圆形铝熔炼炉内非稳态热工过程数值模拟

针对铝熔铸过程中常用的圆形铝熔炼炉,利用FLUENT软件,根据能量守恒方程、动量方程建立铝熔炼炉内热工过程数学模型,采用标准k-ε湍流模型、P-1辐射模型对铝熔炼炉内非稳态传热及流动过程进行数值模拟研究。考虑到铝料熔化过程会消耗一部分能量,采用等效比热法将铝料的熔化潜热转换为相应的比热值进行计算。通过数值模拟得到了炉内流场、炉膛及铝料温度场分布情况。模拟结果与实际情况相符,为铝熔炼炉的设计与优化研究提供了理论依据。     

横火焰玻璃窑炉燃烧空间流动与传热的数值模拟

对横火焰玻璃窑炉燃烧空间内的流动、燃烧及辐射传热等过程进行了数值模拟研究,建立了玻璃窑炉燃烧空间内的综合数学模型,给出了诸控制方程的统一的数值解法,得到了炉内燃烧空间的速度场、温度场、组分浓度分布及燃烧空间向玻璃液面传递的热流分布。     

The performance of a new gas to gas heat exchanger with strip fin

A compact gas to gas heat exchanger needs large heat transfer areas on both fluid sides. This can be realised by adding secondary surfaces. The secondary surfaces are plate fin, strip fin, and louvered fin, etc. The fins extend the heat transfer surfaces and promote turbulence.This paper presents a gas to gas heat exchanger with strip fins. The heat exchanger design and construction are based on a method to seal rectangular strip fins in slots in opposite walls of a rectangular pipe. Fins are fixed and sealed to the walls simultaneously by high temperature brazing of glass mixed with metals in a furnace. The additional advantage of glass is that it forms a coating on the heat transfer surface to protect the surface from corrosion.A number of measurements were carried out to test the performance of this heat exchanger. Not surprisingly, the measurement results indicate that heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop increase with the ratio of heat transfer area to volume (fin density). Colburn factor and friction factor versus Reynolds number are presented.     

A heat transfer model for the analysis of transient heating of the slab in a direct-fired walking beam type reheating furnace

A mathematical heat transfer model for the prediction of heat flux on the slab surface and temperature distribution in the slab has been developed by considering the thermal radiation in the furnace chamber and transient heat conduction governing equations in the slab, respectively. The furnace is modeled as radiating medium with spatially varying temperature and constant absorption coefficient. The steel slabs are moved on the next fixed beam by the walking beam after being heated up through the non-firing, charging, preheating, heating, and soaking zones in the furnace. Radiative heat flux calculated from the radiative heat exchange within the furnace modeled using the FVM by considering the effect of furnace wall, slab, and combustion gases is introduced as the boundary condition of the transient conduction equation of the slab. Heat transfer characteristics and temperature behavior of the slab is investigated by changing such parameters as absorption coefficient and emissivity of the slab. Comparison with the experimental work show that the present heat transfer model works well for the prediction of thermal behavior of the slab in the reheating furnace.     

Heating Process Simulation of Steel Coil in Bell‐Type Annealing Furnace

This study examines two important parameters: the convective heat‐transfer coefficient and radiative heat‐transfer coefficient, which have a significant impact on coil temperature in a furnace. A new three‐dimensional model is proposed for convective heat transfer, and the factors affecting the Nusselt number (Nu) are studied using the orthogonal test method. Finally, the relationship between the Nu number and flow rate is determined. Considering the complex geometric structure of a furnace, this study uses the Monte Carlo method to calculate the angle factor and obtains the radiant heat flux using a radiation network diagram. The calculated values are applied to steel coil temperatures for accurate boundary conditions. The results show that the temperature simulated by using the mathematical model is in good agreement with the experimental data obtained with the thermocouple insert experiment.     

燃煤锅炉三维CFD数值模型水冷壁热边界条件设定方法

目前,燃煤锅炉三维CFD数值模拟中对炉膛水冷壁传热分布的预测大都基于给定的壁面温度边界条件。然而,此方法无法体现锅炉运行状态对壁面传热与壁温分布的影响。提出了一种基于锅炉烟气侧放热与汽水侧吸热间热平衡关系的壁面传热计算方法,并重点讨论了壁面传热系数的物理意义及取值方法。研究发现,壁面传热系数基本由壁面结渣状态决定,因此可根据壁面渣层的传热系数确定。本文方法将影响壁面传热的关键因素合理地体现在计算过程中,同时在模型复杂性与工程适用性之间保持了合理的平衡。采用此方法对一台320 MW锅炉的燃烧与传热分布进行了数值模拟,水冷壁吸热量的预测结果与锅炉运行数据吻合良好。     

间歇式热处理炉传热计算与分析

建立了台车式热处理炉炉膛传热数学模型和辐射换热器工作模型,分析了换热器的传热特性（空气预热温度、壁温、传热系数）随炉况的变化。结果表明,辐射换热器的传热特性随炉子的升温及保温过程变化而波动很大,因而对炉子的热工性能产生了影响。     

Two-dimensional Temperature Distribution of Strip in Preheating Furnace of Continuous Annealing Line

Two-dimensional temperature distributions of the steel strip are studied by the energy balance method with the aid of finite-element analysis. The space of the preheating furnace is divided into several enclosures in which the mechanisms of heat convection, heat radiation, and contact heat transfer are taken into account. The longitudinal and transverse temperature distributions of the strip are finally iteratively calculated by using the method of energy balance. The strip exhibits a significant temperature rise after contact with the rolls and shows a nonuniform temperature distribution along the width direction with smaller magnitude at two sides.     

The impact of bed temperature on heat transfer characteristic between fluidized bed and vertical rifled tubes

In the present work, the heat transfer study focuses on assessment of the impact of bed temperature on the local heat transfer characteristic between a fluidized bed and vertical rifled tubes (38mm-O.D.) in a commercial circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler. Heat transfer behavior in a 1296t/h supercritical CFB furnace has been analyzed for Geldart B particle with Sauter mean diameter of 0.219 and 0.246mm. The heat transfer experiments were conducted for the active heat transfer surface in the form of membrane tube with a longitudinal fin at the tube crest under the normal operating conditions of CFB boiler. A heat transfer analysis of CFB boiler with detailed consideration of the bed-to-wall heat transfer coefficient and the contribution of heat transfer mechanisms inside furnace chamber were investigated using mechanistic heat transfer model based on cluster renewal approach. The predicted values of heat transfer coefficient are compared with empirical correlation for CFB units in large-scale.     

300MW循环流化床锅炉屏式受热面传热系数计算及其变化规律

根据300MW循环流化床（CFB）锅炉现场测试数据并结合以往CFB锅炉传热系数的研究成果,建立了屏式受热面烟气侧的传热模型,包括辐射传热模型和对流传热半经验公式．利用该模型对某300MWCFB锅炉在94％锅炉最大连续蒸发量（BMCR）工况下炉膛内屏式受热面的传热系数进行了计算,分析了屏式受热面管间节距、炉膛温度、工质温度、壁面黑度及烟气速度等因素对传热系数的影响．结果表明：烟气速度、炉膛温度和壁面黑度对传热系数的影响较大,所建立的传热模型能够合理地反映主要因素对CFB锅炉屏式受热面传热的影响．     

Dual-phase-lag heat conduction in a furnace wall made of functionally graded materials

In this article, the transient heat transfer in a furnace wall, which is made of functionally graded materials (FGMs), is investigated based on the hyperbolic-type dual-phase-lag (DPL) heat conduction model to consider the microstructural interactions in the fast transient process of heat conduction. All material properties of the furnace wall are assumed to vary following a power-law form along the radial direction with arbitrary non-homogeneity indices. For simplicity, the values of the phase lags are taken constant. A semi-analytical solution for the temperature field is obtained in the Laplace domain. The transformed temperature solution is inverted to the physical quantity by using numerical inversion of the Laplace transform. A comparison between the hyperbolic-type DPL model and thermal wave model in the temperature responses of the furnace wall is made. Effects of different phase-lag values on the behavior of heat transfer are also investigated.     

中频无芯感应熔炼炉熔化过程温度特性的数值模拟

进行感应炉熔炼中传热过程的简化，建立数学模型，用数值方法计算出炉内金属炉料在各时刻的温度分布以及在熔化发生时的温度分布和相界面的移动特性。讨论了感应炉的感应加热作为传热方程的内热源以及感应电流的集肤效应对数值计算的影响。结果表明，正是由于集肤效应的存在，才使得钢料首先从炉内表面处发生熔化直至炉圆柱中心。     

Numerical studies on heat coupling and configuration optimization in an industrial hydrogen production reformer

Steam methane reforming furnaces are the most important devices in the hydrogen production industry. The highly endothermic reaction system requires reaction tubes in the furnace to have a large heat transfer area and to be operated under high temperature and pressure conditions. In order to enhance heat transfer efficiency and protect reaction tubes, the controlling and optimization of the furnace structure have increasingly received more and more research attention. As known from the furnace structure, it is essential to couple the exothermic combustion with the endothermic reforming reactions due to the highly interactive nature of the two processes. Thus, in this paper, the combustion process in the furnace was numerically studied by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to model the combustion chamber, coupled with methane steam reforming reaction inside the reaction tubes, defined by a plug flow model. A set of combustion models were compared for the furnace chamber and a plug flow reaction model was employed for reforming reaction tubes, and then a heat coupling process was established. The predicted flue gas temperature distribution showed that the heat transfer in the furnace was not uniform, resulting in hot spots and heat losses on the tube wall. Therefore, structure optimization schemes were proposed. Optimization on arrangements of the tubes and the nozzles promoted the uniform distribution of flue-gas temperature and then improved heat transfer efficiency, thereby enhancing performance of the steam reforming process.     

顶燃式热风炉燃烧过程的数值模拟研究

针对某公司的旋流顶燃式热风炉及其工艺参数,建立了气体流动、传热的数学模型,采用非预混燃烧方法处理煤气的燃烧,对其现有工况进行了数值模拟,分析了炉体内部的流场、温度场和浓度场.结果表明,燃烧室温度分布不均匀,出口温度较低;由（于）空气过剩系数较小,导致煤气燃烧不充分,有大量CO剩余;火焰长度较长,严重影响格子砖的寿命.通过调整空气过剩系数,（）的增加空气过剩系数,燃烧室出口CO体积分数明显降低,火焰长度明显变短,出口温度明显提高.     

蓄热式连续加热炉内流动与换热特性的数值模拟

以某公司大方坯蓄热式连续加热炉为研究对象,对该炉建立了三维物理数学模型,分别采用可实现双方程湍流模型,PDF非预混燃烧模型、离散坐标法辐射模型(DO模型),应用Fluent数值仿真软件进行了模拟研究,得到了蓄热式连续加热炉内的流场和温度场的分布规律,并对炉内对流换热系数的分布进行了详细的分析研究.结果表明:钢坯表面局部对流换热系数在各加热段内分布不均匀,这主要是由于烧嘴进口射流所引起的局部流速的差异性,从整体上来看,预热段和加热1段的对流换热系数要高于其它各段.     

基于PDF模型的阳极焙烧炉仿真分析研究

为了探索阳极焙烧炉在焙烧质量方面存在的问题,研究分析了阳极焙烧炉现场实际情况,进行了模型简化处理和假设。借助商业软件Fluent,根据边界条件和模型近似假设,建立了阳极焙烧炉的物理模型。基于PDF(Probability Density Function)模型,结合计算传热学和计算流体力学的原理和数学模型,对焙烧炉进行了数值仿真分析研究。重点研究了火道内的流场、温度场和浓度场及其在火道内的分布规律,流场、温度场和浓度场之间的关系及其对阳极焙烧质量的影响。分析得到现有焙烧炉炉型存在的不足,     

燃烧室内三维温度场的辐射反问题

本文提出了一种在介质辐射特性已知的条件下,由壁面入射辐射热流的测量值反演燃烧室内三维温度场的方法。该方法是在辐射传递方程离散坐标近似的基础上,用求目标函数极小值的共轭梯度法进行反演计算。通过对吸收系数、散射不对称因子、反照率、壁面黑度和燃烧室大小尺寸等参数对反演精度影响的分析,结果表明,即使存在随机测量误差,这些参数对温度场反演精度的影响也不大,本文所提出的方法可较精确地反演燃烧室内三维温度场。     

Numerical investigation on side heat transfer enhancement in 300 kA aluminum reduction cell

Industrial test and numerical simulation were synchronously applied to analyze the side heat transfer process and enhance heat transfer in aluminum reduction cell. The 3D slice finite element model of aluminum reduction cell was developed, with which the sidewall temperature field of the cell was computed by using software ANSYS. The main influencing factors on heat dissipation were analyzed and some effective measures were proposed to enhance sidewall heat transfer. The results show that the shell temperature of the test cell and the common cell is respectively 312°C and 318°C and the ledge thickness is 16 cm and 15 cm when side coefficient of heat transfer between the shell and the surroundings is 70 W/(m²·K). With the increase of the side coefficient of heat transfer between the shell and the surroundings, the temperature of the shell decreases but the thickness of the side ledge increases when the electrolytic temperature, the ambient temperature, the coefficient of heat transfer between molten bath and ledge, the eutectic temperature and the thermo-resistance of the side lining are constant.     

Efficiency analysis of radiative slab heating in a walking-beam-type reheating furnace

The thermal efficiency of a reheating furnace was predicted by considering radiative heat transfer to the slabs and the furnace wall. The entire furnace was divided into fourteen sub-zones, and each sub-zone was assumed to be homogeneous in temperature distribution with one medium temperature and wall temperature, which were computed on the basis of the overall heat balance for all of the sub-zones. The thermal energy inflow, thermal energy outflow, heat generation by fuel combustion, heat loss by the skid system, and heat loss by radiation through the boundary of each sub-zone were considered to give the two temperatures of each sub-zone. The radiative heat transfer was solved by the FVM radiation method, and a blocked-off procedure was applied to the treatment of the slabs. The temperature field of a slab was calculated by solving the transient heat conduction equation with the boundary condition of impinging radiation heat flux from the hot combustion gas and furnace wall. Additionally, the slab heating characteristics and thermal behavior of the furnace were analyzed for various fuel feed conditions.     

Longitudinal residual warpage of strip in continuous annealing line

After the heat treatment in continuous annealing line (CAL), the strip always exhibits phenomenon of residual warpage during punching process. This geometric defect is mainly attributed to the residual stress induced in the line and has a close relation with the temperature history of the strip. It becomes more serious for the wider strip and may significantly degrade the quality of the products. The contents of this study are mainly composed of establishing the energy model of the strip and roll to estimate the temperature distributions of the strip and the surface temperature of the roll, estimating the emissivity and equivalent heat transfer coefficient of the strip in each section of CAL, and establishing mechanical model of the strip to evaluate the distributions of contact pressure and residual stress of the strip especially along the width direction. Finally, the longitudinal residual warpage was calculated accordingly by virtual layers method (VLM). It was found that the residual warpage at both sides is larger than the central region. Moreover, the numerical results of strip warpage are well consistent with the experimental data which demonstrates the accuracy and reliability of the proposed method.