低聚壳聚糖对断奶仔猪血清生化指标、抗氧化性能和粪便微生物的影响

研究在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加不同水平的低聚壳聚糖对其血清生化指标、抗氧化性能及粪便菌群的影响.结果显示:与未添加低聚壳聚糖组相比,低聚壳聚糖组断奶仔猪血清总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆回醇差异不显著(P＞0.05);100mg/kg低聚壳聚糖组的谷草转氨酶活性极显著提高(P＜0.01),碱性磷酸酶活性极显著降低(P＜0.01);50、100mg/kg低聚壳聚糖组过氧化氢酶活性提高显著(P＜0.05);低聚壳聚糖对血清中的三碘甲状腺原氨酸、甲状腺素均有提高趋势,其中添加25 mg/kg可显著提高血清中生长激素含量(P＜0.05);低聚壳聚糖组断奶仔猪粪便中大肠杆菌、乳酸杆菌数量均呈下降趋势,其中添加50 mg/kg低聚壳聚糖可显著降低大肠杆菌的数量(P＜0.05).低聚壳聚糖适宜的添加水平为50 mg/kg.     

对虾饲料中木薯粉替代小麦粉对对虾生长性能的影响

研究饲料中以不同水平的木薯粉替代配方中相应的高筋小麦粉对凡纳滨对虾的生长速度、成活率和饵料系数的影响.结果表明:替代水平3％的组,凡纳滨对虾增重率最高(3 401.25％),但与对照组比差异不显著(P＞0.05);随着木薯粉替代水平的提高,增重率呈下降趋势且均显著低于对照组(P＜0.05),替代水平达12％的组,增重率降至最低(3 170.00％).试验组凡纳滨对虾成活率均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).添加木薯粉可以降低凡纳滨对虾的饵料系数,3％组饵料系数(1.12)显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).     

稻谷替代玉米对肉用仔鸡生产、屠宰性能和部分血液生化指标的影响

试验分3个组,研究在不同生长阶段用不同比例稻谷替代玉米对肉用仔鸡生产、屠宰性能和部分血液生化指标的影响.结果表明:1～21日龄时,3个组间生产性能差异不显著(P＞0.05);22～42日龄时,试验Ⅱ组与试验Ⅰ组、对照组比较只均增重显著降低(P＜0.05),试验Ⅰ组与对照组比较只均增重差异不显著(P＞0.05);42日龄时,试验Ⅱ组腹脂率显著低于试验Ⅰ组及对照组(P＜0.05);3个组间在各生长时期其他屠宰性能差异不显著(P＞0.05).21日龄时,试验Ⅰ组血清谷丙转氨酶、血清碱性磷酸酶浓度较试验Ⅱ组、对照组显著增高(P＜0.05),3个组间其他血液生化指标差异不显著(P＞0.05);试验Ⅱ组血清尿素氮浓度较其他两组显著增高(P＜0.05);42日龄时,试验Ⅱ组血清尿素氮浓度较其他两组显著增高(P＜0.05),3个组间其他各血液生化指标均差异不显著(P＞0.05).说明:用稻谷替代日粮中40%的玉米,对肉仔鸡各生长阶段生产、屠宰性能无影响.稻谷完全替代玉米,对肉仔鸡1～21日龄时生产、屠宰性能影响不显著,22～42日龄时只均增重、腹脂率显著降低;但42日龄时体重基本符合AA肉鸡上市要求,对肉仔鸡血液生化指标特别是42日龄时指标无影响.     

微囊化唾液乳杆菌对肉鸡生产性能、血清抗氧化和免疫功能的影响

本试验旨在研究微囊化唾液乳杆菌对肉鸡生产性能、血清抗氧化力和血清IgG水平的影响。试验选取252只1日龄艾拔益加(AA)肉鸡公雏,随机分成6组(Ⅰ-Ⅵ),每组6个重复,每个重复7只鸡。Ⅰ为基础日粮组;Ⅱ为维吉尼亚霉素(50mg/kg)抗生素组;Ⅲ为低剂量唾液乳杆菌菌液组(10₈ CFU/kg日粮);Ⅳ为高剂量菌液组(10₉CFU/kg日粮);Ⅴ为低剂量微囊化唾液乳杆菌组(10₈CFU/kg日粮);Ⅵ为高剂量微囊化唾液乳杆菌组(10₉CFU/kg日粮)。肉鸡第21(试验前期)和42(试验后期)日龄时统计生产性能,并分析血清抗氧化指标和血清IgG水平。结果表明,低剂量微囊化唾液乳杆组肉鸡试验全期的日增重、饲料转化率均显著改善,成活率明显升高,而腹泻率显著降低,其中肉鸡试验全期的料重比分别较对照组和抗生素组降低了10%(P＜0.05)和6.4%(P＜0.05);日粮中添加低剂量微囊化唾液乳杆显著提高了肉鸡血清抗氧化能力,第21和42日龄肉鸡血清GSH-Px活性分别比抗生素组提高了15.1%(P＜0.05)和13.2%(P＜0.05),且第42日龄肉鸡血清丙二醛含量较抗生素组降低了36.6%(P＜0.05);日粮中添加低剂量微囊化唾液乳杆显著提高了第21和42日龄肉鸡血清IgG含量(P＜0.05)。本试验结果表明,低剂量微囊化唾液乳杆(10₈CFU/kg日粮)可以改善肉鸡的生产性能,提高血清抗氧化能力和免疫性能。微囊化唾液乳杆菌可以作为有潜力的抗生素替代品应用于肉鸡日粮中。     

椰子油和单月桂酸甘油酯对断奶仔猪生产性能及粪便微生物的影响

研究椰子油和单月桂酸甘油酯对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清生化指标及粪便微生物的影响.结果表明:饲料中添加椰子油和单月桂酸甘油酯对断奶仔猪生产性能影响差异不显著(P＞0.05),豆油组较椰子油组中添加单月桂酸甘油酯平均日增重效果更好(P＜0.05).与豆油组相比,椰子油组血清甘油三酯含量显著降低(P＜0.05);添加单月桂酸甘油酯血清甘油三酯含量显著降低(P＜0.05),碱性磷酸酶极显著升高(P＜0.01);与豆油加椰子油组相比,添加单月桂酸甘油酯血清中总胆固醇、甘油三酯和肌酐含量显著提高(P＜0.05),血清中碱性磷酸酶极显著提高(P＜0.01);椰子油组较豆油组中添加单月桂酸甘油酯,血清中总胆固醇、甘油三酯和肌酐含量显著提高(P＜0.05),总蛋白含量极显著提高(P＜0.01),血清中碱性磷酸酶含量极显著降低(P＜0.01).椰子油和单月桂酸甘油酯都能极显著降低粪便中总菌落数(P＜0.01).     

新型发酵豆粕在肉仔鸡生产中的应用研究

采用多菌种混合二次发酵工艺生产的新型发酵豆粕替代部分鱼粉,研究其对21日龄AA肉鸡生产性能、器官指数、血清指标及粪便营养成分的影响,将384羽1日龄AA肉鸡随机分成4组,分别为饲喂基础日粮的对照组及添加1%、2%、3%发酵豆粕替代部分鱼粉的试验组(FSBMⅠ、FSBMⅡ、FSBMⅢ)。试验结果表明,饲料中添加1%、2%的发酵豆粕,对肉鸡生产性能无明显作用,但3%发酵豆粕组肉鸡平均增重略有提高,料重比显著改善(P0.05);各试验组对器官发育和养分排泄等均无明显影响;FSBMⅠ组肉鸡血清TP、ALB和G水平均显著降低(P0.05),BUN含量显著提高(P0.05),FSBMⅡ组血清GLU含量显著降低(P0.05),FSBMⅢ组血清指标均无显著影响。可见,肉鸡日粮中添加3%发酵豆粕时效果较好,能起到替代部分优质鱼粉、促进肉鸡生长的作用。     

不同剂型维生素E对肉鸡生长性能、血清生化和抗氧化功能的影响

研究比较维生素E(VE)和微囊化VE(MVE)对肉鸡生产性能、血清生化指标和抗氧化能力的影响。试验选用1日龄AA肉仔鸡360只,随机分成3组,每组6个重复,每个重复20只。对照组(CON组)饲喂基础日粮(不添加VE),试验组分别在基础日粮中添加20 IU/kg普通VE(VE组)和20 IU/kg微囊化VE(MVE组)。试验期为42 d,分别于肉鸡21 d和42 d时,测定生产性能,并采取血样,测定血清生化指标和抗氧化指标。结果表明:1)与CON组相比,VE和MVE组对肉鸡21 d的生产性能均无显著影响(P0.05),但MVE组肉鸡22~42 d和1~42 d的平均日增重均显著提高(P0.05)。2)与CON组相比,VE和MVE组显著降低了肉鸡21 d和42 d血清的尿素氮水平(P0.05),且血清肌酐水平在21 d时有下降趋势(P=0.09),血清碱性磷酸酶含量在42 d时有升高趋势(P=0.09)。3)21 d时,MVE组血清总蛋白和球蛋白显著高于CON组(P0.05),VE组无显著差异(P0.05);42 d时,与CON组相比,MVE组血清总蛋白和白蛋白显著提高(P0.05),VE组无显著差异(P0.05)。4)21 d时,VE和MVE组血清VE含量相对于CON组有升高趋势(P=0.08);42 d时,与CON组相比,日粮中添加MVE显著提高了血清总超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性(P0.05),VE组无显著差异(P0.05)。日粮添加微囊化VE(MVE)能够改善肉鸡的生长性能,提高肉鸡体内的蛋白质合成代谢功能,并能够提高肉鸡的血清抗氧化能力。     

不同剂型维生素E对肉鸡生产性能、血清生化指标和抗氧化能力的影响

研究比较维生素E(VE)和微囊化VE(MVE)对肉鸡生产性能、血清生化指标和抗氧化能力的影响。试验选用1日龄AA肉仔鸡360只,随机分成3组,每组6个重复,每个重复20只。对照组(CON组)饲喂基础日粮(不添加VE),试验组分别在基础日粮中添加20 IU/kg普通VE(VE组)和20 IU/kg微囊化VE(MVE组)。试验期为42 d,分别于肉鸡21 d和42 d时,测定生产性能,并采取血样,测定血清生化指标和抗氧化指标。结果表明：(1)与CON组相比,VE和MVE组对肉鸡21 d的生产性能均无显著影响(P > 0.05),但MVE组肉鸡22~42 d和1~42 d的平均日增重均显著提高(P < 0.05)。(2)与CON组相比,VE和MVE组显著降低了肉鸡21 d和42 d血清的尿素氮水平(P < 0.05),且血清肌酐水平在21 d时有下降趋势(P = 0.09),血清碱性磷酸酶含量在42 d时有升高趋势(P = 0.09)。(3)21 d时,MVE组血清总蛋白和球蛋白显著高于CON组(P < 0.05),VE组无显著差异(P > 0.05);42 d时,与CON组相比,MVE组血清总蛋白和白蛋白显著提高(P < 0.05),VE组无显著差异(P > 0.05)。(4)与CON组相比,日粮中添加MVE显著提高了血清T-SOD和GSH-Px活性(P < 0.05),VE组无显著差异(P > 0.05)。结论：日粮添加微囊化VE能够改善肉鸡的生产性能,提高肉鸡体内的蛋白质合成与代谢功能,并能够提高肉鸡的血清抗氧化能力。     

饲料及饲养试验烟酸铬对肉鸡生产性能、胴体品质及血液生化指标的影响

选择1日龄艾维茵商品肉鸡360羽,随机分成3组,每组3个重复,每个重复40羽,试验期为6周.研究了在日粮中分别添加0,0.2,0.4 mg/kg铬量的烟酸铬对肉鸡生产性能、胴体品质及血液生化指标的影响.结果表明:在0～6周龄的肉鸡日粮中添加不同水平的烟酸铬对肉鸡生产性能无显著影响(P＞0.05).但添加烟酸铬可明显改善胴体品质,显著提高胸肌率(P＜0.05)、降低腹脂率(P＜0.01),对肝脂率、屠宰率、净膛率却无显著影响(P＞0.05).当添加0.4 mg/kg铬量的烟酸铬时, 却能显著降低血清中葡萄糖(P＜0.05)、总胆固醇(P＜0.05)及甘油三酯的含量(P＜0.01),并显著提高血清中高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇的质量浓度(P＜0.05).     

沸石对肉鸭肝脏抗氧化性能和组织中金属元素含量的影响

研究沸石对樱桃谷肉鸭肝脏抗氧化性能和组织中金属元素含量的影响.结果表明:添加3％、5％和7％沸石能不同程度地提高肉鸭肝脏SOD活性(P＞0.05),降低MDA含量(P＞0.05),显著降低肉鸭肝脏中的镉含量(P＜0.05),还能一定程度上提高肝脏、胸肌、腿肌中铜、铁、锌的含量;其中1％沸石组能显著提高肝脏中铁和.锌的含量(P＜0.05),5％沸石组能显著提高肝脏铁的含量和胸肌中铁和锌的含量(P＜0.05).     

Fortification of maize flour based diets with blends of cashewnut meal,African locust bean meal and sesame oil meal

The relative efficacy of protein blends (Blends I , 2:1:1; II , 1:2:1; III , 1:1:2, IV , 3:1:0; V , 1:3:0; VI , 3:0:1; VII , 1:0:3; VIII , 0:3:1 and IX , 0:1:3 of cashewnut, African locust bean and Beninseed flours) as compared to some commercially available baby foods ( “Farlene”, “Cerelac”, “Farex” and “Cow and Gate” cereal food) in meeting the protein needs of weanling albino rats have been studied. Growth promoting ability of the different blends ranged between 0.75 and 4.73 g/day while those for the commercial foods were 2.64–4.59 g/day. The values of 4.73 and 4.61 g/day for blends I and II were the best, being comparable to those of 4.59 g/day for “Cow and Gate” Cereal food but superior to those of 3.41 and 2.64 g/day for “Farlene” and “Cerelac”. The protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein retention (NPR), net protein utilisation (NPU) and biological value (BV) for blends I and II were respectively 3.6, 4.4, 72.4 and 75.9 and 3.11, 3.8, 69.1 and 72.4, compared with the values of 2.5, 3.3, 65.8 and 69.5; 4.80, 0.41, 85.8 and 90.1; 3.2, 4.0, 73.5 and 76.1 and 4.0, 4.8, 76.5 and 79.8 for “Farlene”, “Cerelac”, “Farex” and “Cow and Gate” cereal food respectively. The blends and commercial baby foods showed high true digestibility values between 94.9 and 98.1 %. The results are discussed in the light of balance and limitation of amino acids in the component oil seed meals.     

宁可食无菜,不可食无汤——记古北1688汤馆

古代医学家谓:汤者,荡也。实谓汤特性即卫洗、荡涤。古代的养生学家认为“喝汤可以养生”,而今在大家的心中也是如此。当然,如今汤的种类也比过去多很多,养颜美容汤、健骨汤、活力汤等等。     

多菌种固态发酵对豆粕、棉籽粕和花生粕组成的混合蛋白原料的影响

以枯草芽孢杆菌和保加利亚乳杆菌为试验菌株,对豆粕、棉籽粕和花生粕组成的混合蛋白原料样品进行多菌种发酵处理,检测发酵过程中的活菌数和营养物质的变化。结果表明:发酵结束后混合蛋白原料样品中枯草芽孢杆菌活菌数为3.1×108cfu/g,保加利亚乳杆菌活菌数为4.45×108cfu/g,乳酸含量为1.98%,大分子蛋白几乎完全分解成小分子蛋白,粗蛋白质含量比发酵前提高了7.89%,寡肽含量比发酵前提高了129.36%,抗营养因子(水苏糖和棉籽糖)几乎完全降解,同时产生了一定量的还原糖。     

Rapeseed meal and egg taint: Effects of low glucosinolate Brassica napus meal,dehulled meal and hulls,and of neomycin

Whole meals prepared from four cultivars (Tower, ‘French’ (unknown cultivar from France), Duo and Tandem) contained sufficient progoitrin and soluble tannins to impair trimethylamine (TMA) oxidation, and thereby allow the TMA content of eggs to rise above the tainting threshold, when they were fed as protein supplements (100 g kg^?1) to hens which had been bred for low TMA oxidase activity. Hulls from Tower and ‘French’ seed produced small, but detectable, effects and since the potencies of dehulled and whole meals were similar, it was established that the hulls make only a very minor contribution to the tainting potential. Although the addition of neomycin to the drinking water when the Tandem whole meal was fed appeared to diminish its effects to a certain extent, it had little value as a prophylactic measure. It was concluded that these meals could produce widespread tainting if used commercially in the UK, and that the removal from the laying hens of the genetic defect which restricts the synthesis of TMA oxidase and thereby confers susceptibility is the only effective way of eliminating the problem.     

浅谈低变性棉籽粕的制备

生产棉籽蛋白的原料棉籽粕在预处理、浸出、脱溶工段与普通的工艺相比有着特殊的要求,从而保证制得的棉籽粕在含杂、蛋白质变性程度、色泽、纤维素含量等方面符合要求。通过生产试验研究了低变性棉籽粕的制备工艺。     

Corn gluten meal and blood meal mixture for dairy cows in midlactation

Twelve midlactation Holstein cows were assigned to a switchback design with 4-wk periods to compare a corn gluten meal and blood meal mixture with soybean meal as supplemental protein sources. All experimental diets contained 60% ammoniated corn silage, on a dry basis, and a corn and oats (2:1) basal concentrate mixture. Diets were: urea control (12.5% CP); soybean meal (16.1% CP); low protein (14.3% CP) corn gluten and blood meal mixture; and high protein (16.8% CP) corn gluten and blood meal mixture. Cows fed the control diet consumed less DM, and produced less milk containing a lower percentage of protein than cows fed other diets. Protein efficiency and milk fat percentage were higher for cows fed the control diet than for cows fed the natural protein diets. Fat-corrected milk and fat yields did not differ among diets. The high protein diets (16.1 and 16.8% CP) decreased protein efficiency and increased SNF percentage. Milk yield per unit of DM intake was higher when cows fed the lower degradable protein source (corn gluten-blood meal) than when they were fed soybean meal. The low degradable protein mixture produced a similar lactation response to soybean meal at both the high and low concentrations of total dietary protein. This study indicates that the dietary protein and undegradable protein concentration needed by midlactation Holstein fed complete mixed diets may be lower than generally recommended.     

Trace metal contents of fish meal and of the lipid phase extracted from fish meal

In fish meal produced industrially and in the laboratory from mackerel (Scomber scomber), herring (Clupea harengus), Norway pout (Boreogadus esmarkii) and capelin (Mallotus villosus), the following trace elements have been determined: cadmium, zinc, lead, copper, iron and cobalt, and, in the lipid phase extracted from the meals: selenium, arsenic, bromine, zinc, iron and copper. In addition phosphorus was determined. The results show that the level of zinc, lead and iron is higher in the industrially produced meals compared to those produced in the laboratory. Assuming that the zinc to cadmium ratio occurring naturally in seawater is about 100 to one, then the results indicate that zinc seems to be enriched relative to cadmium in the fish meal. Besides the elements arsenic, bromine, selenium and phosphorus which are present in the lipid phase as organic compounds, zinc, iron and cobalt are also present. These are probably complexed bound by the phospholipids. The selenium detected in the lipid phase (0.3 to 3 parts/million) shows that the organic lipid-soluble selenium compounds do not decompose during the production of the fish meal.     

Using food to reduce stress: Effects of choosing meal components and preparing a meal

Many people experience stress as a part of their daily lives. Chronic stress can have an impact on physical and mental health. Since food and eating are generally associated with positive moods, we explored how aspects of meal preparation can relieve stress and improve measures related to mood.Our main objectives were to determine whether choosing meal components and/or preparing a meal would improve measures related to mood and reduce stress.Participants came individually to our lab at dinner time. We measured stress (salivary cortisol, heart rate and blood pressure) and took measures related to mood on arrival. We then induced stress (Trier Social Stress Task) and took measures related to stress and mood again. Each participant was assigned to one of four experimental conditions. In the prepare-choice condition participants prepared a meal (pasta + sauce + inclusions) and had control over selection of meal components. In the prepare-no-choice condition participants prepared their meal, but had no control over the menu. In the choice-no-prepare condition participants had control over the menu, but the meal was prepared by someone else. In the no-prepare-no-choice condition participants were provided with a meal prepared by someone else. Food preference questionnaires conducted before the stress induction ensured that all participants received foods they liked.Having no choice produced greater reductions in the mood-related measures of anxiety and anger compared with the choice condition. Systolic blood pressure was reduced more in the no choice than in the choice condition after the meal. Preparing versus not preparing had little effect on measures related to stress and mood.People may find choosing to be a depleting task on their limited psychological resources; hence, choosing can add to their general stress. Not faced with choosing, one avoids this unnecessary stress. Consuming a meal without the burden of choosing has potential as a stress-reduction strategy.     

Cassava leaf meal as a replacement for coconut oil meal in pig diet

Two feeding trials were conducted to evaluate cassava leaf meal (CLM) as a replacement for coconut oil meal (COM) in tropical pig diets. In each trial, 36 pigs (initial weight, 14.5 kg) were limit fed diets containing 0, 133, 267 and 400 g kg^?1 CLM substituted for equal amounts (w/w) of COM in a 179 g kg^?1 protein basal diet. An extra-period Latin-square changeover design with 2-week periods was used. Average daily gain and feed efficiency were improved when diets containing 133 g kg^?1 CLM were fed, which may be attributed to the higher lysine content of CLM. Daily gain and feed efficiency of pigs fed diets containing 267 g kg^?1 CLM were similar to those on the basal diet. Poor performance of pigs fed the 400 g kg^?1 CLM diets may be explained by the low energy content and the presence of anti-nutritional factors, such as cyanide and tannin, in CLM. Two balance trials were conducted using 16 barrows (castrated male pigs, initial weight, 37.2 kg). Apparent digestibility coefficients for dry matter, energy, protein, cell contents, cell wall and hemicellulose were depressed, whereas those for ash and lignin were improved as CLM was substituted for COM. The data indicate that cassava leaf protein is utilised efficiently, although other nutrients in CLM are not as digestible as those in COM.     

Characterisation of polysaccharides of copra meal

To investigate the polysaccharide composition of copra meal, defatted meal was treated successively by hot water extraction, delignification with sodium chlorite and protein elimination with protease. The deproteinised holocellulose obtained was treated by extraction with 16% NaOH to give an alkaline extract and an alkali insoluble fraction. Acidification of the alkaline extract with glacial acetic acid gave a product termed polysaccharide A and subsequent ethanol precipitation of the acidified liquor gave a product termed polysaccharide B. The hot water extract (HWE) and polysaccharide B were further fractionated by gel permeation chromatography. Sugar composition analyses of the extraction products examined by gas-liquid chromatography indicate that mannan is the major polysaccharide in copra meal and accounts for about 61% of the total polysaccharides in the deproteinised holocellulose. Other polysaccharides present in copra meal are, in descending order, cellulose, arabinoxylogalactan, galactomannan, arabinomannogalactan and galactoglucomannan.