分子蒸馏新技术在天然香料分离中的应用

利用分子蒸馏新技术从天然香料肉桂油和山苍子油中分离提纯肉桂醛和柠檬醛,用GC–MS联用仪对分离物中肉桂醛和柠檬醛的质量分数进行分析,重点研究了压力和温度等主要影响因素。结果表明：在其他条件一定时,从山苍子油中分离柠檬醛较优的蒸馏压力和蒸馏温度分别为0.15 kPa和45 ℃,此条件下可获得柠檬醛含量为98.2%的馏余物产品;从肉桂油分离提纯肉桂醛较理想的蒸馏压力和蒸馏温度分别为0.2 kPa和60 ℃,此条件下可获得肉桂醛含量为98.7%的馏出物产品。     

提取山苍子油及柠檬醛的工艺研究

用水中蒸馏法、水上蒸馏法和超声波水中蒸馏法提取山苍子精油,通过化学法分离出柠檬醛,用正交实验探索提取柠檬醛的最佳条件。结果表明,超声波水中蒸馏法能更好的提取山苍子油,最佳条件为:超声时间25 min,温度100℃;分离柠檬醛的最优条件为(以1 mL山苍子油为原料基准):控制温度0℃,静置60 min,NaHSO3饱和溶液6 mL,NaOH(10%)溶液30 mL,提取率达90%。     

短程蒸馏山苍子油提纯柠檬醛的应用研究

研究了短程蒸馏技术分离提纯山苍子油中柠檬醛的工艺条件,通过改变短程蒸馏的加热温度和蒸馏压力,以调整短程蒸馏馏余物收率和柠檬醛浓度.通过定量调查馏出物收率与馏出物中柠檬醛质量分数的相互关系,以及馏余物收率与馏余物中柠檬醛质量分数的相互关系,探讨了馏余物收率对短程蒸馏山苍子油提纯柠檬醛分离效果的影响;从馏余物收率与柠檬醛收率的相互影响关系出发,并结合目前山苍子油中分离柠檬醛的实际工业生产状况和市场状况,获取了使用短程蒸馏山苍子油分离柠檬醛的适当馏余物收率及操作状况.     

钛酸异丙酯催化脱氢芳樟醇合成柠檬醛

以钛酸异丙酯为主催化剂,氯化亚铜为助催化剂,在氮气保护和有机酸的存在下,研究了脱氢芳樟醇经迈耶－舒斯特重排反应合成柠檬醛.优化的反应条件如下:n(钛酸异丙酯):n(氯化亚铜)=4:1,催化剂(钛酸异丙酯+氯化亚铜)和对甲基苯甲酸的用量分别为原料脱氢芳樟醇质量的3.5%和10%,在110℃下反应3h,得到脱氢芳樟醇的转化率为98.8%,生成柠檬醛的收率为88.4%.采用水蒸气蒸馏的方法分离反应液,得到纯度≥97%的柠檬醛,采用FTIR对产物进行表征,确定了产品柠檬醛中所含有的主要杂质.最后,探讨了脱氢芳樟醇合成柠檬醛的反应机理.     

载体强酸催化合成柠檬醛二乙缩醛

研究了以复合载体强酸 (Ph SO3H/Na2 SO4·CaSO4)催化合成柠檬醛二乙缩醛的新方法 ,得到柠檬醛直接与无水乙醇一步反应的最佳条件 :投料比n(柠檬醛 )∶n(无水乙醇 )∶n(苯磺酸 ) =1∶ (4～ 5 )∶(0 .0 2 5～ 0 .0 0 3 0 ) ,控制反应温度 80℃ ,反应时间 1 .5h。该优化条件下 ,合成收率为 93 %～ 94% ,粗成品纯度可达 96 %     

模拟生物油分子蒸馏的响应面法工况优化

分子蒸馏是一种高效的生物油分离技术。本文应用刮膜式分子蒸馏装置,对模拟生物油在不同蒸馏温度、蒸馏压力和进料速率下的分离特性进行了研究,考察不同因素对族类化合物蒸出特性的影响。随后采用响应面分析法对模拟生物油分子蒸馏进行了计算机模拟,考察多种因素对分子蒸馏的交叉影响。通过ANOVA分析,模型的F值为21.25,表明模型是显著的。并以目标物酸醛酮在馏分中的质量分数为响应值得到最佳工况：蒸馏温度69.83℃,蒸馏压力1498.31Pa,进料速率5.54mL/min,此时轻质馏分中酸醛酮的质量分数为39.12%。最后在此工况下开展了模拟生物油的验证实验,结果显示馏分中目标物的质量分数为38.96%,与响应面模型吻合良好。模拟生物油经过分子蒸馏后酸醛酮的质量分数由28.50%提升至38.96%,同时酚类的质量分数由37.50%降低到25.14%。     

β-环糊精包合柠檬醛及包合物稳定性研究

为实现柠檬醛的控制性释放,扩大其在食品工业中的应用范围,以β-环糊精(β-CD)为壁材,采用沉淀法制备柠檬醛包合物,探讨工艺条件对包合效果的影响,并对柠檬醛包合物结构和释放规律进行研究。正交实验表明,在包合温度为50℃、包合时间为60 min、柠檬醛与β-CD比例为1:11(w/w)的条件下包合物的包合率可达到85.62%。通过扫描电镜观察(SEM),柠檬醛包合物呈均匀的不规则板状,颗粒直径在0.5~8μm。红外光谱(FT-IR)分析表明柠檬醛通过疏水键与β-CD作用形成包合物,热分析表明包合物已经形成一种新的物相。通过β-CD包合可以实现柠檬醛控制释放,随着温度的升高,释放速率加快,其释放规律符合一级动力学方程。同时也可有效减缓柠檬醛的氧化速度,提高其稳定性。     

从玫瑰花渣中提取玫瑰精油的技术研究

玫瑰鲜花用水蒸气蒸馏提取玫瑰油后,玫瑰花渣中还残留相当多的玫瑰精油。新鲜的玫瑰花渣经离心脱水后,用有机溶剂浸提,经浓缩、纯化,得到浓缩液,然后用分子蒸馏分离,可将花渣中残留的玫瑰精油提取出来。分子蒸馏采用二级蒸馏法。分子蒸馏脱除残留溶剂时,预热温度40℃,真空度10Pa,蒸馏柱温度45℃,蒸馏速度1.0mL/min,刮膜机转速300r/min;分子蒸馏脱除高分子物质时宜采用预热温度60℃,冷却温度25℃,蒸馏柱温度120℃,真空度1.0Pa,蒸馏速度1.0mL/min,刮膜机转速300～350r/min。     

离心式分子蒸馏设备在发酵L-乳酸精制工艺中的应用

以发酵液中的乳酸为原料,采用离心式分子蒸馏设备进行精制。研究了离心式分子蒸馏设备的蒸发面温度、蒸发面转速、冷热面间距、冷热面温差对L-乳酸纯度和收率的影响,试验结果表明利用离心式分子蒸馏设备精制发酵L-乳酸的最适工艺条件为：压力0.1Pa,进料温度50～70℃,蒸发面温度60～75℃,蒸发面转速700～900 r/min,冷热面间距20～30 mm,冷热面温差40～45℃,在此条件下操作L-乳酸的纯度由80%提高到95%,收率为70%。     

D-72磺酸树脂催化柠檬醛环化合成对伞花烃

以D-72磺酸树脂为催化剂,催化柠檬醛环化反应合成对伞花烃,考察了反应介质、柠檬醛的体积分数、催化剂用量、反应温度和反应时间对柠檬醛转化率和对伞花烃产率的影响。实验结果表明,以乙酸乙酯为介质,在柠檬醛体积分数为7.5%,催化剂用量为0.4 g,70℃下反应80 min,柠檬醛的转化率为100%,对伞花烃的产率为73.65%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。