (FRP) panel highway bridge deck. The deck would be of a sandwich construction where 152.4 mm × 152.4 mm × 9.5 mm square pultruded glass FRP (GFRP) tubes are joined and sandwiched between two 9.5 mm GFRP plates. The deck would be designed by Allowable Stress Design (ASD) and LRFD to support AASHTO design truckload HL-93. There are currently no US standards and specifications for the design of FRP pultruded shapes including a deck panel therefore international codes and references related to FRP profiles will be examined and AASHTO-LRFD specifications will be used as the basis for the final design. Overall, years of research and laboratory and field tests have proven FRP decks to be a viable alternative to conventional concrete deck. Therefore, conceptualizing the design of FRP bridge decks using basic structural analysis and mechanics would increase awareness and engineering confidence in the use of this innovative material.     

黄泛区粉土-玻璃纤维增强聚合物复合材料布界面摩擦特性试验

玻璃纤维增强聚合物复合材料（GFRP）强度高、耐热性好、抗碱性腐蚀能力较强,目前已广泛的应用于土木工程领域中。为了研究黄泛区粉土和GFRP布之间的界面摩擦特性,利用TZY-1型土工合成材料综合测定仪开展了直剪摩擦试验研究,分析了含水率、压实度和法向应力对界面摩擦特性的影响。结果表明,黄泛区粉土和GFRP布的界面摩擦强度随着压实度的增大而增大;界面摩擦强度在土体的含水率最优时达到最大,超过最优含水率后会下降;界面抗剪力随着法向应力的增大而增大,摩擦系数随着法向应力的增大而降低。      

不同温度下玻璃钢材料放气速率的试验研究

设计了一套基于压差流量法的试验装置来测量玻璃钢试样的放气速率。将试样的表面采用砂纸（500#）进行打磨，采用扫描探针显微镜对试样表面粗糙度进行测量。测量了不同温度下玻璃钢试样的放气速率。试验结果表明测量室温度越高，测量室的气体压力越高，玻璃钢试样的放气速率越大。     

Effect of carbon black nanoparticle intrinsic properties on the self-monitoring performance of glass fibre reinforced composite rods

Self-monitoring composite rods, made of an internal conductive core surrounded by an external structural skin, were manufactured and tested. Both parts were made of glass fibre-epoxy. Electrical conductivity was achieved in the inner core by incorporating as an alternative high surface area or low surface area carbon black in the resin. Self-monitoring performance was assessed by simultaneous mechanical and electrical resistance measurements. The aim was to correlate the electrical resistance variation to stress. Only one type of material showed appropriate self-monitoring properties, since increase of electrical resistance was recorded at increasing loading (both monothonic and cyclic tensile loading), while electrical resistance recovery at high loads was found in the other case. Calorimetric analysis, rheological measurements and SEM observations were carried out to explain this result. Filler dispersion seems to be the key feature affecting the self-monitoring properties. Only high surface area nanoparticles can ensure self-monitoring reliability.     

玻璃纤维增强复合材料筋肋参数优化试验研究

利用拉拔试验对玻璃纤维增强复合材料(GFRP)带肋筋与混凝土的粘结性能进行试验研究,并对筋的肋参数进行优化。自行设计了 30种不同肋参数的GFRP带肋筋,试验变量包括筋直径、肋高度和肋间距。在此基础上,制作了90个标准拉拔试件,分别测试了 GFRP带肋筋的粘结强度和加载端滑移,得到了相应的粘结-滑移曲线;根据肋参数的优化准则对各种GFRP带肋筋的粘结-滑移曲线进行分析,确定GFRP带肋筋的最佳肋参数。试验结果表明:肋参数对GFRP带肋筋与混凝土的粘结性能影响显著;GFRP带肋筋的最佳肋间距为筋直径的1倍,最佳肋高度为筋直径的6 %,即最佳肋高度与最佳肋间距的比值为0.06。      

载荷与氯离子耦合作用下玻璃纤维增强不饱和聚酯复合材料吸湿性能

通过重物加载,并在氯离子环境中浸泡不同试验周期后,测试玻璃纤维增强不饱和聚酯(GFRP)复合材料的吸湿率,研究GFRP在不同应力水平下的吸湿规律。结果表明: 浸泡初期GFRP的吸湿率随时间增长较快,随后吸湿率增长逐渐变慢,当浸泡达到180 d后,吸湿率下降;GFRP的吸湿率随载荷的增加而下降,受到不同载荷大小的试件其吸湿率随时间变化规律相似;GFRP在氯离子环境中的吸湿行为呈现non-Fickian特征。基于Langmuir模型并考虑由于材料水解而发生材料失重的吸湿特性,提出了可描述复合材料吸湿曲线上升和下降趋势的吸湿模型,该模型可以较好地预测GFRP的吸湿量。     

Mechanical behaviour of glass and carbon fibre reinforced composites at varying strain rates

The choice of composite materials as a substitute for metallic materials in technological applications is becoming more pronounced especially due to the great weight savings these materials offer. In many of these practical situations, the structures are prone to high impact loads. Material and structural response vary significantly under impact loading conditions as compared to quasi-static loading. The strain rate sensitivity of both carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) are studied by testing a single laminate configuration, viz. cross-ply [0°/90°] polymer matrix composites (PMC) at strain rates of 10⁻³ and 450 s⁻¹. The compressive material properties are determined by testing both laminate systems, viz. CFRP and GFRP at low to high strain rates. The laminates were fabricated from 48 layers of cross-ply carbon fibre and glass fibre epoxy. Dynamic test results were compared with static compression test carried out on specimens with the same dimensions. Preliminary compressive stress–strain vs. strain rates data obtained show that the dynamic material strength for GFRP increases with increasing strain rates. The strain to failure for both CFRP and GFRP is seen to decrease with increasing strain rate.     

圆角半径对碳纤维增强聚合物复合材料布约束型钢混凝土矩形短柱轴压性能的影响

为研究圆角半径对碳纤维增强聚合物 （Carbon fiber reinforced polymer,CFRP）复合材料约束型钢混凝土矩形短柱轴压性能的影响,对1个对比构件和5个不同圆角半径的约束构件进行静力轴压试验。试验结果表明:随圆角半径增大,柱外围的CFRP复合材料布环向应变更高且分布趋于均匀;约束柱的峰值荷载和延性也随之增大,荷载-变形曲线在峰值荷载后由平缓的下降段逐渐向上升段转化。通过建立三维有限元模型进行数值分析,可见随圆角半径增大,构件横截面上混凝土有效约束区面积增大,混凝土压应力分布趋于均匀;型钢包围的核心区混凝土应力则显著增大。随后对截面的混凝土约束区域进行了划分,设定型钢包围部分为高强约束区,最后基于叠加法建立了约束组合短柱的轴压承载力计算公式。计算显示增大圆角半径降低了组合柱的横截面积,但却显著提高了约束后柱的轴压承载力。      

Joint performance of the glass fiber reinforced polypropylene leaf spring

Commercial utilization of the composite leaf springs in the suspension application is significantly decided by its eye end joint performance. Present work attempts to design and evaluate the performance of double bolted end joint for thermoplastic composite leaf spring. Injection molded 20% glass fiber reinforced polypropylene leaf springs were considered for the joint strength evaluation. Servo hydraulic test facility is utilized to evaluate the static and fatigue performance of the bolted joint. Various bolt sizes were utilized for the joint and its performances were evaluated under static loading condition to understand the effect of fit between bolt and its hole of the joints. Ultimate bearing strength of the joint is found to decrease with the increase in the clearance between bolt and part hole. Joints were subjected to various amplitudes of completely reversed fatigue loads to evaluate the endurance strength. Load–deflection hysteresis plot of the joint under fatigue conditions is continuously measured and used as the bearing damage index of the joint. Inspection of the bearing surface tested under static and fatigue loading condition revealed severe matrix deformation and fibrillation. In spite of unidirectional load being acted at the joint, curved nature of the bearing surface induces bi-axial stresses, which results in severe matrix fibrillation at the bearing surface. Failure morphology under static conditions shows net-tension beside the bearing damage. Failure morphology under fatigue condition revealed net-tension, and shear-out failures besides the bearing damages.     

Fatigue behaviour of asphalt concrete beams reinforced by glass fibre-reinforced plastics

The aim of this study was to evaluate the enhancement effect of asphalt concrete beams reinforced by glass fibre-reinforced plastics (GFRP). First, the Cooper fatigue test machine was used to conduct the four-point bending fatigue tests. The test results showed that the mean fatigue life of hot mixture asphalt (HMA) beams had been extended to more than 8.81 times with 3-mm thick GFRP sheets pasted on the top. Second, the stress and strian behaviour of the four-point bending fatigue test specimen was simulated by the finite element method. The results showed that flexural stiffness of HMA beams had increased significantly with GFRP sheets pasted on the top. Finally, the fatigue failure process of the HMA beam with GFRP sheet pasted on the top was predicted by the theory of damage mechanics. The predicted results matched well with those obtained in the fatigue tests.Therefore, pasting a GFRP sheet of a certain thickness on a steel bridge deck could greatly improve the overall stiffness of the pavement layer and form a kind of durable steel bridge deck surfacing structure. The research results had important theoretical significance and value in engineering applications.     

恶劣环境下纤维增强聚合物片材拉伸性能

通过拉伸试验,研究了恶劣环境作用后纤维增强聚合物(FRP)片材的拉伸性能。试验参数包括恶劣环境类别和作用方式、FRP片材种类和层数。试验结果表明,常温环境下、冻融和干湿循环作用后,碳纤维增强聚合物(CFRP)片材和玻璃纤维增强聚合物(GFRP)片材的拉伸应力-应变关系近似为直线;常温环境下,CFRP片材和GFRP片材的拉伸强度和延伸率几乎不受片材层数的影响;冻融循环对GFRP片材的影响大于CFRP片材,冻融循环75次时,CFRP片材和GFRP片材的拉伸强度分别是未冻融的0.978倍和0.898倍,并且随着循环次数的增加,CFRP片材和GFRP片材拉伸强度逐渐下降;干湿循环作用对GFRP片材拉伸性能没有明显的影响。基于对有关文献及本文试验结果的分析,提出了恶劣环境下FRP片材拉伸强度的计算方法。