用于骨组织工程的羟基丁酸-戊酸共聚物/生物活性玻璃复合多孔支架材料

研究了用于骨组织工程的复合型羟基丁酸-戊酸共聚物／溶胶-凝胶生物活性玻璃多孔支架材料，采用溶液浇注沥滤法制备了任意形状的三维连通多孔结构支架，并进行三维结构表征和显微形貌观察；通过对成型条件的调节，可控制支架的孔径和孔隙率；在模拟生理体液中进行复合支架材料的生物活性测试。研究表明，通过控制致孔剂用量、尺寸大小和分散，得到的支架材料呈三维连通开孔结构，且孔隙分布均匀、孔隙率达90％以上；扫描电镜观察结果显示，羟基丁酸-戊酸共聚物与生物活性玻璃良好相容，后者粘附在支架孔壁上；支架在模拟生理体液中浸泡后发现生物活性玻璃表面有羟基碳酸磷灰石多晶体生成，表明复合支架仍保持了BG的生物活性。     

超临界CO2中制备聚乳酸/羟基磷灰石复合支架材料

利用盐析/超临界CO2复合方法制备了一系列的PDLLA/HA三维多孔支架材料.利用这种方法可以避免使用有机溶剂、较高温度和降低常规气体发泡法所需的较长时间.制备的三维多孔支架的孔隙率最高达91%,孔与孔之间相互连通,孔分布均匀,孔径大小为100～300μm,抗压强度明显增加.详细研究了CO2压力、温度、浸润时间以及致孔剂含量等条件的变化对复合材料形貌和孔隙率的影响.     

PLA-PEG共聚物三维多孔支架的制备及表征

将D,L-丙交酯(D,L-LA)与聚乙二醇(PEG)共聚制备了一系列共聚物,并用IR、GPC和1H-NMR对其进行了表征.在此基础上,采用溶剂浇铸-柱子沥滤技术和层叠技术制备了具有一定空间形状的三维多孔组织工程支架,并研究了致孔剂颗粒尺寸及其用量对多孔支架的孔径、孔隙率的影响.结果表明,PLA-PEG共聚物的分子量随着原料中PEG含量的增加而减小;以PLA-PEG共聚物为原料制备多孔支架时,孔径的大小与致孔剂颗粒尺寸有一定的对应关系,孔隙率随着致孔剂用量的增加而增加;采用层叠技术制备的具有一定形状的三维多孔支架符合组织工程对支架材料的一般要求.     

骨组织工程用纳米羟基磷灰石/ 壳聚糖多孔支架材料的制备及性能表征

以16.7%(质量分数)的柠檬酸水溶液作溶剂,通过粒子沥滤法制备了 n HA/CS多孔材料,并对其进行了IR、XRD、SEM、孔隙率及力学性能测试。结果表明n HA/CS复合材料中羟基磷灰石呈弱结晶状态,复合前后两组分的化学组成未发生显著变化,但两相间发生了相互作用。多孔材料呈高度多孔结构,孔壁上富含微孔,孔间贯通性高;复合材料/致孔剂质量比为1时,多孔材料的孔隙率为 53%,其抗压强度可达17 MPa左右,可以满足组织工程支架材料的要求。     

软骨细胞在聚乳酸支架中的体外生长行为

采用明胶和氯化钠颗粒作为致孔剂,使用溶剂浇铸／颗粒沥滤法制备了高孔隙率、孔间连通和高机械性能的聚乳酸支架,采用软骨细胞体外培养研究了这两种多孔支架对细胞生长性能的影响．结果表明,软骨细胞在以明胶颗粒为致孔剂制备的多孔支架中的相对数量和GAG的分泌量更多,细胞的活性更高。     

多孔n-HA/CS/PA66三元复合支架材料的制备及性能

采用常压共混复合法制备了纳米羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖/聚酰胺66(n-HA/CS/PA 66)三元复合材料,并以乙醇为溶剂,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮和氯化钠混合物为致孔剂的粒子沥滤法制备了n-HA/CS/PA 66三元复合多孔支架材料,用燃烧试验、IR、XRD、SEM、孔隙率及力学性能测试等手段对其进行了表征。结果表明,n-HA在复合材料中分布均匀且呈弱结晶状态,复合前后三组分的化学组成未发生显著变化,但三相间两两均发生了相互作用。在制备n-HA/CS/PA 66多孔材料时,加入少量的聚乙烯吡咯烷酮可使该多孔材料孔隙率更高,孔的贯通性更好。     

多孔 n2 HA/ PA26复合材料的制备及性能

采用注塑方法制备了多孔纳米磷灰石/聚酰胺26 (n2 HA/ PA26) 复合材料 , 采用 SEM、XRD、IR、 力学性能测试考察了多孔材料的性能。结果发现 : 多孔纳米磷灰石/聚酰胺26复合材料的孔隙分布均匀 , 贯通性良好 , 孔的尺寸约为 100～700μm , 平均孔径约 300～500μm , 大孔壁上有丰富的微孔 ; 所得多孔复合材料的孔隙率可控 , 总孔隙率最高可达 881 6 %; 多孔材料的总孔隙率降低 , 则开孔率随之降低 ; 多孔纳米磷灰石/聚酰胺26 复合材料的抗压强度为 1. 1～15. 6 MPa , 压缩模量为 0. 4～1. 4 GPa ; 在总孔隙率相近的条件下 , 多孔材料的抗压强度随 n2 HA质量分数增加而升高; 发泡剂和发泡过程对组成纳米磷灰石/聚酰胺26复合材料的两组元材料的性质和结构无影响。这种多孔材料可望作为人体非承重部位的植入骨修复体和组织工程支架使用。     

基于选区激光烧结工艺的多孔尼龙制备及性能EI北大核心CSCD

提出一种基于选区激光烧结的多孔材料成型方法,利用增材制造技术控形、控性的优势,实现多孔材料结构与功能的可控设计。采用尼龙与水溶性致孔剂Na Cl为原材料,通过改变致孔剂含量和工艺参数,实现多孔材料的孔隙率、渗透性及力学性能的可控调节。实验结果表明,多孔材料的孔隙率、渗透性随着致孔剂含量的增大而增大;在相同的致孔剂含量下,其孔隙率和渗透性随着激光能量密度的增加呈下降趋势,分层厚度增加,孔隙率和渗透性明显增加;制备的多孔材料最高孔隙率达到59%,渗透率达0.312 m L/(mm2·s),弯曲强度可达44 MPa。以陶瓷高压注浆成型多孔树脂模具为例,开展多孔材料的功能验证,获得厚度为10 mm、含水率为20%的陶瓷坯体,为该模具的快速制造提供了一种新手段。     

基于选区激光烧结工艺的多孔尼龙制备及性能

提出一种基于选区激光烧结的多孔材料成型方法,利用增材制造技术控形、控性的优势,实现多孔材料结构与功能的可控设计。采用尼龙与水溶性致孔剂Na Cl为原材料,通过改变致孔剂含量和工艺参数,实现多孔材料的孔隙率、渗透性及力学性能的可控调节。实验结果表明,多孔材料的孔隙率、渗透性随着致孔剂含量的增大而增大;在相同的致孔剂含量下,其孔隙率和渗透性随着激光能量密度的增加呈下降趋势,分层厚度增加,孔隙率和渗透性明显增加;制备的多孔材料最高孔隙率达到59%,渗透率达0.312 m L/(mm2·s),弯曲强度可达44 MPa。以陶瓷高压注浆成型多孔树脂模具为例,开展多孔材料的功能验证,获得厚度为10 mm、含水率为20%的陶瓷坯体,为该模具的快速制造提供了一种新手段。     

壳聚糖/磷灰石-硅灰石复合多孔支架材料的制备与性能

以磷灰石-硅灰石(AW)生物活性多孔玻璃陶瓷支架材料为基体,采用物理包被法制备了壳聚糖(CS)/AW复合多孔支架材料,通过红外图谱分析、扫描电镜、光学显微镜、强度检测等分析测试方法,研究了复合材料的组成、微观结构、力学和矿化性能。结果发现：复合材料与AW多孔支架材料基体相比,仍具有三维贯通且分布均匀的孔隙结构,孔径尺寸约 100～500μm,孔隙率为80%左右,且力学性能明显增强,平均抗压强度可达3.11 MPa,比多孔AW支架材料基体的平均抗压强度提高了8.3倍。体外模拟体液浸泡实验表明,复合材料具有较高的矿化功能,预示材料具有较好的生物活性。这种复合材料可望作为人体非承重部位的植入骨修复体和组织工程支架使用。     

Preparation of highly interconnected porous hydroxyapatite scaffolds by chitin gel-casting

In this study, a simple and effective method for producing highly interconnected porous hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffolds was developed by combining gel-casting, particle-leaching and extrusion techniques. Chitin (CT) sol was used to disperse HA particles and wax spheres were introduced as porogens for their excellent deformability. In extrusion process, the accumulated wax spheres in point-to-point contact can transform into surface-to-surface contact by means of the extrusion pressure. Thus, the obtained porous HA scaffolds exhibited an interconnected channel network after leaching out of the porogens. The results showed that the scaffolds prepared by different size of wax spheres exhibited nearly the same volumetric porosity of about 86%, while the compressive strengths decreased as the pore size increased. Therefore, the method developed can be used to effectively tailor the pore size of HA scaffolds while maintaining a high porosity. The highly porous HA scaffolds with excellent interconnectivity are expected to be a promising bone substitute in clinical practice.     

Fabrication of three dimensional polymeric scaffolds with spherical pores

This paper reports polymeric scaffolds with spherical internal macropores and relatively large external dimension. Paraffin spheres with the diameter of several hundred microns were prepared by a suspension technique. Particulate leaching technique based on this kind of spherical porogens was combined with room-temperature compression molding technique to fabricate biodegradable poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) porous scaffolds potentially for tissue engineering or in situ tissue induction. The scaffolds exhibited ordered macropores with good pore interconnectivity. The porosity ranged from 80 to 97% adjusted simply by varying porogen content. The foams with porosity around 90% have compressive modulus over 3 MPa and compressive strength over 0.2 MPa. As preliminary cell experiments with 3T3 fibroblasts cultured on the porous scaffolds indicate, the processing procedure of the scaffolds has not brought with problem in cytotoxicity.     

纳米羟基磷灰石/聚己内酯复合生物活性多孔支架研究

采用水热法制备了纳米羟基磷灰石（n-HA）及其与聚己内酯（PCL）的复合材料. 用熔融浇铸/食盐微粒浸出法制备了孔径在200～400μｍ、大孔互相贯通的复合材料支架. 通过细胞培养和体内动物实验研究了该支架的生物学性能. 结果表明,复合支架的孔隙率随致孔剂用量的增加而增加,而抗压强度随之而减小;支架的最大孔隙率可达86%,相应的抗压强度为2.4MPa. 成骨细胞在支架上的细胞粘附率和增殖随磷灰石含量增加而提高,复合材料明显高于单纯的PCL支架. 组织学观察显示,新生骨长入多孔支架和复合材料形成了直接的骨性结合. n-HA/PCL复合材料支架有很好的生物相容性和生物活性.     

The influence of different porogens with halogen substituents on the pore structure of polydivinylbenzene beads

Polydivinylbenzene (PDVB) beads with high surface area and porosity were prepared via suspension polymerization in the presence of solvents with halogen substituents as porogens. The porogens employed in the present work were p-dichlorobenzene, chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, benzyl chloride, and tetrachloroethane. The porogens were used in a 1/1 volume ratio with divinylbenzene (DVB). As predicted from previous knowledge of porogen with halogen substituents possessing strong capacity to construct porosity, the surface area of PDVB beads prepared with the above porogens reached 647.1–744.6 m² g⁻¹, which mainly depended on the difference of solubility parameter of the porogens and PDVB networks. The smaller the difference, the larger the surface area of PDVB beads was. Overall, research results of the present study indicated that in comparison with other types of porogen, solvent with halogen substituent could generate larger surface area and construct higher porosity in PDVB beads.     

Porous scaffolds of polycaprolactone reinforced with in situ generated hydroxyapatite for bone tissue engineering

Polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite (PCL/HA) composites were prepared by in situ generation of HA in the polymer solution starting from the precursors calcium nitrate tetrahydrate and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate via sol–gel process. Highly interconnected porosity was achieved by means of the salt-leaching technique using a mixture of sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate as porogens. Structure and morphology of the PCL/HA composites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, and mechanical properties were determined by means of tensile and compression tests. The possibility to employ the developed composites as scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration was assessed by cytotoxicity test of the PCL/HA composites extracts and cell adhesion and proliferation in vitro studies.     

Microspheres leaching for scaffold porosity control

Scaffold morphology plays a key role in the development of tissue engineering constructs. The control of pore size, shape and interconnection is needed to achieve adequate nutrient transport and cell ingrowth. Several techniques are available for scaffold manufacturing, but none allows easy control of morphology and is, at the same time, applicable to a wide variety of materials. To investigate the possibility of processing a wide range polymers by solvent casting/particulate leaching with accurate control of scaffold morphology, three different porogens (gelatin microspheres, paraffin microspheres and sodium chloride crystals) were used to fabricate scaffolds from commonly employed biodegradable polymers. The outcome of processing was evaluated in terms of scaffold morphology and structure/properties relationships. Highly porous scaffolds were obtained with all porogens and well defined spherical pores resulted from microspheres leaching. Furthermore, scaffolds with spherical pores showed better mechanical performance and lower flow resistance. Cytocompatibility tests performed showed no evidence of processing residuals released from the scaffolds. Solvent casting/microspheres leaching, particularly gelatin microspheres leaching, can be used to process a large number of polymers and enables to tailor scaffold pore size, shape and interconnection, thus providing a powerful tool for material selection and optimization of scaffold morphology.     

Biocompatibility and biodegradation studies of PCL/β-TCP bone tissue scaffold fabricated by structural porogen method

Three-dimensional printer (3DP) (Z-Corp) is a solid freeform fabrication system capable of generating sub-millimeter physical features required for tissue engineering scaffolds. By using plaster composite materials, 3DP can fabricate a universal porogen which can be injected with a wide range of high melting temperature biomaterials. Here we report results toward the manufacture of either pure polycaprolactone (PCL) or homogeneous composites of 90/10 or 80/20 (w/w) PCL/beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) by injection molding into plaster composite porogens fabricated by 3DP. The resolution of printed plaster porogens and produced scaffolds was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Cytotoxicity test on scaffold extracts and biocompatibility test on the scaffolds as a matrix supporting murine osteoblast (7F2) and endothelial hybridoma (EAhy 926) cells growth for up to 4?days showed that the porogens removal process had only negligible effects on cell proliferation. The biodegradation tests of pure PCL and PCL/β-TCP composites were performed in DMEM with 10?% (v/v) FBS for up to 6?weeks. The PCL/β-TCP composites show faster degradation rate than that of pure PCL due to the addition of β-TCP, and the strength of 80/20 PCL/β-TCP composite is still suitable for human cancellous bone healing support after 6?weeks degradation. Combining precisely controlled porogen fabrication structure, good biocompatibility, and suitable mechanical properties after biodegradation, PCL/β-TCP scaffolds fabricated by 3DP porogen method provide essential capability for bone tissue engineering.     

Water as foaming agent for open cell polyurethane structures

The problem of moisture in polymer processing is known to any polymer engineer, as air bubbles may be formed. Hence granulates are generally dried prior to manufacturing. This study tried to develop a novel processing methods for scaffolds with controlled moisture content in thermoplastic polyurethane. The common foaming agents for polyurethane are organic solvents, whose residues remaining in the scaffold may be harmful to adherent cells, protein growth factors or nearby tissues. Water was used as a foaming agent and NaCl was used as porogens to achieve an open-cell structure. The polyether-polyurethane samples were processed in a heated press, and achieved a porosity of 64%. The pore size ranged between 50 and 500 microm. Human fibroblasts adhered and proliferate in the scaffold. A non-toxic production process was developed to manufacture a porous structure with a thermoplastic polyether-polyurethane. The process enables a mass-production of samples with adjustable pore size and porosity. In contrast to an existing method (solvent casting), the processing of the samples was not limited by its thickness. The process parameters, which attribute mostly to the pore building, were filling volume, temperature, NaCl-concentration and water-uptake rate.     

Porous poly (lactic-co-glycolide) microsphere sintered scaffolds for tissue repair applications

In this paper, a new route to preparing porous poly (lactic-co-glycolide) (PLGA) scaffolds for bone tissue repair applications was developed. Novel porous PLGA scaffolds were fabricated via microsphere sintered technique and gas forming technique. Ammonium bicarbonate was used to regulate porosity of these porous scaffolds. Porosity of the scaffolds, and cell attachment, viability and proliferation on the scaffolds were evaluated. The results indicated that PLGA porous scaffolds were with the porosity from around 30% to 95% by regulating ammonium bicarbonate content from 0 to 10%. We also found that PLGA porous microsphere scaffolds benefited cell attachment and viability. Taken together, the achieved porous scaffolds have controlled porosity and also support mesenchymal stem cell proliferation, which could serve as potential scaffolds for bone repair applications.     

Preparation and characterization of nano-hydroxyapatite/polymer composite scaffolds

Polycaprolactone/chitosan (PCL/CS) porous composite scaffolds were prepared by solution phase separation method, and the scaffolds were further enhanced by filling with nano-hydroxyapatite/polyvinyl alcohol (n-HA/PVA) composite slurry to prepare n-HA-PVA/PCL-CS composite porous scaffolds through slurry centrifugal filling technique. The morphology, microstructure, component, porosity and mechanical property of the scaffolds were characterized using scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscope, elemental analyzer and material test machine. The results show that PCL/CS scaffolds have mutual transfixion porous structure just like honeycombs. The porosity of the scaffolds can achieve 60-80%. As the content of CS increases, the porosity increases while the compressive strength decreases. After filled with HA/PVA composite slurry, the porosity of n-HA/PCL-CS composite scaffolds decreases, but still greater than 60%, while the compression modulus can increase to 25.7 MPa.