Research of inverse mathematical model to high-speed trains简

Operation safety and stability of the train mainly depend on the interaction between the wheel and rail. Knowledge of wheel/rail contact force is important for vehicle control systems that aim to enhance vehicle stability and passenger safety. Since wheel/rail contact forces of high-speed train are very difficult to measure directly, a new estimation process for wheel/rail contact forces was introduced in this work. Based on the state space equation, dynamic programming methods and the Bellman principle of optimality, the main theoretical derivation of the inversion mathematical model was given. The new method overcomes the weakness of large fluctuations which exist in current inverse techniques. High-speed vehicle was chosen as the research object, accelerations of axle box as input conditions, 10 degrees of freedom vertical vibration model and 17 degrees of freedom lateral vibration model were established, respectively. Under 250 km/h, the vertical and lateral wheel/rail forces were identified. From the time domain and frequency domain, the comparison of the results between inverse and SIMPACK models were given. The results show that the inverse mathematical model has high precision for inversing the wheel/rail contact forces of an operation high-speed vehicle.     

A Preliminary Study on 1D Numerical Experiment of Water Debris Flow in Gully

In order to improve and enhance the numerical modeling methods and its application on debris flow problems,a preliminary study has been proposed in accordance with the corrected water-sediment numerical model on the premise of revised resistance and sediment capacity equations.Firstly,an overview the recent re- search achievements on numerical simulation of debris flow has been conducted,the results shown that a gener- al numerical model for debris flow can not be existed at all because the complex rheological behavior and main evolution processes from initiation,movement to deposition with different physical mechanism.Secondly,as- suming the one-dimensional Saint-Venant equation for the approximation of water debris flow movement in the gully based on the Manning's equation for the friction slope of water debris flow,the conservation equations of mass and momentum have been solved by means of centre-difference in distance longitudinal axis of the gully and weighted coefficient in time field,the distribution of depth,velocity and scoured or deposition in each sec- tion have been obtained using a suitable sediment transport rate.The aim in this work is focus on improvement of water-sediment model to adapt debris flow numerical simulation although this result need further to analyze and discuss as far as the reliability and precision were concerned because this model proposed must have e- nough the field observational or experimental data to verify related model parameter.     

Fragility analysis for vehicle derailment on railway bridges under earthquakes

With the rapid development of high-speed railways around the globe, the safety of vehicles running on bridges during earthquakes has been paid more attention to. In the design of railway bridges, in addition to ensuring the safety of the bridge structure in earthquake, the vehicle safety should also be ensured. Previous studies have focused on the detailed analysis of vehicle derailment on bridges, proposing complex numerical algorithms for wheel–rail contact analysis as well as for parametric a...     

Experiment Research on Fine Regulation of Wheel Cylinder Pressure Using PWM Technology

A test bench of ABS/ASR integrated hydraulic system is developed by using pulse-width modulation （PWM） technology. The effective duty ratio range of ABS outlet valve has been tested in PWM control. With 50 Hz carrier wave frequency, the tests are performed to determine the correspondence between duty ratio and the wheel cylinder pressure variation. The duty ratio range of ABS outlet valve in PWM control is determined and an experimental model of pressure reduction velocity （PRV） of wheel cylinder using PWM control is established. By comparison and test of the experimental model and realization of controlling the duty ratio of ABS outlet valves, the fine regulation of wheel cylinder PRV is realized in the working of ABS/ASR braking regulation, which is important and valuable to the improvement of the ABS/ASR controlling effect.     

Finite Element Analysis for the Structure Optimization Design of the CPUE Load－Bearing Wheel of Tracked Vehicle

A new kind of material cast polyurethane elastomers (CPUE) is introduced to take the place of rubber on load-bearing wheel for the first time. Based on load-bearing wheel dimensions, material properties and operat-ing conditions, the structure of wheel flange is optimized by zero-order finite element method. A detailed three-di-mensional finite element model of flange of load-bearing wheel is developed and utilized to optimize structure of wheel flange. Its service life, which is affected by flange structure parameter, is analyzed by comparing the opti-mization results with those of prototype of wheel. The results of optimization are presented and the stress field of loar-bearing wheel in optimal dimension obtained by using finite element analysis method is demonstrated. The fi-nite element analysis and optimization results show that the CPUE load-bearing wheel is feasible and suitable for the tracked vehicle and has a guiding value in practice of the weighting design of the whole tracked vehicle.     

Influence of particle structure on electrochemical character of composite graphite

The natural graphite has been used as the anode material for Lithium-Ion batteries, because of its low cost, chemical stability and excellent reversibility for Li+ insertion. However, the slow diffusion rate of lithium ion and poor compatibility with electrolyte solutions make it difficult to use in some conditions. In order to solve these problems, an epoxy-coke/graphite composite has been manufactured. The particle of composite carbonaceous material coated on non-graphitizable (hard) carbon matrix. Due to the disordered structure, the diffusion rate of lithium species in the non-graphitzable carbon is remarkably fast and less anisotropic. The process for preparing a composite carbon powder provides a promising new anode material with superior electrochemical properties for Li-ion batteries. The unique structure of epoxy-coke/graphite composite electrodes results in much better kinetics, also better recharge ability and initial charge/discharge efficiency.     

HIL testing of wheel slide protection systems: criteria for continuous updating and validation

Assessment of railway wheel slide protection(WSP) systems involves the execution of complex experimental activities that are quite expensive and time-consuming, since they involve the physical reproduction of degraded adhesion conditions on a real railway line. WSP is devoted to regulating applied braking forces to avoid excessive wheel sliding in case of degraded adhesion conditions between wheel and rail. WSP must be also compliant to safety specifications related to assured braking performanc...     

Study on Intelligent NC Programming for Complex Components of Marine Diesel Based on KBE and UG NX

The NC programming for complex components has lots drawbacks such as excessive repetitious labors,heavy work- load and lack of optimixation,which are especially serious in NC programming for complex components of marine diesel.Based on the key technologies of applying KBE(Knowledge Based Engineering)to NC programming——knowledge representation,general- ized knowledge base,knowledge acquisition and knowledge reasoning,the system of intelligent NC programming for complex com- ponents of marine diesel has been built by means of the knowledge template and the UG/Open.The experiment results indicate that the NC program generated with high efficiency of NC programming by the system is accurate enough to meet the need of NC ma- chining.Consequently,the automatization and intelligentization of NC programming has been presented,and the study is proved to be a successful attempt in the area of applying KBE to NC programming.     

Study on Dry Friction and Wear Properties of TiAl Alloy

A Ti-50Al alloy has been prepared by vacuum pressure casting.The full lamellar microstructure (FL) has been formed upon heat treating at 1400 ℃ and then furnace cooling.The frictional wear behavior of the alloy at the room temperature has been tested and its wear mechanism has been studied.The results show that with the increase of the load and sliding speed,the wear rate of the as-cast Ti-50Al alloy rises and the friction coefficient declines.When sliding speed is lower than 1.0 m/s the wear rate of the FL Ti-50Al alloy increased with the load and sliding speed,but the friction coefficient is relatively invariable at about 0.5.The wear mechanism is mainly of abrasive wear and adhesive wear.When sliding speed is higher than 1.5 m/s,the wear mechanism has changed to mainly oxidization wear so that the wear rate of the FL Ti-50Al alloy declines significantly and the friction coefficient increases.Compared to the as-cast alloy,the FL Ti-50Al alloy has better wear resistance.     

A frequency and amplitude dependent model of rail pads for the dynamic analysis of train-track interaction

A frequency and amplitude dependent model is used to describe the complex behavior of rail pads.It is implemented into the dynamic analysis of three dimensional coupled vehicle-slab track(3D-CVST)systems.The vehicle is treated as a 35-degreeof-freedom multi-body system,and the slab track is represented by two continuous Bernoulli-Euler beams supported by a series of elastic rectangle plates on a viscoelastic foundation.The rail pad model takes into account the influences of the excitation frequency and of the displacement amplitude through a fractional derivative element,and a nonlinear friction element,respectively.The Grünwald representation of the fractional derivatives is employed to numerically solve the fractional and nonlinear equations of motion of the 3D-CVST system by means of an explicit integration algorithm.A dynamic analysis of the3D-CVST system exposed to excitations of rail harmonic irregularities is primarily carried out,which reveals the dependence of stiffness and damping on excitation frequency and displacement amplitude.Subsequently,sensitive analyses of the model parameters are investigated by conducting the dynamic analysis of the 3D-CVST system subjected to excitations of welded rail joint irregularities.Following this,parameters of the rail pad model are optimized with respect to experimental values.For elucidation,the 3D-CVST dynamic model incorporated with the rail pads model is used to calculate the wheel/rail forces induced by excitations of measured random track irregularities.Further,the numerical results are compared with experimental data,demonstrating the reliability of the proposed model.     

Effect of friction heat on tribological behavior of M2 steel against GCr15 steel in dry sliding systems

The tribological behavior depends significantly on friction heat under high sliding velocity. Many factors influence the conduction rate of friction heat, such as thermophysical properties of the pairs, the formation components of interface-film, environ- ment mediums, etc. Through theoretical and experimental studies on surface temperature, the heat partition approaches have been applied to the pairs of M2 steel against GCr15 steel to compare and discuss their tribological behavior in dry sliding contact. The re- sults indicate that the values of the contact pressure have little effect on the heat partition at a high sliding velocity of 40 m/s. Fur- thermore, the degree of correlation between the dynamic temperature and friction coefficient is obvious, and the correlation degree of parameters increases as the pressure grows. A close correlation exists among the temperatures measured from different points of the pin specimen. At last, X-ray diffraction analysis denotes that the carbides of secondary M6C are separated out during the process of friction.     

MODIFICATION OF FLAKE REINFORCED FRICTION BRAKE COMPOSITE MATERIAL

According to the recent development trend and need of the friction brake material, the flake reinforced friction brake material has been made out by adjusting the recipe and techniques.The two-dimensional flake vermiculite is selected as the reinforced stuffing of the material; the modified resin is used as the basal bed of the material.The tests manifest that the properties of mechanics are high, the friction coefficients are suitable and stable,and especially in high temperatures the wear is low.It is an excellent friction brake material.     

Influence of flux and sulfur on YAG laser welding

The influence of flux and sulfur content on YAG laser welding has been investigated, and the influencing factors and mechanism were discussed. The results show that both surface activating flux and surface active element S have fantastic effects on the YAG laser weld shape, that is to obviously increase the weld penetration and D/W ratio in various welding conditions. The mechanism is thought to be the change of surface tension temperature coefficient in weld pool, thus, the change of fluid flow paten in weld pool due to the flux and sulfur.     

Prestiction friction compensation in direct-drive mechatronics systems

LuGre model has been widely used in friction modeling and compensation. However, the new friction regime, named prestiction regime, cannot be accurately characterized by LuGre model in the latest research. With the extensive experimental observations of friction behaviors in the prestiction, some variables were abstracted to depict the rules in the prestiction regime. Based upon the knowledge of friction modeling, a novel friction model including the presliding regime, the gross sliding regime and the prestiction regime was then presented to overcome the shortcomings of the LuGre model. The reason that LuGre model cannot estimate the prestiction friction was analyzed in theory. Feasibility analysis of the proposed model in modeling the prestiction friction was also addressed. A parameter identification method for the proposed model based on multilevel coordinate search algorithm was presented. The proposed friction compensation strategy was composed of a nonlinear friction observer and a feedforward mechanism. The friction observer was designed to estimate the friction force in the presliding and the gross sliding regimes. And the friction force was estimated based on the model in the prestiction regime. The comparative trajectory tracking experiments were conducted on a simulator of inertially stabilization platforms among three control schemes： the single proportional-derivative （PD） control, the PD with LuGre model-based compensation and the PD with compensator based on the presented model. The experimental results reveal that the control scheme based on the proposed model has the best tracking performance. It reduces the peak-to-peak value （PPV） of tracking error to 0.2 mrad, which is improved almost 50% compared with the PD with LuGre model-based compensation. Compared to the single PD control, it reduces the PPV of error by 66.7%.     

Frequency compensation control method for opposed-piston two-stroke folded-cranktrain engine's common rail system by loop-shaping theory

A frequency compensation control method for the opposed-piston two-stroke folded-cranktrain (OPFC) diesel engine''s common rail system is presented as a result of the study of the loop-shaping theory. A common rail working process and the classical frequency control theory are combined to construct a frequency restriction of common rail pressure. A frequency compensator is utilized to improve the robustness of multiplicative perturbations and disturbance. The loop-shaping method has been applied to design the common rail pressure controller of the OPFC diesel engine. Simulation and bench test results show that in the condition of perturbation that comes from the effect of injection, multi-injection, fuel pumping of a pre-cylinder, and instantaneous pressure fluctuation, the controller indicates high precision. Compared with the original controller, this method improves the control precision by 67.3%.     

Wheel/rail dynamic interaction due to excitation of rail corrugation in high-speed railway

Characteristics of wheel-rail dynamic interaction due to the rail corrugation in a high-speed railway are analyzed based on the theory of vehicle-track coupled dynamics in this paper.Influences of the corrugation wavelength and depth on the wheel-rail dynamic performance are investigated.The results show that,under the excitation of a measured rail corrugation,the wheel-rail dynamic interaction of high-speed railway is enhanced obviously,and the high-frequency dynamic force between wheel and rail is generated,which has an obvious impact on the vibrations of the wheelset and rail,and little effect on the vibration of the frame and carbody.If the corrugation wavelength is shorter than the sensitive wavelength,the wheel-rail vertical force will increase with the growth of the corrugation wavelength,otherwise,it will decrease.However,the wheel-rail vertical force keeps increasing with the growth of corrugation depth.Furthermore,if the corrugation wavelength is shorter than the sensitive wavelength,the wheel-rail vertical force will increase with the decrease of the running speed,otherwise,it will decrease.It is also found that the critical wavelength of corrugation increases with the growth of the corrugation depth and the running speed,and the critical depth of corrugation is nonlinearly related to the sensitive wavelength.     

Control algorithm for vehicle height adjustable system of hydro-pneumatic suspension based on LuGre model

In order to control the vehicle body position precisely, 1/4 nonlinear mathematical model of hydro-pneumatic suspension is established, and the influence of the frictional force in a hydraulic cylinder is analyzed. The friction characteristics are described based on the LuGre model when the piston of a hydraulic actuator is operated at a low speed. Due to the fact parameters of the friction model are effected by the system condition, an adaptive friction compensation (AFC) controller is designed through the Backstepping method, and a dual-observer has been implemented to estimate the friction state. The global asymptotic convergence of a closed-loop system is proven by the Lyapunov theorem. The simulation results show that the positional accuracy of the adaptive friction compensation yiedls a significant improvement in the vehicle height adjustment as compared to the PID control, demonstrating the effectiveness of the adaptive fiction compensation method in the vehicle height adjustable system of the hydro-pneumatic suspension.     

Effect of infiltrating Si on friction properties of C/C composites

In order to improve the friction-wear properties of the C/C composites for aircraft brake pairs, the friction behavior of samples with infiltrating Si was investigated. The influence of Si smearing thickness on friction properties was studied in detail. The results show that with the increase of Si smearing thickness and β-SiC content, the friction coefficient reduces from 0. 40 to 0. 30; the linear wear of stators increases from 2. 0 μm to 18. 9 μm per cycle, and that of rotors increases from 1. 4μm to 22. 6 μm per cycle; mass wear of stators increases from 20. 6 mg to 126. 9 mg per cycle, and that of rotors increases from 13. 7 mg to 166. 2 mg per cycle. On the other hand, when a large number of inhomogeneous β-SiC particulates are performed, friction surfaces of the samples flake off layer by layer and many nicks are observed.     

Guest Editorial–Special issue on recent advances in mine safety

正Mine safety has always been a priority to operating mines. The topic has captured the attention of researchers and scientists over the last two decades, and thanks to the support and commitment of the mining industry, a whole slew of new safety innovations has been developed, particularly in areas like mining automationrobotics, virtual reality, remote sensing, machine learning and others. As a result, remarkable progress has been made in both     

Measurement of friction coefficient in aluminum sheet warm forming

Aluminum alloy sheets are used more and more to manufacture auto panels. Because the friction behavior is very complicated, it is necessary to study the friction during the aluminum sheet warm forming process. The author has designed a new probe sensor based on an online tribotest method which directly measures friction coefficient in the forming process. Experiments of cup drawing have been conducted and the friction coefficients under different forming conditions have been measured. The results indicate that the forming parameters, such as forming temperature, blankholding force and lubrication status have great effect upon the friction coefficient.